Phalangopsis kysuia, Junta & Castro-Souza & Ferreira, 2020

Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2020, Five new species of Phalangopsis Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from Brazilian caves in the Amazon Forest, Zootaxa 4859 (2), pp. 151-194 : 181-185

Phalangopsis kysuia n. sp.

( Figures 110–115 , 116–122 , 123–126 , 127–131 , 132–135 , 148 ; Table 2 and 3 )

Material examined. Holotype ♂, code ISLA 65725, Brazil, Mato Grosso, municipality of Apiacás, Casa de Pedra da Navalha cave (7°28’50.70”S; 58°12’36.40”O), 09.ix.2011, Ferreira , R. L., leg . Holotype condition: integrate, legs detached and stored in microtubes. Paratypes, municipality of Apiacás , Mato Grosso state, Brazil, Oncinha cave (8°8’49.00”S; 57°13’17.44”O), 14.ix.2011, 1 ♀ (ISLA 65726), Ferreira , R. L., leg; municipality of Apuí , Ama- zonas state, Brazil, Casa de Pedra do Pena cave (8°20’13.40”S; 58°19’23.20”O), 12.v.2011, 1 ♀ (ISLA 65724) and 12.ix.2011, 1 ♂ ( ISLA 65727) and 2 ♀ ♀ (ISLA 65728; 65729), Ferreira, R. L., leg .

Distribution. Casa de Pedra da Navalha cave and Oncinha cave in the municipality of Apiacas, Mato Grosso Brazil; and Casa de Pedra do Pena cave in the municipality of Apuí, Amazonas, Brazil.

Etymology. The word “kysuia” means “cricket” in the native language of the Apiacá, which is one of the ethnic people from the Juruena region, where the species was found.

Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic dorsal branch greatly reduced and curved internally toward the pseudepiphallic parameres ( Figs 110–113 , Ps.db.); pseudepiphallic median lobes well rounded, dorsally projected, shape quadrangular (in front view), distal portion distant from pseudepiphallic branch (lateral view), narrow and globular in dorsal view ( Figs 110, 112–113 ; Ps.m.l); pseudepiphallic branch developed, forming an semi-acute projection covering partially the endophallus (dorsal view) ( Fig. 110, 112–113 ; Ps.b); pseudepiphallic arm short and inclined internally ( Fig. 110 , Ps.arm); ectophallic lateral bar flattened, external face tilted out the genitalia, apex projecting inside the sclerite with a rounded apex ( Fig. 111 , Ect.lb); upper central part of ectophallic arc curved in U format, lower part slightly curved horizontally ( Fig. 111 , Ect. arc); proximal projections of ectophallic apodemes expanded in width (dorsal view) ( Figs 110, 112–113 ; Ect. ap); endophallic distal portion slightly developed (dorsal view) ( Fig. 114 , End.d).

Description, male holotype. Body color: general body coloration yellowish brown, dorsal head light yellowish brown ( Fig. 116 ); pronotum yellowish brown with whitish discoloration spots ( Figs 116 and 118 ); abdomen grayish white translucent ventrally and yellowish brown dorsally; brownish yellow legs, whitish at the start of the femur ( Figs 123–126 ); cerci yellowish brown. Head: lightly pubescent; elongated in front view (3.721 and 2.554 mm, length and width respectively); vertex marked with two vertical dark stripes starting at the eye’s region and two starting at the antenna’s base, both reaching the occiput ( Fig. 116 ); gena whitish yellow, clypeus whitish brown, labrum whitish and mandibles yellowish brown; all maxillary palpomeres slightly pubescent, first and second palpomeres whitish, and smaller than the others, third and fourth palpomeres similar size and yellowish, fifth palpomere a little longer than the forth, yellowish, whitish at the tips, claviform and curved ( Fig. 116 ); all labial palpomeres whitish, pubescent and increasing in size, third palpomere claviform ( Fig. 116 ); scape yellowish brown and pubescent, pedicel and antennomeres yellowish brown; compound eyes black, with a small depigmented area near the base of the scape; ocelli absent ( Figs 116 and 117 ). Thorax: pronotum yellowish brown; anterior, medial and posterior portion with whitish spots distributed along the sagittal axis at dorsal view ( Fig. 118 ); lateral lobes rounded, dorsal disk broader than long; anterior and posterior margins sub-straight and with long bristles ( Fig. 118 ). Legs. In general, femur, tibia and tarsus pubescente; first tarsomere serrulate; femur always smaller than tibia (μ=16.911 ± 4.156 mm; μ= 19.697 ± 5.472 mm, femur and tibia respectively, Leg III, n=2) ( Figs 123–126 ). Leg I ( Figs 123 and 124 ): tibia serrated ventrally, armed with two same-sized apical ventral spurs, tympanum absent; first tarsomere about three times longer than the second and third together. Leg II ( Figs 123 and 124 ): tibia ventrally serrulated, armed with two same-sized ventral apical spurs; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and approximately thrice bigger than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg III ( Figs 125 and 126 ): femur dilated; tibia serrulated, armed with four subapical spurs on outer ( Fig. 125 ) and three on inner side ( Fig. 126 ), three apical spurs on outer side ( Fig. 125 ; a, b, c) and four on the inner ( Fig. 126 ; d, e, f, g), the inner ones being the longest; first tarsomere about thrice longer than the second and third together, showing two apical spurs. Right Tegmen: Absent ( Fig. 119 ). Abdomen: cerci slender and pubescent; supra-anal plate sub-quadrangular with long bristles at the apex, base with two reduced lateral projections, apex rounded and base curved inside ( Figs 120 and 121 ); sub-genital plate sub-quadrangular, broader than long, base straight, apex sub-triangular and sharp ( Figs 121 and 122 ).

Observations in paratype series. Male phallic sclerites (paratype ISLA 65727, Fig. 110–114 ) Pseudepiphallus: dorsal branch well sclerotized but greatly reduced when compared with other Phalangopsis ( P. ferratilis n. sp. e.g.), curved internally toward the pseudepiphallic parameres ( Figs 110–113 , Ps.db.); paramere 1 cambered triangular, with a depression on its lateral external face, connecting to the paramere 2 and sclerite A by a membranous tissue ( Fig 111–113 , Ps.P1); paramere 2 stocky discoidal (in dorsal view), same size than the paramere 1, less developed than the paramere 2 of Phalangopsis ferratilis n. sp. ( Fig 111–113 , Ps.P2); pseudepiphallic arm short and inclined internally ( Fig. 110 , Ps.arm); A sclerite vestigial, fused with the Ps.arm, reaching the paramere 1 and visible at ventral view ( Fig. 111 , A); pseudepiphallic median lobes well rounded, dorsally projected, shape quadrangular at frontal view, distal portion distant from pseudepiphallic branch in lateral view, narrow and globular in dorsal view ( Figs 110, 112–113 ; Ps.m.l); pseudepiphallic branch developed, forming an semi-acute projection covering partially the endophallus (dorsal view) ( Figs 110, 112–113 ; Ps.b). Ectophallic invagination: apodeme shorter and broader than in other Phalangopsis , curved internally, apex little sclerotized and expanded in width ( Figs 110-113 , Ect. ap.); ectophallic lateral bar flattened, external face tilted out the genitalia, apex projecting inside the sclerite with a rounded apex ( Fig. 111 , Ect.lb); median projection undeveloped ( Fig. 111 , Ect.mp); upper central part of ectophallic arc curved in U format, lower part slightly curved horizontally ( Fig. 111 , Ect. Arc). Endophallus: endophallic distal portion slightly developed in thickness, apex projecting dorsally, with a small vertical groove ( Fig 114 , a–c, End.d); median portion narrow ( Fig 114 , a–c, End.d); apodeme reduced ( Fig 114 , a–c, End.d).

Female: body size bigger than male (♀ µ=20.822 ± 1.446mm, n=4); apterous; femur always smaller than tibia; supra-anal plate pubescent and lightly elongated, rounded in distal portion and with long bristles, base curved inside and presence of two rounded lateral projections( Fig. 127 ); sub-genital plate short, lightly pubescent, U-shaped, presenting a lightly indentation ( Fig. 128 ); ovipositor elongated, yellowish brown, presenting sword-shaped with pointed apex (µ=12.452 ± 0.766mm, n=4) ( Figs 126-128 ). Female genitalia. Copulatory papilla triangular shaped, slightly flattened dorsoventrally ( Fig. 115 , a and b); edges of middle part sub-straight (dorsal and ventral view) ( Fig. 115 , a and c); presence of a triangular opening in all its extension and a small rounded orifice in the distal portion ( Fig. 115 , a–c).

Ecological Remarks: Specimens of Phalangopsis kysuia n. sp. were found in three siliciclastic caves in the Juruena National park, located in the border between the Mato Grosso and Amazonas Brazilian states, in the Amazon forest. Although other nine caves were also inventoried in the region, specimens were only found in these three caves. Individuals were only observed in the aphotic, moist and deeper areas of the caves, and its non-occurrence in the other caves may be due to their small extension (thus, their inner portions were not completely aphotic). In one of the caves (Casa de Pedra da Navalha), the population was quite small, and only few specimens were observed, apparently feeding on the guano of insectivorous bats ( Peropteryx sp.). On the other hand, the Casa de Pedra do Pena cave, which comprises the largest sampled cave in the area, presented an expressive population, which only occurred in a lateral and isolated chamber of the cave. Although the main conduit of this cave is quite voluminous, the distances between the two cave entrances is relatively small, what makes this chamber lightened ( Fig. 132 ). However, there is a secondary conduit, connected to the main chamber ( Fig. 133 ), which has more stable and moistened conditions ( Fig. 134 ). The individuals were observed feeding on bat guano, especially produced by frugivorous bats ( Carolia sp.). The area is quite remote and can only be accessed by boat or small aircraft. Thus, the whole area is well preserved, including both the caves, which showed no signs of human presence, and the forest surrounding them, which is completely preserved within a radius (from the caves) of at least 100 km. It is worth noting that samplings where not performed in the external environments, so the actual distribution of this species remains unknown.

Figures

FIGURE 148: Pictorial key for the species of Phalangopsis Serville, 1831, based on known adult male specimens (some images were modified from Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992, page 129, figs 42, 43, 46 and 47; Mews & Sperber, 2008, page 649, fig. 1-C, page 650, fig. 2-A, page 652, figs A, C and D, page 653, fig. 5-A; dorsal pic of P. flavilongipes available in https://science. mnhn.fr/ (Credit - Guy Le Corvec 2016).

FIGURES 110–115. Phalangopsis kysuia n. sp. Phallic sclerite of paratype ♂ (ISLA 65727). 110—dorsal view; 111—ventral view; 112—lateral view; 113—frontal view; 114—endophallic sclerite in dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively. 115—copulatory papilla of paratype ♀ (ISLA 65724). a—dorsal view; b—lateral view; c—ventral view. Abbreviations: Ps.db, psudepiphallic dorsal branch; Ps.P1, pseudepiphallic paramere 1; Ps.P2, pseudepiphallic paramere 2; Ps.m.l, pseudepiphallic median lobes; A, sclerite A; Ps.arm, pseudepiphallic arm; Ps.b, pseudepiphallic branch; Ect.ap, ectophallic apodeme; Ect.lb, ectophallic lateral bar; Ect.mp, ectophallic median portion; Ect.arc, ectophallic arc; End, endophallus; End.d, endophallic distal portion; End.mp, endophallic median portion; End.ap, endophallic apodeme.

FIGURES 116–122. Phalangopsis kysuia n. sp. Holotype morphology. 116—head in lateral and superior view; 117—head in frontal view; 118—pronotum in dorsal view; 119—absence of right tegmen and metanotal glands, dorsal view; 120—supranal plate, dorsal view; 121—supranal and subgenital plates, lateral view; 122—subgenital plate, ventral view.

FIGURES 123–126. Phalangopsis kysuia n. sp. Holotype legs morphology. 123—right legs I and II, outer view; 124—right legs I and II, inner view; 125—right leg III and apical spurs (a; b; c), outer view; 126—right leg III and apical spurs (d; e; f; g), inner view.

FIGURES 127–131. Phalangopsis kysuia n. sp. ♀ ISLA 65724. 127—supranal plate; 128—subgenital plate; 129, 130 and 131—ovipositor apex, dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively.

FIGURES 132–135. Study area and habitats of Phalangopsis kysuia n. sp.. 132—external environment of Casa de Pedra do Pena cave; 133—Casa de Pedra do Pena cave’s entrance; 134—Casa de Pedra do Pena cave; 135—♀ of Phalangopsis kysuia n. sp. from Casa de Pedra do Pena cave.