Perdita coldeniae Timberlake

Portman, Zachary M., Neff, John L. & Griswold, Terry, 2016, Taxonomic revision of Perdita subgenus Heteroperdita Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), with descriptions of two ant-like males, Zootaxa 4214 (1), pp. 1-97 : 37-41

Perdita coldeniae Timberlake

Figs. 2 , 5 A, 10F, 11F, 12E–F, 13D, 23C, 24C, 28B, 29, 56C, 58E–F

Perdita (Heteroperdita) coldeniae Timberlake, 1954: 368 , ♂♀. Holotype ♂ ( CAS type no. 14462), near Westmoreland , Imperial Co., California, USA.

Diagnosis. Both sexes have the metasoma amber with white apical bands on the discs of the terga ( Figs. 10 F, 11D), and the propodeum with a broad (width much greater than length) yellow triangle dorso-anteriorly ( Fig. 5 A), a character unique in Heteroperdita, though it is rarely reduced or even absent in some specimens. Other species have yellow triangles in the same position, but the triangles are narrower, with the length of the triangle greater than or equal to the width (e.g. Fig. 5 B).

The female can be further recognized by the head broader than long, pygidial plate triangular with the apex broadly rounded ( Fig. 24 C), and the second medial cell of the forewing present (e.g. Fig. 4 A). The male can be further recognized by the head quadrate or subquadrate ( Figs. 12 E–F), paraocular area with subtriangular marks not reaching beyond the level of the tops of the antennal sockets, and relatively small size (2.3 mm).

Redescription of female. Length: 2.8 mm. Forewing length: 1.8 mm.

Coloration. Head ( Fig. 13 D) and mesosoma base color black with greenish-bronze luster; clypeus yellowishwhite; supraclypeal mark white, transverse; paraocular mark white, transverse to subtriangular, not going above level of summit of clypeus except in thin line along eye reaching level of middle of antennal socket; mandible white, tip reddish; labrum white, sometimes with basomedial dark spot; scape yellow; antenna light brown dorsally, yellow ventrally, dark brown on anterobasal margin of F2–F4; pronotal collar dark brown with slight metallic tints with pair of yellow transverse marks dorso-posteriorly; pronotal lobe yellow; propodeum with yellow triangle dorso-anteriorly, triangle much broader than long ( Fig. 5 A); legs yellow except brown basally on all coxae, basal fore femur, basal 2/3 of mid femur, medially on hind femur; hind tibia with faint brown mark basomedially, distal hind tarsi more or less darkened to brown; wing veins ranging from tan to brown; metasoma amber (occasionally brownish) except T1–T5 with white bands along margins of discs and lateral margins of terga, white bands narrowed sublaterally ( Fig. 11 D); T1 with lateral brown splotches; T2 fovea black; pygidial plate amber.

Structure and vestiture. Head broader than long ( Fig. 13 D); face, except for clypeus, supraclypeal area, and frons, covered by dense recumbent white pubescence; eyes slightly converging ventrally; facial fovea parallel to eye but slightly diverging dorsally, linear, extending from top of antennal socket 2/3 distance to apex of eye, generally more or less obscured by pubescence; mandible simple; labrum quadrate, slightly less than 2X broader than long; disc of clypeus broader than high, convex, apically protruding slightly less than 1 OD from face; lateral extension reaching 1/3 distance to base of mandible; venter of head with abundant inward-facing broadly hooked hairs; mesosoma strongly tessellate, impunctate, slightly shiny; pronotal collar slightly impressed, humeral angle weak; mesepisternum and margins of scutum densely covered by combination of recumbent and erect white pubescence; fore coxa with abundant, broadly hooked hairs; apex of mid tibia with some short, thick, curved setae; forewing with second medial cell present; metasoma suboval, wide basally, tapering apically, widest at T3 ( Fig. 11 D); terga tessellate and impunctate; T2 fovea linear, slightly thickened, 1/2 length of T2; pygidial plate triangular, apex broadly rounded ( Fig. 24 C); hairs of prepygidial fimbria slightly thickened, dense.

Redescription of male. Length: 2.3 mm. Forewing length: 1.6 mm.

Coloration. Head ( Figs. 12 E–F) and mesosoma base color black with greenish or bluish metallic luster; clypeus yellowish-white, sometimes with pair of brownish sublateral vertical bands; supraclypeal mark yellow, transverse; paraocular mark yellowish-white, transverse to subtriangular, not reaching above level of top of antennal socket; subantennal area generally dark, occasionally entirely yellow or with yellow mark along margin of antennal socket; mandible white, tip brownish or reddish; labrum white, sometimes with basomedial dark spot; scape yellow; antenna brownish dorsally, yellow ventrally; pronotal collar with pair of well-separated yellow transverse marks dorso-posteriorly; pronotal lobe yellow; propodeum with yellow triangle dorso-anteriorly, triangle much broader than long ( Fig. 5 A); legs yellow except brown on coxae, basally on femora, and basomedially on hind tibia, more or less brown on all trochanters and distal hind tarsi; wing veins ranging from tan to brown; metasoma amber (occasionally brownish), except T1–T6 with white bands along the margins of discs and lateral margins of terga, white bands narrowed sublaterally ( Fig. 10 F); T1 generally with pair or lateral brown splotches on anterior face; T2 fovea dark brown; pygidial plate amber.

Structure and vestiture. Head subquadrate or quadrate, broader than long ( Figs. 12 E–F); face, except clypeus, supraclypeal area, and frons covered by dense recumbent white pubescence; eyes slightly converging ventrally; mandible simple, extending to far side of labrum in repose; labrum quadrate, 1.5X broader than long; disc of clypeus broader than high, slightly convex, apically protruding less than 1 OD from face; lateral extension reaching 1/4 distance to base of mandible; head with sparse pubescence ventrally; mesosoma strongly tessellate, impunctate, slightly shiny; pronotal collar slightly impressed, humeral angle weak; mesepisternum and margins of scutum mostly covered by combination of recumbent and erect white pubescence; hind tibia with sparse, short, slightly thickened hairs; metasoma generally broader than mesosoma, oval, wide basally, tapering apically, widest at T3 ( Fig. 10 F); terga tessellate and impunctate; T2 fovea linear, slightly thickened, 1/3 length of T2; pygidial plate narrowly triangular to spatulate, apex strongly truncate ( Fig. 23 C); hairs of prepygidial fimbria slightly thickened, sparse.

Terminalia . S8 ( Fig. 56 C) with spiculum slightly bifurcate basally, lateral apodemes strongly angled downwards; apical portion convex, longer than broad, sides parallel, converging slightly towards truncate apex; dense short hairs ventrally; cuticle slightly thinned medially just below apex. Genital capsule as in Figs. 58 E–F. Gonostyli separated dorsally by narrow U-shape; lobes of gonostylus equal in length, dorsal lobe curved medially, ventral lobe with multiple long hair on apex; volsella extending to slightly below level of apex of gonostylus; cuspis slightly curving dorsally with multiple spicules apically; digitus shorter and narrow than cuspis, lacking spicules; penis valve relatively close together, parallel, abruptly turned outward at apex; endophallus extending to level of apex of penis valve.

Floral records. Asteraceae (1 ♂): Palafoxia linearis 1 ♂, Boraginaceae (127 ♂ 230 ♀): Nama sp. 3 ♂ 3 ♀, Tiquilia latior 1 ♂, T. nuttallii 4 ♀, T. palmeri 12 ♂ 29 ♀, T. plicata 107 ♂ 188 ♀, T. sp. 4 ♂ 6 ♀, Zygophyllaceae (1 ♂ 3 ♀): Larrea tridentata 1 ♂ 3 ♀.

Phenology. Active from April to October.

Distribution. Mojave and Sonoran Deserts ( Fig. 28 B), USA (and likely Mexico). Very common, particularly along roadsides.

Type material examined. Holotype data: ♂, CALIFORNIA: Imperial Co.: near Westmoreland , 31 May 1930, on flowers of Coldenia palmeri [= Tiquilia palmeri (A. Gray) A.T. Richardson ] ( CAS type no. 14462) . Allotype data: ♀, same data as holotype ( CAS) . Paratype data: CALIFORNIA: Imperial Co.: 3.5 mi N Mount Signal Corner (32.72888 -115.63777): 1 ♂, 28 Apr 1949, R.C. Dickson, T. palmeri ; Seeley (33.71555 -115.67888): 3 ♂, 4 May 1949, R.C. Dickson, T. palmeri ( UCRC) ; Westmorland (33.0372 -115.6206): 1 ♂, 31 May 1930, P.H. Timberlake, T. palmeri ( UCRC) .

Additional material examined. Total specimens: 135 ♂ 269 ♀. ARIZONA: La Paz Co.: Bouse (33.9324 - 114.005) : 1 ♂ 2 ♀, 19 May 1970, P.F. Torchio, Nama sp.; Yuma Co.: Yuma; E Gila Rd; 0.4 km E BLM Office (32.68763 -114.58602) : 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 9 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, Tiquilia palmeri ; Yuma; E Gila Rd; 0.4 km E BLM Office (32.68769 -114.58624): 1 ♂, 9 May 2012, Z.M. Portman; 6 ♂ 10 ♀, 9 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Yuma (32.72 -114.62): 1 ♀, 1 Jun 1959, collector unknown. CALIFORNIA: Imperial Co.: 10 mi S Calipatria (33.02916 -115.52638) : 2 ♀, 19 May 1959, R.C. Dickson, T. sp.; 2 mi W Glamis, Algodones Dunes (32.99388 - 115.10388) : 1 ♀, 25 Jul 1960, R.C. Dickson, T. plicata ; 2.5 mi N Plaster City (32.82777 -115.85194) : 2 ♀, 1 May 1952, P.H. Timberlake, T. palmeri ; 3 mi W Salton City (33.33583 -116.00638) : 1 ♀, 24 Apr 1983, J.D. Pinto, T. plicata ; Algodones Dunes; Glamis, 2 km W (32.99491 -115.0885): 2 ♂, 7 Sep 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; E Brawley, 5 mi W Coachella Canal (32.70805 -115.02777) : 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 28 Jun 1960, R.C. Dickson, T. plicata ; 1 ♂, 28 Jun 1960, collector unknown, T. plicata ; 1 ♂, 11 Jul 1960, R.C. Dickson, T. plicata ; Evan Hewes Hwy., 1.5 mi E of Brock Research Station , 23 mi E Holtville (32.70916 -115.01388) : 1 ♂, 19 Apr 2008, collector unknown, Palafoxia linearis ; Glamis Dunes, 1 mi W Glamis (32.9941 -115.1013) : 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 7 Oct 1988, T.L. Griswold; Glamis, 5.7 km W (32.98677 -115.13171): 3 ♀, 6 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Glamis, 5.8 km W(32.98662 -115.13252): 1 ♂ 9 ♀, 6 May 2012, M. C. Orr, T. plicata ; 3 ♂ 2 ♀, 6 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Glamis, 5.9 km W (32.98659 -115.13293): 1 ♂ 3 ♀, 6 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Glamis, 6 km W (32.98619 -115.13394): 4 ♂ 8 ♀, 6 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Glamis, 6.2 km W, sand dunes North of Osborne Overlook (32.98662 -115.13578) : 2 ♂ 3 ♀, 6 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Glamis, 6.4 km W; Osborne Overlook, N; sand dunes (32.98784 -115.13862): 3 ♂ 10 ♀, 6 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Grays Well Road (32.72138 -114.90944): 2 ♂ 7 ♀, 19 Apr 2008, D. Yanega; Ocotillo Wells, 15 km E (33.12582 - 116.0082): 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 25 Sep 2013, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Ocotillo, 5.3 km ENE; Roadside of Hwy S80 (32.75711 -115.94222): 1 ♂ 5 ♀, 2 May 2012, M. C. Orr, T. palmeri ; 3 ♀, 2 May 2012, Z.M. Portman; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 2 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. palmeri ; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, 25 Sep 2013, Z.M. Portman, T. palmeri ; Ocotillo, 5.4 km ENE; Coyote Wash (32.75793 -115.94101): 1 ♀, 2 May 2012, Z.M. Portman; 2 ♂ 5 ♀, 2 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Salton City, 16.6 km SEbyS (33.17593 -115.85359): 4 ♀, 3 May 2012, M. C. Orr, T. palmeri ; 1 ♂ 10 ♀, 3 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. palmeri ; Salton City, corner of Service Rd and Cleveland Rd (33.29428 -115.9763): 1 ♂, 4 May 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Salton City (33.2986 -115.9553): 1 ♂, 13 Sep 1983, P.F. & D.M. Torchio, N. sp.; Westmorland (33.0372 -115.6206): 2 ♀, 31 May 1930, P.H. Timberlake, T. palmeri ; Yuma, 32 km W; sand dunes (32.73256 -114.89861): 3 ♂ 6 ♀, 10 May 2014, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Inyo Co.: Death Valley National Park, Ibex Dunes, E margin, nr. Mine (35.69109 -116.36332) : 1 ♂, 8 May 2014, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Marble Canyon Dunes, NE side (37.1507 -117.8302): 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 19 May 1999, R. Andrus, S. Messinger, T. plicata ; Riverside Co.: 1.8 km W Wileys Well Road, 15 mi W Blythe, Chuckwalla Valley (33.60277 -114.92055) : 1 ♂, 7 Apr 2000, D. Yanega, T. sp.; 18 mi W Blythe, Chuckwalla Valley (33.6 0 638 -114.97361) : 2 ♂, 15 Apr 1958, P.H. Timberlake, T. plicata ; 4 ♂ 2 ♀, 17 Apr 1958, P.H. Timberlake, T. plicata ; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 18 Apr 1958, P.H. Timberlake, T. plicata ; Blythe, 8 mi W (33.6119 -114.7357): 1 ♂, 9 Apr 1962, R.M. Bohart; 1 ♂, 16 Apr 1969, P.F. Torchio, N.

sp.; Blythe (33.61 -114.59): 1 ♀, 16 Apr 1969, P.F. Torchio, N. sp.; Bradshaw Trail Rd. , ca. 6.3 mi W Graham Pass Rd. (33.4483 -115.2683) : 2 ♀, 15 Apr 2013, M. C. Orr, T. palmeri ; Chuckwalla Valley dunes, 3.2 mi E Wileys Well Road (33.58333 -115.93333) : 4 ♀, 17 May 2008, G.R. Ballmer, T. plicata ; Chuckwalla Valley (33.60835 - 115.1258) : 1 ♂ 3 ♀, 7 Apr 2000, T.L. Griswold, Larrea tridentata ; Hopkins Well (33.6104 -114.995): 1 ♀, 16 Apr 1958, P.D. Hurd; Mecca, 4 mi E (33.5699 -116.0094): 2 ♂ 3 ♀, 20 Jul 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Mecca, E (33.56922 -116.05385): 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 20 Jul 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Rice, 2 mi S (34.05437 -114.86251): 1 ♀, 11 May 2014, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Rice, 40 km W (34.05085 -115.21337): 1 ♀, 6 Sep 2012, T.L. Griswold, T. plicata ; Salton Sea State Park, N (33.53376 -115.97614): 2 ♀, 20 Jul 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; 1 ♂ 6 ♀, 27 Oct 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; W. end of 72nd Ave., 2.5 mi S Martinez, Torres-Martinez Indian Reservation, Coachella Valley (33.52527 -116.17805) : 3 ♂ 2 ♀, 4 Jun 2008, G.R. Ballmer, T. plicata ; San Bernardino Co.: Baker , 15 km N (35.38881 -116.12663) : 2 ♂ 3 ♀, 23 Sep 2013, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Black Ridge, 12 km E; Hwy 62 (34.10758 -114.93542): 3 ♂ 1 ♀, 6 Sep 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Cottonwood Wash (34.8036 - 115.6991): 1 ♂, 25 May 1983, T.L. Griswold; Dale Dry Lake , SE, 21 mi E of Twentynine Palms (34.10732 - 115.67009) : 3 ♀, 27 Sep 1987, T.L. Griswold; Devils Playground (35.0685 -115.873): 2 ♀, 4 May 1980, T.L. Griswold, T. sp.; Ibex Dunes, E side (35.7148 -116.3861): 3 ♀, 4 May 1999, R. Andrus; Ibex Dunes, W margin (35.6946 -116.3715): 1 ♀, 4 May 1999, R. Andrus, T. plicata ; Ibex Dunes (35.7093 -116.3752): 1 ♂ 4 ♀, 4 May 1999, R. Andrus; Johnson Valley (34.37 -116.5925) : 1 ♂, 30 May 2009, G.C. Snelling, T. sp.; Kelso Dunes, Devils Playground Wash, Kelso Dunes Road, 4.1 mi E Kelbaker Road, Mojave National Preserve (34.88888 -115.71722) : 1 ♂, 19 Jun 1999, D. Yanega, T. plicata ; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, 19 May 2001, D. Yanega; 4 ♂ 1 ♀, 18 May 2003, D. Yanega, T. plicata ; 2 ♂ 3 ♀, 7 Jun 2008, D. Yanega; Kelso Dunes (34.9768 -115.648): 2 ♂ 2 ♀, 3 Sep 1980, T.L. Griswold, T. sp.; Kelso, 2 mi S (34.98218 -115.64875): 1 ♂, 18 May 1982, J.C. Hall; Kelso, 5.3 km NE (35.0448 -115.6108): 1 ♂, 7 Sep 1994, T.L. Griswold, T. plicata ; Kelso, 6.3 km NE (35.0505 -115.6032): 4 ♂ 5 ♀, 7 Sep 1994, T.L. Griswold, T. plicata ; Needles, 20 mi S (34.56869 -114.6445): 1 ♀, 18 Apr 1967, P.F. Torchio, N. Youssef; Sandy Valley (35.75 -115.58) : 1 ♀, 5 Jun 1998, F.D. Parker; Twentynine Palms, 32 road mi E (34.0912 -115.5401): 1 ♂, 6 Sep 2012, T.L. Griswold, T. plicata ; 2 ♀, 6 Sep 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Twentynine Palms, 37.5 km E (34.1042 -115.65593): 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 6 Sep 2012, T.L. Griswold, T. plicata ; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, 6 Sep 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; Twentynine Palms, 45 km E (34.08767 -115.58219): 1 ♀, 6 Sep 2012, T.L. Griswold, T. plicata ; 2 ♀, 6 Sep 2012, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata ; San Diego Co.: Borrego Springs , 2 mi W (33.2576 -116.375) : 2 ♂ 4 ♀, 28 Apr 2013, Z.M. Portman, T. plicata . NEVADA: Clark Co.: Bowman Reservoir, E (36.6222 -114.467) : 3 ♀, 5 Aug 1998, M. Andres, C. Schultz; Bowman Reservoir, E (36.6297 -114.4755): 2 ♂ 6 ♀, 21 May 1998, M. Andres, C. Schultz, T. plicata ; Cottonwood Cove (35.4875 -114.6944): 1 ♂, 4 May 1998, K. Receveur, C. Schultz, T. latior ; 12 ♂ 39 ♀, 11 Jun 1998, K. Keen, C. Schultz, T. plicata ; 1 ♀, 14 Aug 1998, T.L. Griswold, C. Schultz; Las Vegas Dunes (36.2853 -114.9642): 1 ♀, 28 May 1998, K. Keen, C. Schultz, T. plicata ; Mesquite Lake , E (35.7335 - 115.5505) : 1 ♀, 10 Aug 1998, M. Andres, T.L. Griswold, C. Schultz; Mud Wash (36.463 -115.2507): 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 7 May 1998, C. Schultz, T. plicata ; 2 ♀, 7 May 1998, T.L. Griswold, T. plicata ; Red Bluff Spring (36.4633 - 114.252): 8 ♂ 23 ♀, 25 May 1998, M. Andres, K. Keen, K. Receveur, C. Schultz, T. plicata ; Weiser Ridge, 1.89 mi E (36.589 -114.5295): 6 ♂ 6 ♀, 17 May 2005, R. Andrus, T. plicata ; Nye Co.: Big Dune , 1.2 km NW (36.66179 - 116.60863) : 4 ♀, 29 Apr 2013, M. C. Orr, T. nuttallii ; Big Dune, NW tip (36.65679 -116.59651): 6 ♂, 29 Apr 2013, M. C. Orr, T. plicata .

Remarks. Perdita coldeniae is one of the most common Heteroperdita in the Sonoran Desert and it is often found along roadsides and in otherwise disturbed habitats. It’s defining character—the broad yellow triangle on the anterior propodeum—is rarely reduced or absent in some specimens, particularly smaller males.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Ventral view of the head of Perdita coldeniae females, showing pollen basket (A) full of Tiquilia pollen (BBSL 842342; Riverside Co., CA) and (B) empty (BBSL 813845; Imperial Co., CA).

FIGURE 4. Second submedial cell of forewing. (A) Perdita vesca female, present (BBSL 816135; Harney Co., OR). (B) P. prodigiosa female, 2 m-cu vein weakened dorsally (paratype, BBSL 344037; Clark Co., NV). (C) P. bellula female, absent / weakened (BBSL 316794; Clark Co., NV). (D) P. wasbaueri male, absent / weakened (BBSL 842242; Imperial Co., CA).

FIGURE 5. Dorsal views of Heteroperdita. (A) Perdita coldeniae male with broad yellow triangle on the propodeum and the metasoma wider the mesosoma, scale = 0.5 mm (UCRC 277998; Imperial Co., CA). (B) P. arenaria male mesosoma with narrow yellow triangle on propodeum, scale = 0.25 mm (BBSLID 95733; Yuma Co., AZ). (C) P. wasbaueri female mesosoma with yellow scutellum and yellow along lateral margins of scutum, scale = 0.25 mm (141836; Imperial Co., AZ).

FIGURE 10. Striped male metasomas. (A) Perdita optiva (BBSL 288698; Clark Co., NV). (B) P. sexfasciata (141743; Mojave Co., AZ). (C) P. trifasciata (141760; Terrell Co., TX). (D) P. bellula dark form (FDP 161544; Riverside Co., CA). (E) P. bellula typical light form (BBSL 817812; Mojave Co., AZ). (F) P. coldeniae (UCRC 169099; Imperial Co., CA). (G) P. scutellaris (DEVA 55309; San Bernardino Co., CA). All scale bars 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 11. Striped female metasomas. (A) Perdita optiva (BBSL 813638; Imperial Co., CA). (B) P. sexfasciata (UCRC 266156; La Paz Co., AZ). (C) P. trifasciata (141780; Chihuahua, MEX). (D) P. coldeniae (BBSL 813863; Imperial Co., CA). (E) P. scutellaris (UCRC 221793; San Bernardino Co., CA). All scale bars 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 12. Striped male faces. (A) Perdita optiva (BBSL 813428; Imperial Co., CA). (B) P. sexfasciata (BBSL 282900; Clark Co., NV). (C) P. trifasciata (BBSL 844684; Culberson Co., TX). (D) P. bellula (BBSL 842249; Imperial Co., CA). (E) P. coldeniae, large (BBSL 813475; Imperial Co., CA). (F) P. coldeniae, small (BBSL 813818; Imperial Co., CA). (G) P. scutellaris (DEVA 55312; San Bernardino Co., CA). All scale bars 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 13. Striped female faces. (A) Perdita optiva (BBSL 284979; Clark Co., NV). (B) P. sexfasciata (UCRC 266156; La Paz Co., AZ). (C) P. trifasciata (BBSL 347789; Eddy Co., NM). (D) P. coldeniae (BBSL 813434; Imperial Co., CA). (E) P. scutellaris (DEVA 55307; San Bernardino Co., CA). (F) P. scutellaris mandible (DEVA 55062; San Bernardino Co., CA). All scale bars 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 23. Male pygidial plates. (A) Perdita arenaria (BBSL 814703; Imperial Co., CA). (B) P. bellula (103717; San Bernardino Co., CA). (C) P. coldeniae (UCRC 277998; Imperial Co., CA). (D) P. exusta (141888; Clark Co., NV). (E) P. frontalis (BBSL 989204; Imperial Co., CA). (F) P. hippolyta (paratype, BBSL 844677; Culberson Co., TX). (G) P. hooki (note: the pygidial plate is from a dissected specimen and the lateral edges have been artificially enhanced to give a better idea of the lateral edges, paratype, BBSL 852902; Coahuila de Zaragoza, MEX). (H) P. maculosa (BBSL 668379; Clark Co., NV). (I) P. nuttalliae (paratype, BBSL 816190; Harney Co., OR). (J) P. optiva (BBSL 813428; Imperial Co., CA). (K) P. pilonotata (CAVE 17654; Eddy Co., NM). (L) P. prodigiosa (paratype, BBSL 344085; Clark Co., NV). (M) P. rhodogastra (UCRC 277717; Yuma Co., AZ). (N) P. scutellaris (DEVA 55305; San Bernardino Co., CA). (O) P. sexfasciata (141736; San Bernardino Co., CA). (P) P. sycorax (note: the picture is taken at an angle but it still accurately represents the shape the pygidial plate, paratype, 37225; Emery Co., UT). (Q) P. titania (pygidial plate is artificially outlined for better visibility, paratype, UCRC 166000; Imperial Co., CA). (R) P. trifasciata (141767; Chihuahua, MEX). (S) P. vesca (BBSL 816156; Harney Co., OR). (T) P. wasbaueri (BBSL 904842; Imperial Co., CA). (U) P. yanegai (UCRC 50407; Riverside Co., CA). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. All images are at the same scale.

FIGURE 24. Female pygidial plates. (A) Perdita arenaria (BBSL 289244; Clark Co., NV). (B) P. bellula (103744; San Bernardino Co., CA). (C) P. coldeniae (BBSL 813873; Imperial Co., CA). (D) P. desdemona (holotype, BBSL 289742; San Bernardino Co., CA). (E) P. exusta (paratype, 141946; Clark Co., NV). (F) P. frontalis (BBSL 813797; Imperial Co., CA). (G) P. hippolyta (paratype, BBSL 844647; Culberson Co., TX). (H) P. hooki (paratype, 141840; Terrell Co., TX). (I) P. maculosa (UCRC 179125; Riverside Co., CA). (J) P. nuttalliae (142005; Box Elder Co., UT). (K) P. optiva (BBSL 284974; Clark Co., NV). (L) P. pilonotata (neotype, UCRC 182770; Otero Co., NM). (M) P. prodigiosa (paratype, BBSL 319169; Clark Co., NV). (N) P. rhodogastra, pointed (FDP 102612; Maricopa Co., AZ). (O) P. rhodogastra, rounded (BBSL 271674; Clark Co., NV). (P) P. scutellaris (BBSL 904845; Imperial Co., CA). (Q) P. sexfasciata (BBSL 295303; Clark Co., NV). (R) P. sycorax (paratype, 37238; Emery Co., UT). (S) P. titania (holotype, BBSL 326372; San Bernardino Co., CA). (T) P. trifasciata (FDP 75046; Brewster Co., TX). (U) P. vesca (BBSL 339200; Nye Co., NV). (V) P. wasbaueri (141836; Imperial Co., CA). (W) P. yanegai (UCRC 221828; San Bernardino Co., CA). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. All images are at the same scale.

FIGURE 28. Distribution of (A) Perdita bellula and (B) P. coldeniae. Scale bar = 100 km.

FIGURE 56. Male S 8 in dorsal view. (A) Perdita arenaria (BBSL 814693; Imperial Co., CA). (B) P. bellula (BBSL 842486; Riverside Co., CA). (C) P. coldeniae (BBSL 813338; Yuma Co., AZ). (D) P. exusta (BBSL 578345; Clark Co., NV). (E) P. frontalis (BBSL 813814; Imperial Co., CA). (F) P. hippolyta (paratype, CAVE 4578; Eddy Co., NM). (G) P. hooki (paratype, BBSL 852902; Coahuila, MEX). (H) P. maculosa (BBSL 638408; Clark Co., NV). (I) P. nuttalliae (BBSL 816192; Harney Co., OR). (J) P. optiva (BBSL 814695; Imperial Co., CA). (K) P. pilonotata (CAVE 17654; Eddy Co., NM). (L) P. prodigiosa (BBSL 344096; Clark Co., NV). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. All images are at the same scale.

FIGURE 58. Male genital capsules in ventral and dorsal view. (A) Perdita arenaria dorsal and (B) ventral (BBSL 814693; Imperial Co., CA). (C) P. bellula dorsal and (D) ventral (BBSL 307306; Clark Co., NV). (E) P. coldeniae dorsal and (F) ventral (BBSL 817844; Riverside Co., CA). (G) P. exusta dorsal and (H) ventral (141875; Clark Co., NV). (I) P. frontalis dorsal and (J) ventral (BBSL 813814; Imperial Co., CA). (K) P. hippolyta dorsal and (L) ventral (paratype, CAVE 4578; Eddy Co., NM). (M) P. hooki dorsal and (N) ventral (paratype, BBSL 852902; Coahuila, MEX). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. All images are at the same scale.