Paroxystoglossa mourella, Gonçalves, 2017

Gonçalves, Rodrigo Barbosa, 2017, Phylogeny and new species of the Neotropical bee genus Paroxystoglossa Moure (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 61 (2), pp. 178-191 : 180

Key for the species of Paroxystoglossa (based on Moure, 1960)

Females considered here as modifications on antennae, hind leg and sterna, is uncommon among Augochlorini. Most augochlorine genera with available phylogenies have more than one half of informative characters derived from genital capsules ( Coelho, 2004; Gonçalves, 2010, 2015; Gonçalves and Melo, 2012). Only Thectochlora has relatively little information from genital capsule when compared with other attributes ( Gonçalves and Melo, 2006). There may be an evolutionary trade-off among these structures that could be subject to sexual selection ( Simmons, 2014). There are still many lineages to be studied in order to understand the evolution of these remarkable patterns within Augochlorini.

According to Gonçalves (2016) Paroxystoglossa diverged from Neocorynura group in the beginning of the Oligocene (about 33 Ma) and its diversification, the first split, between P. barbata and P. transversa lineages, occurred in the Miocene (about 16 Ma). Paroxystoglossa species occur in southeastern South America and most species are associated with inland and semideciduous formations of Atlantic forest ( Figs. 2–4 ). This pattern is different from other lineages of the Neocorynura group: Andinaugochlora Eickwort , Chlerogas Vachal , Megaloptilla and Neocorynurella Engel are associated with Andean forests and Neocorynura Schrottky has a widespread distribution in the Neotropical region. The early isolation of lineages, such as Paroxystoglossa , in the east side of the Neotropical region is a recurrent pattern for Augochlorines as noted by Gonçalves and Melo (2012) and discussed in Gonçalves (2016).

The three Paroxystoglossa species groups have a widely redundant distribution indicating geographically replicated patterns of speciation in southeastern South America. The jocasta group species are distributed to the South, including Argentina ( Fig. 2 ), a distribution not found in other Paroxystoglossa lineages. In this group, P. mourella n.sp. has a restricted distribution along Espinhaço Mountains. The two members of transversa group, P. transversa and P. levigata n.sp., have allopatric distributions ( Fig. 3 ), with P. tranversa occurring in semideciduous forests of western Paraná and P. levigata n.sp. only known for a locality in eastern Paraná region. The distributions of crossotos group are widely overlapping ( Fig. 4 ). The lineage contains species which are distributed in forest areas in the Cerrado biome ( P. mimetica and P. crossotos ), one species only known for the type locality in Rio de Janeiro ( P. seabrai ), and P. spiloptera with overlapped distribution with the widespread P. andromache .

1. Metasoma subelipsoid, metallic green or metallic reddish without apical bands of appressed setae ( Fig. 5 )..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2

1 Ɩ. Metasoma subpedunculate, darkened with apical rows of appressed setae ( Fig. 6 ).. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 7

Figures

Figs. 1–4. Paroxystoglossa phylogeny and distribution records: 1, the most parsimonious tree under implied weights (length: 247 steps, consistency index: 60, retention index:86, k:7, fit:9.0439), bootstrap is indicated below each node.2, distribution of jocasta species group (squares:P.barbata, circles: P.brachycera, stars:P.jocasta, triangles: P.mourella n.sp.). 3, distribution of transversa species group.4, distribution of crossotos species group (squares: P.andromache, circles:P.crossotos, stars:P.mimetica, triangles: P. seabrai, doted circle: P. spiloptera).

Figs. 5–6. Habitus of Paroxystoglossa species: 5, P. mourella n.sp. 6, P.spiloptera, arrow: apical band of appressed setae. Scale bar: 1 mm.