Paraputo Laing 1929

Tanaka, Hirotaka, 2022, A taxonomic study of three mealybug species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) infesting dwarf bamboo in Japan, with description of a new species, Zootaxa 5178 (4), pp. 334-346 : 341-342

Genus Paraputo Laing 1929

Paraputo Laing 1929: 473 . Type species: Paraputo ritchiei Laing 1929 .

Cataenococcus Ferris 1955: 3 . Type species: Dactylopius olivaceus Cockerell 1896 .

Ferrisicoccus Ezzat & McConnell 1956: 31 . Type species: Ferrisicoccus angustus Ezzat & McConnell 1956 .

Kaicoccus Takahashi 1958: 5 . Type species: Pseudococcus kaiensis Kanda 1932 .

Lomatococcus Borchsenius 1960: 920 . Type species: Lomatococcus ficiphilus Borchsenius 1960 .

Lachnodiopsis Borchsenius 1960: 923 . Type species: Lachnodiopsis szemaoensis Borchsenius 1960 .

Anaparaputo Borchsenius 1962: 224 . Type species: Anaparaputo liui Borchsenius 1962 .

Genus diagnosis (adapted and modified from Williams 2004). Body of adult female oval to rotund. Derm membranous. Antennae each with 6–8 segments. Legs well-developed, usually stout, femur often about twice as wide as tibia; tibia + tarsus shorter than trochanter + femur; translucent pores normally present on hind coxae, sometimes on hind femur and tibia, occasionally also on coxae of second pair of legs, but rarely completely lacking; claw stout, without a denticle. Labium often long, usually longer than clypeolabral shield, but rarely shorter. Anal ring generally situated at least its own length from apex of abdomen, bearing 6 or more setae. Circulus present or absent. Cerarii numbering 11–18 pairs; anal lobe cerarii and cerarii on posterior abdominal segments usually each containing a concentration of trilocular pores and multiple conical setae, sometimes accompanied by a few slender setae (often with bases as wide as those of the conical setae). Cerarii each rarely reduced to 2 conical setae; often with intermediate cerarii or conical setae present, forming a continuous row of conical setae around dorsal margin, often accompanied also by a continuous band of crowded trilocular pores around margin; conical setae rarely present on ventral margin. Ostioles prominent, often situated far from margins, wide, with inner edges of lips sclerotized, each lip often with abundant trilocular pores (rarely with few), and bearing a few to numerous setae. Eyes present. Spiracles large and conspicuous.

Dorsal setae often numerous, minute and stiff or longer and flagellate; often longer setae present, flanking anal ring. Trilocular pores abundant. Multilocular disc pores and oral collar tubular ducts absent from dorsum.

Ventral surface usually with flagellate setae, sometimes resembling those on dorsum. Cisanal and obanal setae usually apparent, sometimes long and stout and displaced to dorsum posterior to anal ring. Oral collar tubular ducts present, usually of 1 size only but sometimes of 2 or 3 different sizes, each either narrower than a trilocular pore, or as wide as, or 1.5‒2.0 times wider than a trilocular pore, or a combination of different sizes present. Tubular ducts sometimes present across medial area and in marginal groups on abdomen, also sometimes between antennal bases; ducts present or absent from between anal lobes. Anal lobes each either membranous or with various degrees of sclerotization; at times sclerotization occupying most of lobe, but never with an anal lobe bar; ventral margins of anterior abdominal segments occasionally sclerotized also.

Remarks. Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2015) regarded the presence or absence of an anal lobe bar as a specieslevel character, ignoring its taxonomic significance at the genus level and so placed some Palaearctic species with anal lobe bars in Paraputo . However, their taxonomic treatment appears to be clearly erroneous, and those species with anal lobe bars that they moved into Paraputo should be returned to their previous generic assignments. Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2015) also ignored the taxonomic significance of the position of the anal ring and transferred at least one species with the anal ring situated at the abdominal apex into Paraputo (see Remarks under Paraputo kaiensis ). Further morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies on Paraputo species with the anal ring situated at the abdominal apex are needed.

Key to adult females of Paraputo species found in East Asia (adapted and modified from Zhang & Wu 2017)

1(0) Anal ring bearing 6 setae............................................................................... 2

– Anal ring bearing multiple setae......................................................................... 6

2(1) Tubular ducts present between antennal bases and clypeolabral shield........................................... 3

– Tubular ducts absent from between antennal bases and clypeolabral shield........................................ 4

3(2) Setae flanking anal ring noticeably longer than other dorsal setae; translucent pores present on hind coxa, femur and tibia................................................................................. P. banzigeri Williams 2004

– Setae flanking anal ring shorter, nearly same length as other dorsal setae; translucent pores present on hind coxa only.............................................................................. P. yunnanensis Zhang and Wu 2017

4(2) Translucent pores present on hind coxa.......................................... P. albizzicolus Borchsenius 1962

– Translucent pores absent from hind coxa.................................................................. 5

5(4) Venter of each anal lobe membranous. Body broadly oval to circular. Oral collar tubular ducts of 2 sizes present...................................................................................... P. porosus Borchsenius 1962

Venter of each anal lobe sclerotized. Body elongate oval. Oral collar tubular ducts of only 1 size present................................................................................................. P. kaiensis ( Kanda 1932)

6(1) Cerarii numbering 5–7 pairs, present only on posterior abdominal segments........... P. szemaoensis ( Borchsenius 1960)

– Cerarii numbering 11–18 pairs, present on head and thorax as well as on abdominal segments........................ 7

7(6) Cerarii numbering 17 pairs; setae flanking anal ring short, about same length as other dorsal setae.... P. gasteris Wang 1982

– Cerarii numbering 18 pairs; setae flanking anal ring noticeably longer than other dorsal setae......................... 8

8(7) Posteriormost 3 pairs of cerarii each situated on a sclerotized plate; hind coxa without translucent pores.................................................................................................. P. comantis Wang 1978

– Posteriormost 3 pairs of cerarii each situated on membranous cuticle; hind coxa with translucent pores............................................................................................. P. platani Zhang and Wu 2017