Regadrella okinoseana Ijima, 1896

Reiswig, Henry M. & Stone, Robert P., 2013, <strong> New glass sponges (Porifera: Hexactinellida) from deep waters of the central Aleutian Islands, Alaska </ strong>, Zootaxa 3628 (1), pp. 1-64 : 25-28

Regadrella okinoseana Ijima, 1896

( Figs. 12 & 13 , Table 6)

Synonymy: Regadrella okinoseana Ijima, 1896: 250 ; 1901: 223; Levi & Levi 1982: 292; Reiswig 1992: 33; Stone et al., 2011: 25.

Regadrella cylindrica Ijima, 1927: 335 .

Regadrella decora Schulze, 1900: 30 .

Material examined. USNM# 1196553 , ROV 'Jason II' from RV 'Roger Revelle', dive J2102, 03 August 2004, S Amchitka Pass, 27.4 km W of Amatignak Island, Delarof Islands, Aleutian Islands , Alaska, 51º17.469'N, 179º32.585'W, 1386 m, partial specimen, dry & ethanol .

Description. The single specimen from the Aleutian Islands is a soft flattened sac with a wide but subdivided oscular aperture ( Fig. 12A ); dimensions of the specimen lacking the attachment base (not collected) are 18.8 cm tall, 12.8 cm wide, 9.1 cm thick. The body wall is 3–4 mm thick. Prostalia are not present. The characteristic Regadrella surface pattern of pits and ridges with small parietal oscula at the center of pits ( Table 6) is developed only on the external body edges that remain free of contact with the surrounding substrate ( Figs. 12 B, C ). The larger frontal surfaces that contact the substratum lack this pattern but still have parietal oscula scattered irregularly across their surface. Parietal oscula are ovoid with mean major diameter of 2.6 mm ( Fig. 12D ). The main oscular edge is curled outward ( Fig. 12A ) but a cuff and sieve plate are absent. Within the single oscular margin, the distal atrial cavity is subdivided into four separate passages by tissue bridges joining the atrial wall surfaces. One of these bridges extends longitudinally at least half the length of the body, thereby flattening and subdividing the distal atrial cavity into two main passages. In the lower half of the saccate body, the two longitudinal atrial passages join to form a single open atrial cavity. Before collection, the specimen was attached under the edge of a large mudstone mound with the osculum exposed ( Fig. 12E ). Color in life was white; dried and ethanol-preserved samples are light beige. The new location is quite remote from the known distribution of this species ( Fig. 12F ).

The main supporting skeleton is a network of loose interwoven unfused diactins resulting in a very soft texture in the upper body. In the lower body quarter, internal diactins are haphazardly fused at contact points, resulting in a stiff but still flexible texture in a soft surface in this area. Main dermal hexactins and atrial pentactins remain unfused throughout the body surfaces.

Megascleres (spicule dimensions are given in Table 6): Parenchymal megascleres are thick principal diactins and thin intermediate and comital diactins. Thick diactins are slightly curved, smooth, with slight medial swelling and rounded inflated tips ( Fig. 13L ). Thin diactins are similar ( Fig. 13K ) but have acutely pointed tips. Dermalia are mainly hexactins with a very few subhexactins. The primary hexactins are large sword-shaped forms ( Fig. 13A ) with straight, robust tapering rays that end in slightly roughened sharp tips. The distal ray is shorter and the proximal ray is much longer than the tangential rays. Smaller hexactins with all rays nearly equal in length ( Figs. 13 B, C ) are less abundant. Atrialia are mainly pentactins ( Fig. 13D ), with a few subhexactins ( Fig. 13E ), hexactins ( Fig. 13F ), irregular tetractins, stauractins with two reduced knobs ( Fig. 13G ), triactins ( Fig. 13H ) and diactins ( Fig. 13I ). All atralia have smooth rays that end in slightly rough rounded tips. Parietal oscular membranes have most types of atrialia, but also small stubby hexactins and pentactins and very small distinctive diactins with four central knobs ( Fig. 13J ) found nowhere else.

Microscleres consist mainly of floricomes, oxystaurasters, and graphiocomes, but oxyhexasters, oxystauractins, and oxydiasters occur in small numbers. Floricomes ( Fig. 13M ) have short smooth primary rays ending in small discs; 7–15 s-shaped terminals originate from each primary disc in a single marginal whorl and together form a perianth. Internal (within perianth) surfaces of the terminals are smooth but the outer surfaces bear a continuous band of small spines extending up under the 2–4 large claws on the outer margin of the terminal swelling. Oxystauractins ( Fig. 13N ) are sturdy microscleres with only four nearly smooth, crucial, primary rays, each of which supports 2–5 longer terminal rays ornamented with reclined spines ( Fig. 13P ). Oxyhexasters ( Fig. 13O ) are similar to the staurasters, but bear the full set of six primary rays, each of which carry 3–6 straight or slightly curved rough terminal rays. Graphiocome centers ( Fig. 13Q ) have short, strong, nearly smooth primary rays, each of which ends in a small furry disc entirely covered by the ca 120 short bases of the invariably broken off terminal rays; articulation facets are only 0.2 µm in diameter. The loose terminal rays ( Fig. 13R ) are slightly sinuous (perhaps spiralled?) with an articulation base bearing a facet and two teeth; the raphidial ray is completely but sparsely ornamented with small spines, basally proclined and distally reclined. These spicules must be truly spectacular when they are intact.

Remarks. Although the body form of the Aleutian Islands specimen differs in many respects from a typical Regadrella okinoseana , its spiculation agrees entirely with that species. The site of collection of the new specimen is ca 3700 km distant from the nearest reported occurrence of R. okinoseana in Japan, and thus represents a very striking range extension ( Fig. 12F ).

Review of all video footage collected with the ROV 'Jason II' indicates that it is an uncommon species occurring singly on mudstone, bedrock and possibly hexactinellid skeletons at depths between 1071 and 1395 m.

Figures

FIGURE 12. Regadrella okinoseana Ijima, body and distribution map. A. Two faces of the collected dry specimen, missing the attachment base. B. External edge showing the pit/ridge surface pattern typical of Regadrella. C. External surface of the wet subsample showing pits with parietal oscula at their centers. D. A parietal osculum in whole mount viewed in transmitted light. E. In situ image of the specimen prior to collection; distance between laser marks is 10 cm. F. Known distribution map of R. okinoseana, with the new Aleutian Island site added.

FIGURE 13. Regadrella okinoseana Ijima, spicules (SEM). A. Common large dermal hexactin with enlargements of ray ends. B, C. Less common smaller dermal hexactins with near-equal ray lengths. D. Most common pentactin atrialium. E. Subhexactin atrialium. F. Rare hexactin atrialium. G. Rare stauractin atrialium with short knobs in the axis perpendicular to the page. H. Rare triactin atrialium. I. Rare diactin atrialium. J. Distinctive small diactin oscularium. K. Thin parenchymal diactin, whole and enlarged center and ray ends. L. Large parenchymal principal diactin, whole and enlarged center and ray ends. M. Floricome with enlarged primary ray end disc and terminal ray tips. N. Oxystaurasters in facial and side view; O. Oxyhexaster. P. Enlarged terminal ray end of oxystauractin. Q. Graphiocome centrum. R. Whole raphidial graphiocome terminal ray with enlargements of the proximal part.