Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)

Eiseman, Charles S. & Lonsdale, Owen, 2018, New state and host records for Agromyzidae (Diptera) in the United States, with the description of thirty new species, Zootaxa 4479 (1), pp. 1-156 : 56-57

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)

( Figs. 154–155 )

Material examined. CALIFORNIA: Imperial Co., Algodones Dunes , along Rte. 78, 7.iii.2017, em. 19.iii.2017, C.S. Eiseman, ex Abronia villosa , #CSE3250, CNC940076 (1♂) ; FLORIDA: Lake Co., Alexander Springs , 26.iii.2013, em. 12–20.iv.2013, C.S. Eiseman, ex Hydrocotyle verticillata , #CSE275, CNC358471 (1♂) ; NORTH CAROLINA: Scotland Co., Laurinburg, St. Andrews University, 2.vi.2015, em. 20.vi.2015, T.S. Feldman, ex Trifolium repens , #CSE1633, CNC564626 (1♂) .

Hosts. Amaranthaceae : Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson ( Chandler & Chandler 1988) , Beta vulgaris L., Chenopodium album L. ( Smith & Hardman 1986), Spinacia oleracea L.; Amaryllidaceae : Allium cepa L.; Apiaceae : Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) DC., Daucus carota L. var. sativus Hoffm. , Hydrocotyle umbellata L. ( Genung 1981), H. verticillata Thunb. ; Asteraceae : “ Aster ” L. (cultivated), Baccharis halimifolia L., Bidens alba (L.) DC. ( Zoebisch et al. 1984), B. pilosa L., Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees, Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat. ( Smith & Hardman 1986), Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC., Dahlia Cav. (cultivated), Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC., Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small ( Genung 1981) , E. serotinum Michx. , Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) C. Mohr , Gaillardia aristata Pursh , Galinsoga quadriradiata Cav. , Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera (as “ Gnaphalium spathalium Lam. ”), Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook. f., Helianthus annuus L. , Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Hér. , Lactuca canadensis L., L. sativa L., Melanthera nivea (L.) Small, Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. ( Genung 1981), Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey, Parthenium hysterophorus L. ( Chandler & Chandler 1988), “ Senecio ” L., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, S. oleraceus L., Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L. Nesom ( Smith & Hardman 1986), Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn., Tagetes erecta L., T. patula L., Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. ( Smith & Hardman 1986), Tridax procumbens L., Xanthium L., Zinnia L.; Caryophyllaceae : Gypsophila L.; Cucurbitaceae : Cucumis melo L., C. sativus L., Cucurbita pepo L., Melothria pendula L. ( Genung 1981); Fabaceae : Crotalaria incana L., Lathyrus japonicus Willd. (female; Lonsdale 2017), Medicago lupulina L., M. sativa L., Phaseolus lunatus L. ( Spencer 1969), P. vulgaris L. (“string beans”), Pisum sativum L. ( Spencer & Steyskal 1986), Trifolium repens L., Vicia sativa L. ( Smith & Hardman 1986), Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. ( Genung 1981) , V. radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, V. unguiculata (L.) Walp.; Malvaceae : Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, “ Hibiscus ” L., Malva moschata L. ( Smith & Hardman 1986); * Nyctaginaceae : Abronia villosa S. Watson ; Plantaginaceae : Plantago major L. ( Smith & Hardman 1986); Ranunculaceae : Ranunculus repens L. ( Smith & Hardman 1986); Solanaceae : Capsicum annuum L. ( Chandler & Chandler 1988), Petunia Juss. , Physalis angulata L. ( Schuster et al. 1982), P. pubescens L. ( Zoebisch et al. 1984), Solanum americanum Mill. ( Zoebisch et al. 1984) , S. dulcamara L. ( Smith & Hardman 1986), S. lycopersicum L., S. melongena L., S. nigrum L., S. tuberosum L.; Verbenaceae : Verbena L. ( Genung 1981) ; Zygophyllaceae : Tribulus terrestris L., Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn. ( Spencer 1965; Stegmaier 1966a). Numerous other hosts are recorded outside of North America (Lonsdale 2011). The records of Smith & Hardman (1986) are from a no-choice greenhouse experiment in which adult flies were caged with each potential host plant; adults were reared from each species listed. In a free-choice experiment, oviposition and larval mines occurred on these and every other plant tested: Asteraceae : Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. , Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. ; Lamiaceae : Glechoma hederacea L.; Polygonaceae : Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve, Persicaria maculosa S.F. Gray. Glechoma hederacea was the least mined species in this experiment and no mines were found on it in the no-choice experiment. No attempt was made to determine whether adults could be reared from the rest of the plants just named.

Spencer & Stegmaier (1973) listed a single female specimen reared from Avena sativa L. ( Poaceae ) among the specimens of Liriomyza trifolii they examined. Although this is listed as “ Liriomyza sp.” in their host plant summary, Spencer & Steyskal (1986) cite it as the sole record of L. trifolii from a grass. The following records are based on leaf mines only and have not been confirmed by rearing: Asteraceae : Vernonia gigantea (Walter) Trel. ssp. gigantea ; Turneraceae : Piriqueta cistoides (L.) Griseb. ssp. caroliniana (Walter) Arbo ( Spencer & Stegmaier 1973) .

Spencer & Steyskal (1986) listed Liriomyza trifolii as feeding on Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. ( Brassicaceae ), but the origin of this record is unclear, and we have found no other North American records of this fly from Brassicaceae . Their record of Solanum erianthum D. Don (Solanaceae) is traceable to the host plant list of Spencer & Stegmaier (1973) but does not seem to have been supported by any reared specimens. Their record of Cestrum diurnum L. ( Solanaceae ) as a host for L. trifolii apparently derives from Stegmaier’s (1966b) rearing of L. sativae from this host.

Leaf mine. ( Figs. 154–155 ) On Hydrocotyle ( Fig. 154 ), a whitish, entirely linear, upper surface mine; initially very narrow, gradually widening; frass in black, alternating strips or closely spaced grains, or in one case forming a finely squiggly, more or less central line in the terminal portion. Exit slit in the upper epidermis. Seemingly indistinguishable from the mines of L. sativae on Hydrocotyle figured by Stegmaier (1966b); generally longer than those of L. sativae according to Spencer & Stegmaier (1973). Our single mine on Trifolium ( Fig. 155 ) was largely greenish and the frass was dark green, rather irregularly deposited in closely spaced particles.

Puparium. Yellowish; formed outside the mine.

Distribution. Widespread in North, Central and South America; introduced in the Old World. Largely restricted to greenhouses in colder temperate regions (Lonsdale 2011).

Figures

FIGURES 154–164. leaf mines; 154: Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) in Hydrocotyle verticillata; 155: L. trifolii in Trifolium repens; 156: L. valerianivora spec. nov. in Ƒaleriana officinalis; 157: L. violivora (Spencer) in Ƒiola sp.; 158: Liriomyza sp. 1 in Maianthemum canadense; 159: Liriomyza sp. 2 in Ageratina altissima; 160: Liriomyza sp. 3 in Bidens frondosa; 161: Liriomyza sp. 4 in Cirsium altissimum; 162: Liriomyza sp. 5 in Mikania scandens; 163: Liriomyza sp. 8 in Campanula americana (mine is the whitish line along the midrib); 164: Liriomyza sp. 9 in Pisum sativum.