Syneches Walker

Menezes, Isis Sá & Ale-Rocha, Rosaly, 2016, Revision of the Amazonian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), Zootaxa 4103 (5), pp. 401-442 : 403

Syneches Walker

Syneches Walker, 1852: 165 . Type-species: Syneches simplex Walker 1852 (by monotypy). Melander, 1965: 448 (catalog); Smith, 1967: 9; 1969: 84; 1977: 190; 1980: 435; 1989: 389 (catalogs); Wilder, 1974: 1 (review); Chvála, 1983: 104 (citation); Chvála & Kovalev, 1989: 184 (catalog).

Pterospilus Rondani, 1856: 152 . Type-species: Asilus muscarius Fabricius, 1794 (monotype). Melander, 1928: 38 (synonymy).

Harpamerus Bigot, 1859: 306. Type-species: Harpamerus signatus Bigot (by monotypy). Bezzi 1904: 329 (as subgenus); Sinclair, 2011: 359 (synonymy).

Epiceia Walker, 1860: 149 . Type species: Epiceia ferruginea Walker (by monotypy). Bezzi 1904: 329 (as subgenus).

Parahybos Kertész, 1899: 176 . Type-species: Parahybos iridipennis Kertész, 1899 (by monotypy). Frey, 1953: 67 (as subgenus); Smith, 1977: 188 (catalog); 1980: 434 (catalog); 1989: 389 (catalog, synonymy).

Diagnosis. Specimens varying from 2.0 to 7.5 mm in length; upper facets distinctly larger than lower; head hemispherical, males and females holoptic; postcranium with pruinescence; proboscis elongate, somewhat longer than head width (in lateral view), labellum strongly sclerotized, lacking pseudotracheae; postpedicel oval, usually short (long in S. longiflagellatus ), with one or more dorsal setae; stylus hair-like, apical or dorsoapical, long, usually more than three times length of postpedicel, apex bare; palpus setose, shorter than proboscis, with developed apical seta; two pairs of ocellar setae; frons flat and oblique; postcranium concave, with distinct postocellar sclerite; thorax pruinose, scutum usually strongly arched; one or more pairs of dc setae and/or developed acr setae on prescutellar disc; wing broad with developed anal lobe and pterostigma often distinct; vein Rs long, arising before level of basal half of cell br; cell cu p almost as long as or slightly longer than bm; tergite 8 of male with large membranous central area reaching posterior margin; male terminalia symmetrical or nearly so, rotated 45–90º to the right; surstylus not articulated.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.