Otoba parvifolia (Markgraf) Gentry (1979: 417)

Jaramillo-Vivanco, Tatiana S. & Balslev, Henrik, 2020, Revision of Otoba (Myristicaceae), Phytotaxa 441 (2), pp. 143-175 : 167-169

Otoba parvifolia (Markgraf) Gentry (1979: 417) . ( Fig. 13 )

Basionym: Dialyanthera parvifolia Markgraf (1926: 924) .

Type:— PERU. Loreto: Río Marañón, Puerto Limón, Pongo de Manseriche , “Im flutfreien regenwald bei Puerto Limon am mittleren Marañon,” 150 m, Aug 1924, Tessmann 3872, staminate (holotype: B, destroyed, photo seen at G, NY; S! lectotype designated in Jaramillo et al. (2004); isotypes: F-fragment-photo, G!, NY!) .

Heterotypic synonyms: Myristica otoba var. glaucescens Candolle (1856: 697) Type:— PERU. Loreto: Maynas, Río Huállaga valley , Yurimaguas, “et fleure de la Plata,” 1836, Poeppig 2348 B, staminate (holotype: G!; isotypes: B destroyed, F-photo, HAL-photo, P! 2 sheets, W) .

Petiole 15–30 × 1–2 mm, winged; lamina 8–26 × 3–11 cm, usually whitish, glabrescent below; secondary veins 8–14 per side; intramarginal veins absent. Staminate inflorescence sessile; partial inflorescences 1–2, pubescent, ca. 100-flowered; umbelliform parts alternate, 2–13 flowers; bracteoles absent. Staminate flowers with pedicel 2.0– 4.5 mm; perianth 2.5–5.0 mm long, inner surface smooth, without a swollen basal ring, lobes 3; androecium 1.0– 2.5 mm long; filament column often bottle-shaped, fused but occasionally somewhat divergent distally; anthers reniform, apex straight to somewhat incurved, basally attached to he filament apex, 0.3–0.7 mm long. Pistillate inflorescence similar to the staminate, but with partial inflorescence ca. 20-flowered. Pistillate flowers similar to staminate but with perianth 3.0– 3.5 mm long; gynoecium ca. 2.5 mm long; ovary glabrous, globose to ellipsoidal, ca. 1.5 × 1.5 mm; stigmatic lobes free or fused along one side. Infructescence with 5–6 fruits. Fruit 2.0–3.0 × 1.5–2.0 cm, globose to subglobose, apex mucronate; pericarp 1–2 mm thick; aril white-yellow; seed ca. 1.5–2.0 × 1.5 cm, occasionally with prickles.

Representative specimens examined:— VENEZUELA. Aragua: Between Ocumare and Rancho Grande, Pittier 14076 ( NY, US). Carabobo: Río San Gián, 5–6 km S of Borburata, Steyermark 94350 ( K). Mérida: Agua Caliente, al N. E. de la población de La Azulita, Municipio Zerpa, 1963, Ruíz-Terán 1385 ( MO nv). Miranda: Cerros del Bachiller, near east end, 1978, Steyermark 116890 ( MO nv). Táchira: ca. 35 km SSE of San Cristóbal, La Buenaña, 6-12 km W of Quebrada Colorado, 1981, Liesner & González 10934 ( MO). COLOMBIA. Amazonas: 2 km from Río Loretoyacu near Puerto Nariño, upland forest, 1969, Plowman et al. 2347 ( K). Antioquia: Murrí, La Blanquita, Río Murrí hills above village, 1992, Gentry 75723 ( MO nv). Caquetá: Mocoa, Sprague 367 ( K). Meta. Vereda Guaduas, 2004, Ramírez et al. 8594 ( HUA nv). Putumayo: Quebrada del Río Mulato, 1940, Cuatrecasas 11314 ( COL nv, US). Vaupés: Estación biológica Mosiro Itajura (Caparú), 2004, Clavijo 665 ( COAH nv). ECUADOR. Morona-Santiago: Plan de Milagro–Limón Indanza road, Palacios & Van Der Werff 3722 ( AAU, GB, K, MO, NY, QCNE). Napo: 8 km E of Misahuallí, Neill & Gómez 6444 ( AAU, MO, NY, QCA, QCNE). Orellana: Parque Nacional Yasuní, carretera Pompeya Sur - Iro Km 34.6, 1998, Macía 3803 ( QCA). Pastaza: Moretococha oil well, 75 km E of Puyo, Gudiño et al. 1033 ( AAU, GB, MO, NY, QCNE). Sucumbíos: Reserva Faunística Cuyabeno, of Laguna Grande, Valencia et al. 68775 ( AAU, QCA). Zamora-Chinchipe: Río Nangaritza, Pachicutza, Palacios & Neill 6571 ( MO, QCNE). PERU. Amazonas: Distrito Imaza, Región del Marañon, comunidad de Yamayakat, Quebrada Kusu - Chapi, Río Marañon, 1995, Vásquez Martínez 19461 ( MO nv). Cusco: Dist. Echarate. Puyentimari, Valenzuela 10888 ( UPCB nv). Huanuco: Distrito Cueva de las Pavas, camino hacia las pozas de baño, 1987, Díaz & Baldeón 2268 ( MO nv, AAU). Junín: Jauja, Satipo, 1964, Bazán Vásquez 43 ( K). Loreto: Maynas, Yanamono, Explorama Tourist Camp on Río Amazonas between Indiana and mouth of Río Napo, 1980, Gentry et al. 29114 ( MO nv, AAU, NY). Madre de Dios: Tambopata, Comunidad Nativa de Infierno, Hermosa Chica, 1989, Alexiades & Arévalo 575 ( MO, NY). Pasco: Gran Pajonal, trail between Chequitavo and Shumahuani, 1984, Smith 6603 ( MO). San Martín: Cerro de Santa Cruz, al este del Puente, Dtto. Uchiza, sobre el mar, 1974, Schunke Vigo 8006 ( MO nv). Ucayali: Coronel Portillo, carretera marginal, 22 km S of Km 86, 1981, Gentry et al. 31195 ( MO). BRAZIL. Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Juruá, north bank, opposite Cruzeiro do Sul, 1966, Prance et al. 2927 ( US nv, K, NY). Amazonas: Rio Solimoes Municipality, São Paolo de Olivença, near Palmares, 1936, Krukoff 8554 ( K, NY). BOLIVIA. Beni: Serrania Pilon Lajas, 24 km suroeste de Yucumo por la carretera a Quiquibey, 1991, Killeen et al. 3158 ( MO). Cochabamba: km 240 Santa Cruz-Cochabamba, trees of the Sacta Valley, 1991, Pariona & Quevedo 1142 ( MO). La Paz: Tuiri, near Mapiri, Krukoff 10734 ( MO nv, A, K). Santa Cruz: Parque Nacional Amboró, Río Yapojé y Saguayo, 8 km SW de la localidad El Carmen, 1991, Israel et al. 1196 ( MO).

Distribution:— Similar to that of O. glycycarpa , although with a wider range from north-central Venezuela in the north to central Bolivia in the south, through the Amazon regions of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil ( Fig. 14). It can reach up to 2500 m, being the species with the highest recorded elevation among American Myristicaceae . Smith (1939) made the first sighting of O. parvifolia (former Dialyanthera parvifolia ) in Venezuela, noting as remarkable that this species could be found that far away from it otherwise known distribution in the upper Amazon of Peru and Colombia.

Otoba parvifolia is also similar to O. gracilipes . Staminate material of these species cannot be separated and the differences between them lie on fruit characters; O. parvifolia has globose to subglobose, fruits with 2.0–3.0 × 1.5–2.0 cm, pericarp 1–2 mm wide, and white-yellow aril (vs. globose, 3.0–3.5 × 2.5 cm, pericarp 3–4 mm wide, and red aril of O. gracilipes ).

Conservation status:— Not evaluated.

Notes:— Trunk used for timber in Ecuador and Peru. A decoction of the bark is used to treat diarrhea and as a red dye for cloth.

Vernacular names:— Caobillo ( Venezuela); cumala roja ( Colombia); ayepebe, bella María, cuangaré, cuangaré blanco, doncel, domacohue, eyeteme, guangaray, guapa, guapa yura, jigua, llora sangre, sangre de gallina, sangre de toro, shashafiacco, tsempo ( Ecuador); aguanillo, aguanillo blanco, cumala, cumala colorada, u-kú-na, witoto, manántawa, chihíshikuihi, ( Peru); gabon, gabun, nayqui, sangre de toro ( Bolivia).

Figures

FIGURE 13. Vegetative and reproductive characters of Otoba parvifolia and O. vespertilio. Otoba parvifolia. A. Habit. B. Fruiting shoot; notice the lamina whitish below. C. Fertile pistillate shoot. D. Pistillate flowers. Otoba vespertilio. E. Sterile shoot. F. Pistillate flowers. G. Fruiting shoot. Photographs: A, Rodolfo Vásquez (Perú, Pasco), voucher Vásquez 32641, B–D, Rodolfo Vásquez (Peru, Pasco), voucher Vásquez 39990. E: Esteban Jiménez (Costa Rica, Limón), voucher specimen Jiménez 4291. F, G: Esteban Jiménez (Costa Rica, Limón), voucher specimen Jiménez 4346.