Anthophora (Micranthophora) salazariae Timberlake, 1937

Orr, Michael C., Pitts, James P. & Griswold, Terry, 2018, Revision of the bee group Anthophora (Micranthophora) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with notes on potential conservation concerns and a molecular phylogeny of the genus, Zootaxa 4511 (1), pp. 1-193 : 121-123

Anthophora (Micranthophora) salazariae Timberlake, 1937

( Figs. 42E , 47E , 52E , 57E , 62E , 67E , 72E , 77E )

Anthophora salazariae Timberlake, 1937: 7 (holotype: ♂; 8 miles southwest of Victorville, CA, USA; coll. Timberlake, 22 May 1932, at Lupinus odoratus ; AMNH, accession 35342).

Diagnosis. Males may be distinguished from all species but A. columbariae by the following character combination: galea never reaching past rear of midtrochanter in repose, and weakly tessellate at most, shiny, without striations; labral rim rounded; mandible with inferior tooth small, running roughly parallel to main blade ( Fig. 52E ); scape immaculate; and T7 with strong medial longitudinal carina and a pair of vaguely triangular projections medially ( Fig. 62E ). Females may be distinguished from all species but A. columbariae by the following character combination: galea smooth to weakly tessellate, without striations or long setae; mandible with inferior tooth a thin ridge running near-parallel to main blade ( Fig. 42E ); clypeus divided by a very slight, often impunctate, vertical line along median ( Fig. 42E ); tergal setae relatively sparse, giving a darker appearance without a microscope; T1–T4 with appressed setae throughout. From A. columbariae , this species may be separated with care and reference material according to couplet 11 (females) or couplet 16 (males).

Male description. Head: Facial maculations creamy to slightly pale yellow-green. Galea reaching past rear of forecoxa in repose, usually obviously; amber to orangish light brown; smooth or at most weakly tessellate, with strong reflections. Mandible with inferior tooth a weak and reduced ridge, sitting parallel to main blade; maculated from base to start or middle of inferior tooth ( Fig. 52E ). Labral rim rounded; fully maculated. Clypeal maculation a band along rim that is almost never absent, not reaching lateral sides, typically filling about third of clypeal height medially ( Fig. 52E ); punctation significantly sparser within maculation than without, sometimes impunctate. Paraocular area immaculate. Supraclypeal area immaculate. Scape immaculate. Mesosoma: Scutum shiny; with distinct impunctate areas. Tegula transparent, tan to light brown. Basitibial plate almost always absent; if present, at most a slight bump near where apex would be. Metasoma: T1 roughly covered in appressed setae; T2–T4 usually covered with appressed setae; T5–T6 without appressed setae. Terga smooth to moderately tessellate between punctures, usually with some visible reflections; variably apparent through appressed setae. Tergal rims usually transparent, light brown to tan. Male T7 ( Fig. 62E ) with strong medial longitudinal carina; lateral projections absent; medial projections moderately long, triangular. Male S5 ( Figs. 38A, 38C ) setal arrangement unremarkable, without large, distinctive patches, at most longer along rim. Male S6 ( Fig. 38A ) clearly medially emarginate. Male S7 ( Fig. 67E ) with setae nearly fully banding S7 around midpoint of length; widening from midpoint to tip, apical half widest near rounded lateral tips; apical half resembling owl head, rim broadly emarginate between lateral tips. Male S8 ( Fig. 72E ) lateral projections distinct; medial projection narrowing to tip, apically emarginate. Male genital capsule ( Fig. 77E ) with outer corners, where gonocoxite tips curve inward, marked by somewhat low but relatively sharp ventral point, best seen in profile; from corner to apex, in profile, gonocoxite with low secondary bump but relatively unmodified overall; tip, in profile, rounded and weakly curved ventrally; gonostylus tip position slightly exceeding to roughly equaling that of gonocoxite, measured from above along primary axis of latter. Pubescence: See Fig. 57E . Appears light to medium gray overall. All white, except as follows: leg inner faces orangish; tergal basal zones dark, when rarely present; T5–T6 with simple setae light, rarely with slight light brown near base.

Female similar to male, except: Head: Mandible with inferior tooth slightly more produced, sometimes angled slightly off main blade ( Fig. 42E ). Mesosoma: Basitibial plate circular distally, teardropped overall. Metasoma: T1–T4 covered in appressed setae; T5 with or without appressed setae, if absent then some simple setae may be slightly thicker than others. T4 impunctate rim of short length medially, often barely visible. Anal fimbria triangular, sometimes vaguely, filling around third of T5 length medially. Pubescence: See Fig. 47E . Vertex and scutum highly variable, with no or strong dark intermix; hindbasitarsal brush light to dark brown; T5 simple setae predominantly dark; anal fimbria light to dark brown, sometimes with partial orange.

Distribution. See Fig. 28 . Present in USA: California, Nevada, Arizona, possibly Utah; Mexico: Baja California Norte, likely Sonora, possibly Baja California Sur. Found almost exclusively in Mojave Desert and Great Basin Deserts. Ecoregional habitance is as follows, based on 190 specimen records: 4 ecoregions total: Mojave Desert (144=75%), Great Basin shrub steppe (32=16.7%), Baja California desert (9=4.7%), Sonoran Desert (5=2.6%).

Phenology. Recorded from March–June, August, almost exclusively spring, usually earlier in south of range. Univoltine, single August record from San Bernardino County (CA) possibly mislabeled or opportunistic emergence.

Nesting biology. Unknown.

Floral specialization. Likely specialist on Lamiaceae and Fabaceae , similar to A. columbariae . Primary recorded visits by 44 females include: Family Lamiaceae (52%), Fabaceae (23%); Genus Salvia (30%), Salazaria (23%), Astragalus (11%); Species Salvia dorii (30%), Salazaria mexicana (23%). 78 total floral records from eight families include: Asteraceae (10 ♂ 3 ♀): Asteraceae sp. 1 ♀, Baileya multiradiata 7 ♂, Baileya sp. 1 ♂, Chaenactis fremontii 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Chaenactis sp. 1 ♂, Pectis sp. 1 ♀, Boraginaceae (1 ♂): Phacelia distans 1 ♂, Fabaceae (4 ♂ 10 ♀): Astragalus sp. 3 ♂ 5 ♀, Psorothamnus arborescens 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Psorothamnus fremontii 3 ♀, Psorothamnus sp. 1 ♀, Lamiaceae (12 ♂ 23 ♀): Salazaria mexicana 1 ♂ 10 ♀, Salvia dorrii 11 ♂ 13 ♀, Loasaceae (2 ♀): Mentzelia sp. 2 ♀, Nyctaginaceae (1 ♀): Abronia sp. 1 ♀, Polemoniaceae (7 ♂ 1 ♀): Gilia latiflora 1 ♂, Gilia sp. 6 ♂ 1 ♀, Zygophyllaceae (4 ♀): Larrea sp. 1 ♀, Larrea tridentata 3 ♀.

Comments. Anthophora salazariae is exceptionally difficult to separate from A. columbariae , as many characters have rare exceptions. Reference material should be used wherever possible.

Specimens examined: MEXICO: Baja California Norte: El Portezuelo, 39 mi S Catavin: 2 ♂ 2 ♀, 19 Mar 1984, W.J. Pulawski; Punta Prieta, 20 mi N: 1 ♀, 2 Apr 1973, collector unknown; Rancho Santa Ines, 9 km NW: 4 ♀, 6 Apr 1985, Clark, Blom. USA: ARIZONA: Yuma County: Dateland, 5 mi W: 1 ♀, date unknown, collector unknown; CALIFORNIA: Inyo County: 2 mi N 2.3 mi E Big Pine: 1 ♀, 25 Apr–22 Jul 1982, D. Giuliani; Big Pine, 5-6 mi E: 1 ♀, 18 May 1995, T.L. Griswold; Big Pine, E Owens Valley: 1 ♀, 21 May 1969, T.R. Haig; Big Pine, E of: 1 ♂, 18 May 1995, T.L. Griswold; Centennial Flat: 1 ♀, Apr 1999, T.L. Griswold, R. Andrus; Darwin, NNW: 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 21 May 1995, T.L. Griswold; Devils Gate, E of Big Pine: 1 ♀, 17 May 1995, T.L. Griswold; Jct Saline Valley Road [= Grapevine Canyon Road] and Hunter Mountain Road: 6 ♂ 2 ♂, 14 May 1987, R.R. Snelling; Panamint Mountains: 1 ♀, 29 May 1937, E.C. VanDyke; 1 ♂, 30 May 1937, E.C. VanDyke; Santa Rosa Hills: 1 ♀, 19 May 1995, T.L. Griswold; 1 ♀, 21 May 1995, T.L. Griswold; Sawmill Creek Campground, 3.2km S: 1 ♀, 16 Apr 2014, T.L. Griswold; Westgard Pass Plateau: 1 ♀, 27 May 1937, E.C. VanDyke; 1 ♂, 5 Jun 1937, collector unknown; hwy 190, 6.5 mi W of Darwin Road: 2 ♀, 2 Jun 1995, R.R. Snelling; Kern County: Dove Well: 1 ♂, 1 May 1964, J. Powell; Inyokern, 4 mi NE: 1 ♂, 21 Apr 1960, D.D. Linsdale; Mojave, California: 1 ♀, 26 Apr 1950, R.C. Howell; Red Rock Canyon, Kern Co: 1 ♀, 1 May 1952, collector unknown; Riverside County: 9 mi NE of Palm Springs: 1 ♀, 19 Apr 1957, collector unknown; Hopkins Well: 2 ♀, 19 Apr 1973, J.G. Rozen, K.C. Rozen; San Bernardino County: 23 mi S of Amboy: 1 ♀, 25 Apr 1980, J.G. Rozen; 3 mi SW of Victorville: 1 ♀, 6 May 1939, P.H. Timberlake; 7.5 mi S Twentynine Palms (= 29 Palms): 1 ♂, 7 May 1948, P.H. Timberlake; Adelanto, 8 mi S: 1 ♀, 5 May 1939, P.H. Timberlake; Apple Valley: 1 ♂, 8 May 1958, P.D. Hurd; Black Canyon: 1 ♀, 30 May 1998, F.D. Parker; Burns Pinon Ridge Reserve, E of Pioneertown: 1 ♀, 23 May 1974, H.A. Hespenheide; Cedar Canyon: 1 ♀, 15 May 1980, T.L. Griswold; 1 ♂, 16 May 1980, T.L. Griswold; 3 ♂ 7 ♀, 30 May 1998, F.D. Parker; Cedar Canyon Road: 7 ♂, 4 May 2009, T.L. Griswold; Cima Dome: 1 ♀, 16 Jun 1980, T.L. Griswold; Cima, 5.1 air mi S: 1 ♂, 7 May 1980, T.L. Griswold; 1 ♀, 21 May 1980, T.L. Griswold; 2 ♀, 4 Jun 1980, T.L. Griswold; Granite Mountains: 2 ♂, 22–25 May 1983, T.L. Griswold; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 25 May 1995, T.L. Griswold; Granite Pass, 3.1 mi NNW: 3 ♀, 24 May 1983, T.L. Griswold; Hole-in-the-Wall: 2 ♀, 25 May 1975, T.L. Griswold; 3 ♀, 30 May 1998, F.D. Parker; Kelso Mountains: 1 ♀, 4 May 1980, T.L. Griswold; Kramer Hills: 1 ♂, 25 Apr 1957, P.D. Hurd; Lucerne Valley, 11 mi E: 1 ♀, 15 May 1983, K.W. Cooper; Macedonia Canyon: 1 ♂, 26 May 1983, T.L. Griswold; Manix, 22 mi N: 2 ♀, 25 Apr 1953, G.A. Marsh; 1 ♀, 26 Apr 1953, P.D. Hurd; Mid Hills: 1 ♂, 19 May 1980, T.L. Griswold; 1 ♀, 16 Jun 1980, T.L. Griswold; Mid Hills: 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 4 Jun 1980, T.L. Griswold; Mid Hills, 5.5 air km Columbia Mtn: 2 ♂, 6 Jun 1976, T.L. Griswold; Needles, 20 mi N: 1 ♂, 15 Mar 1972, P.F. Torchio; New York Mountains: 1 ♂, 3 Jun 1980, T.L. Griswold; 1 ♀, 15 Jun 1980, T.L. Griswold; Victorville, 3 mi S: 1 ♀, 6 May 1939, P.H. Timberlake; Victorville, 3.5 mi S: 1 ♂, 4 Aug 1939, P.H. Timberlake; Watson Wash, New York Mtns., S: 1 ♀, 15 May 1977, T.L. Griswold; San Diego County: Borrego: 1 ♀, 24 Apr 1955, collector unknown; NEVADA: Churchill County : Blow Sand Mountains, 28 mi SSE Fallon: 2 ♂, 14 Jun 1980, R.W. Rust; Clark County: 0.7 mi SE McClanahan Spr.: 1 ♀, 12 May 2004, E. Ahlstrom; 1.7 mi SSE McClanahan Spr.: 3 ♀, 23 May 2005, D. Allen; 1 ♀, 23 May 2005, E. Ahlstrom; 3.9 mi N McCullough Mtn.: 2 ♀, 12 May 2004, T.L. Griswold; Crescent Peak, S: 6 ♀, 10 Jun 1998, M. Andres, K. Keen, K. Receveur, C. Schultz; Crescent Pk, 1.81 mi N: 1 ♀, 12 May 2005, D. Allen; Crescent Spring, N: 2 ♀, 10 Jun 1998, M. Andres, K. Keen, K. Receveur, C. Schultz; McClanahan Spr., 2.2 mi S: 1 ♂ 2 ♂, 12 May 2004, E. Ahlstrom; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 12 May 2004, T.L. Griswold; 1 ♀, 9 May 2005, D. Allen; 1 ♂ 1 ♂, 9 May 2005, S.M. Higbee; 4 ♀, 23 May 2005, D. Allen; 1 ♀, 23 May 2005, E. Ahlstrom; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 23 May 2005, E.D. Rentz; McCullough Mtn, 5.01 mi E: 1 ♀, 12 May 2005, E. Ahlstrom; McCullough Pass, 2.95 mi S: 1 ♀, 9 May 2005, S.M. Higbee; 1 ♀, 23 May 2005, D. Allen; New York Mts, 2.8 mi NEN: 2 ♂, 12 May 2005, D. Allen; 2 ♂ 3 ♂, 12 May 2005, E. Ahlstrom; Pine Spr, 1.61 mi SE: 1 ♀, 26 May 2005, D. Allen; 2 ♀, 26 May 2005, R. Andrus; Piute Valley, 1.61 mi SWS: 1 ♂, 12 May 2005, E. Ahlstrom; Lander County: Austin, 12 mi E: 1 ♀, 6 Jun 1961, collector unknown; Lincoln County: Alamo: 1 ♀, 28 Apr 1973, F.D. Parker, P.F. Torchio; Lyon County: Fernley, 29 mi NE: 1 ♂, 30 May 1957, T.R. Haig; Mineral County: Hwy 95, jct Hwy 306, 8 mi S Mina: 1 ♂, 28 Apr 1988, J.L. Carpenter; Nye County: Moores Creek: 5 ♂ 1 ♂, 6 Jun 1979, R.W. Rust; Pershing County: Lovelock, 12 mi S, Brickerhoff Ranch: 1 ♀, date unknown, collector unknown; Washoe County: Nixon, 5 mi N: 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 19 May 1996, F.D. Parker; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 25 May 1996, F.D. Parker; 3 ♀, 30 May 1996, F.D. Parker; Wadsworth: 1 ♀, 17 May 1996, F.D. Parker; Wadsworth, 3 mi N: 1 ♀, 20 May 1996, F.D. Parker; White Pine County: Long Valley Playa: 1 ♂, 20 Jun 1998, F.D. Parker.

Figures

FIGURE 28. Distribution of Anthophora salazariae. Generated with 190 specimen records from 80 locations.

FIGURE 38. Male sterna, S5 setae density and S6 rim form. Scale=0.5 mm. A) S5 with sparse setae; S6 medially emarginate, at least vaguely triangularly, evenly so (A. estebana, 72476). B) S5 setae density high, appearing tufted; S6 medially emarginate, at least vaguely triangularly, but at least slightly filled medially, sometimes tufted (A. maculifrons, 82068). C) S5 with sparse setae; S6 entire or nearly so, with transparent square of integument (A. petrophila, BBSL655748). D) S5 setae density high; S6 entire, medially knobbed (A. flavocincta, BBSL504065).

FIGURE 42. Female face of A) Anthophora petrophila (BBSL506476), B) A. phenax (BBSL506652), C) A. rara (BBSLID92593), D) A. rhodothorax (UCRCENT335777), E) A. salazariae (BBSL676860), F) A. squammulosa (BBSL275509). Scale=0.5 mm.

FIGURE 47. Female habitus of A) Anthophora petrophila (BBSL853152), B) A. phenax (BBSL506654), C) A. rara (BBSL428146), D) A. rhodothorax (SDSHN_ENT_5393), E) A. salazariae (BBSL669804), F) A. squammulosa (BBSL852106). Scale=1 mm.

FIGURE 52. Male face of A) Anthophora petrophila (40238), B) A. phenax (BBSL506643), C) A. rara (BBSL427007), D) A. rhodothorax (BBSL506661), E) A. salazariae (102053), F) A. squammulosa (BBSL841395). Scale=0.5 mm.

FIGURE 57. Male habitus of A) Anthophora petrophila (KWC0014409), B) A. phenax (BBSL919861), C) A. rara (BBSLID92549), D) A. rhodothorax (BBSL506666), E) A. salazariae (BBSL506686), F) A. squammulosa (BBSL841391). Scale=1 mm.

FIGURE 62. Male T7 of A) Anthophora petrophila (122649), B) A. phenax (BBSL919861), C) A. rara (BBSLID92548), D) A. rhodothorax (BBSL506661), E) A. salazariae (102053), F) A. squammulosa (BBSL841395). Scale=0.25 mm.

FIGURE 67. Male S7 of A) Anthophora petrophila (BBSL504826), B) A. phenax (BBSL506640), C) A. rara (BBSL427007), D) A. rhodothorax (BBSL506666), E) A. salazariae (102051), F) A. squammulosa (BBSL275508). Scale=0.25 mm.

FIGURE 72. Male S8 of A) Anthophora petrophila (BBSL504826), B) A. phenax (BBSL506640), C) A. rara (BBSL427007), D) A. rhodothorax (BBSL506666), E) A. salazariae (BBSL502345), F) A. squammulosa (BSL275508). Scale=0.25 mm.

FIGURE 77. Male genital capsule of A) Anthophora petrophila (BBSL504826), B) A. phenax (BBSL506626), C) A. rara (BBSL427007), D) A. rhodothorax (BBSL506666), E) A. salazariae (102053), F) A. squammulosa (BBSL841390). Scale=0.25 mm.