Scaphochlamys Baker, 1892

Hin, Ooi Im, Kalu, Meekiong & Yeng, Wong Sin, 2017, A review of Scaphochlamys (Zingiberaceae) from Borneo, with description of eleven new species, Phytotaxa 317 (4), pp. 231-279 : 236

Scaphochlamys Baker in Hooker (1892: 252). Type: — Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker (1892: 252) .

= Borneocola Y.Y. Sam in Sam et al. (2016: 39) . Type: — Borneocola reticosus (Ridl.) Y.Y. Sam in Sam et al. (2016: 43) . ≡ Gastrochilus reticosa Ridley (1905: 195) .

Terrestrial, perennial, rhizomatous herbs. Rhizome mostly horizontally-creeping, sometimes obliquely ascending or upright; generally thin and woody, never fleshy or tuberous. Elements either crowded together or widely spaced, 1- foliate to plurifoliate, juvenile always polyphyllous, each shoot basally encased by sheaths, these glabrous to densely pubescent to softly hispid, often scarious and decaying with age; petiole basally pulvinate in Bornean species, thin, canaliculate, occasionally terete, pubescent, softly hispid, or glabrous; leaf sheath with wide membranous margin, pubescent or glabrous, free ligule bilobed, thinly membranous, fragile, generally triangular, occurring anywhere from base of the petiole and then hidden among leafless sheaths to just below insertion of lamina; lamina obovate to ovate, lanceolate or linear, mostly commonly elliptic, symmetric or, more often, slightly asymmetric; base decurrent and then attenuate, rounded or cordate; apex acute to acuminate, sometimes mucronulate, or broadly pointed; adaxially dark green, occasionally with variegations; abaxially pale green or flushed purple or maroon in varying intensities, usually pubescent or pilose along midrib; venation parallel-pinnate, arising from mid-vein, higher order venation occasionally tessellate (e.g., Scaphochlamys reticosa ). Inflorescence composed of spirally, occasionally distichously, arranged bracts; compact and ovoid or ellipsoid, or lax with rachis visible between bracts, developing acroscopically and often elongating with age; bract broad and pouched to ovate, boat-shaped, spathulate and linear, not laterally connate, base amplexicaul, coriaceous or membranous, glabrous to densely pubescent, green, red-brown, red, or flushed purple; first bracteole inserted at 180° to bract, generally boat-shaped to linear, 2-keeled, margins overlapping but never fused, apex acute to trilobed, sometimes tufted, usually just shorter than associated bract, glabrous to finely pubescent; successive bracteoles decreasing in size; flowers up to 2 per bract; calyx tubular, split down one side, apex usually 3-dentate, shorter than first bracteole; corolla tube basally slender, apically widening, sometimes finely pubescent; corolla lobes linear, usually white, glabrous, dorsal corolla lobe normally stiff with an acute, hooded apex, lateral corolla lobes linear with rounded apices; corolla usually white, sometimes pale yellow to yellow or pale green; lateral staminodes oblong to obovate, apex rounded, spreading obliquely; labellum obovate, sessile to clawed, flat, usually bilobed, sometimes entire, lobes often overlapping, white with a yellow median band, band often flanked on either side by variously, pink, purple or red markings, sometimes with conspicuous blotches near base, slightly grooved in middle towards base, this groove more or less pubescent; stamen bent forward over labellum, facing downwards; filament broad; thecae 2, linear, with longitudinal dehiscence, each theca with short spur at base, anther apex with a short reflexed rounded to trilobed crest; all androecial members (i.e., staminodes, labellum and dorsal surface of anther) usually covered with minutely glandular hairs; stigma held just above apices of thecae, backed by crest, rounded cup-shaped, ostiole edged by a single row of cilia of varying lengths and thicknesses; style very fine, sometimes held in a groove inside corolla tube; ovary inferior, 1-locular to 3-locular, creamy-white, small, glabrous to finely pubescent; epigynous glands 2, needle-like, surmounting ovary, creamy yellow. Fruit ellipsoid, thin-walled, enclosed by persistent bracts, pericarp smooth or colliculate, splitting at fruit maturity. Seeds ellipsoid, dark brown to black with a white aril lacerate to the base.

Distribution: — 55 species, Southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatera, to northern Borneo; 24 species in Borneo.