Symplectoscyphus exochus Blanco, 1982

Peña Cantero, A. L., 2002, Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. Polarstern, with the description of four new species, Journal of Natural History 36, pp. 1509-1568 : 1525-1537

Symplectoscyphus exochus Blanco, 1982

(gure 4; table 5)

Symplectoscyphus exochus Blanco, 1982: 39–41 , gures 1–7; 1985: 225–226, gures 1, 2; 1994:

202; Vervoort, 1993: 239.

Symplectoscyphus glacialis: Vervoort, 1972b: 351 (in part).

2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded

Material examined. ANT I-2 Stn 220, two stem fragments up to 20 mm, with immature gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 146, slide 4793); ANT II- 4 Stn 386, numerous stem fragments a few mm long, with immature gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 147, slide 4794); ANT VII- 4 (Epos 3) Stn 230, a mass of stems ca 30 mm diameter, with immature gonothecae ( MNHN Hy 1277; RMNH-Coel. 29 149, two slides 4796); ANT VII- 4 (Epos 3) Stn 290, stem fragment ca 5 mm long (RMNH-Coel.

Downloaded by [University of Bath] at 23:38 13 February 2014 2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded 29 151, slide 4798); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-405, two masses of stems ca 30 mm diameter, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 152, three slides 4799); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-407, a mass of stems ca 30 mm diameter (RMNH-Coel. 29 153, slide 4800); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-456, a mass of stems ca 40 mm diameter, with immature gonothecae (RMNH- Coel. 29 154, two slides 4801); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-459, a mass of stems ca 20 mm diameter and a few small stems on sponges, with immature gonothecae (RMNH- Coel. 29 155, slide 4802); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-477, a mass of stems ca 40 mm diameter, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 156, two slides 4803); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-486, a mass of stems ca 30 mm diameter and a few incipient stems on hydrocoral, with immature gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 156, slide 4804); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-496, a mass of stems ca 60 mm diameter, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 158, two slides 4805); ANT IX-3 Stn 135, numerous stems up to 25 mm high on Gorgonaria, with immature gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 159, slide 4806).

The following material may belong here:

ANT VII- 4 Stn 212, 14 small fragments up to 22 mm high in bad condition ( MNHN Hy 1278; RMNH-Coel. 29 148, slide 4795); ANT VII- 4 Stn 270, four stems up to 10 mm high epibiotic on Gorgonaria ( MNHN Hy 1279; RMNH-Coel. 29 150, slide 4797).

Description. Colonies consisting either of incipient stems or of a mass composed of numerous tangled stems and branches forming a mesh of up to 60 mm in diameter. Branching frequent, irregular and in several planes; sometimes alternate, but in two planes making an acute angle. Branches originating laterally at the hydrothecal base (gure 4A, B); plane formed by hydrothecae of lower-order branch perpendicular to that formed by hydrothecae of previous branch. Frequently, stem bent and giving rise to branches alternately arranged in two planes making an acute angle. Branches occasionally forming anastomosing stolons. Stem and branches divided into internodes; length of intenodes decreasing distally.

Hydrothecae alternately arranged (gure 4A–C), curved abcaudally, with a distinct in exion point where the adcauline wall becomes free (gure 4A–E). Hydrotheca adnate to internode for more than half of its adcauline wall. Free part of adcauline hydrothecal wall straight or slightly convex. Abcauline wall slightly concave. Hydrothecal aperture directed up- and outwards. Rim of hydrothecal aperture provided with three blunt cusps (gure 4A–E); the adcauline cusp slightly curved adcaudally at its distal extremity.

Gonothecae oval (gure 4F), inserting at hydrothecal base. Gonothecal wall folded, forming a distinct keel descending in seven to ten turns. Gonotheca distally provided with a long, funnel-shaped neck bearing the gonothecal aperture and projecting far above cavity formed by the rst turn of the keel.

Remarks. Symplectoscyphu s exochus is a poorly known species. Hitherto, it had been found only three times, and only once with mature gonothecae.

Blanco (1982) indicated that allied species are S. glacialis and S. vanhoe V eni, the three species having monosiphonic stems, irregular branching and similar hydrothecal shape. However, S. glacialis is easily recognizable by the smooth or slightly waved gonothecal walls and by hydrothecae that are free for half or more of their adcauline length. Blanco pointed out that S. exochus diVers from S. vanho- e V eni by the gonothecal shape, though of that species she only studied immature gonothecae. Further diVerences are the absence of distinct nodes and the arrangement of the hydrothecae in a single plane in the latter. Later on Blanco (1985) published a comparative study of the gonothecae of S. exochus and S. vanhoe V eni,

based on mature gonothecae. According to Blanco (1985), S. vanhoe V eni is a species with larger hydrothecae and gonothecae.

After studying the Polarstern material, we found S. exochus to be close to S. glacialis in hydrothecal shape as it is possible to nd similar hydrothecae in colonies of both species. However, the examination of a large number of hydrothecae provided diVerences and makes it possible to ascertain with which species we are dealing. Blanco (1982) pointed out that the species was originally found and described by Vervoort (1972b) who, however, assigned it to S. glacialis . After studying Vervoort’s description, we agree with Blanco’s point of view, since part of Vervoort’s material, i.e. that with young, ringed gonothecae, clearly does not belong to S. glacialis . The shape and size of both gonothecae and hydrothecae are similar to those present in the material described by Blanco. However, the remaining material studied by Vervoort corresponds with S. glacialis .

Our material perfectly agrees with Blanco’s species in colonial structure,

2014 hydrothecal shape and size, and gonothecal shape. However, it should be noted that in the Polarstern material the gonothecae are slightly longer than those described

February by from Blanco Ecology 15 (Vervoort (and 1985 distribution)., 1972b) to. 100 Symplectoscyphu m (Blanco, 1982 s exochus ). Our material has been comes collected from at depths depths

13 of 80–634 m and was collected on muddy bottoms. We found it epibiotic on hydroids

38

: ( Billardia sp. , Halecium sp. and hydrocorals), bryozoans and polychaete tubes. It

23 may be used in turn as substratum by other hydroids ( Lampra sp. , Hebella plana at

]

Ritchie, 1907 and Filellum sp. ). Fertile colonies were found from January to March,

Bath though Symplectoscyphus in March only exochus with immature was previously gonothecae known. only from oV Low Island, in

of the South Shetland Islands (Blanco, 1982) and from Palmer Archipelago (Vervoort,

University

1972 Iceport Weddell b; Blanco). Sea (o, V 1985 Ronne). Our Ice Shelf material, McDonald comes from Ice Rumples the south, Cape and Norvegia east coasts and of Atka the

[

by

Downloaded Symplectoscyphus Symplectoscyphus Symplectoscyphus sp sp glacialis .. 7 5 Peña Peña:

Symplectoscyphus Broch Cantero Cantero, 1948 (and and gure: 5, GarcGarc 9 5 –; 13 óótable frigidus a a, Carrascosa Carrascosa gures 6) sp 2d., nov e,,, 1995 1995 3a..:: 92 94 – –96 94,, gure gure 41 42 a a – –c e..

Material examined. ANT V-4 Stn 672, three fragments 40, 27 and 12 mm high, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 160, slide 4807); ANT VII-4 (Epos 3) Stn 274, seven fragments up to 18 mm high ( MNHN Hy 1280; RMNH-Coel. 29 161, two slides 4808); ANT VII-4 (Epos 3) Stn 281, a mass of stems and branches ca 70 mm diameter, with gonothecae ( MNHN Hy 1281; RMNH-Coel. 29 162, two slides 4809); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-434, a mass of stems ca 50 mm diameter (RMNH-Coel. 29 163, slide 4810); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-492, a mass of stems ca 60 mm diameter, with gonothecae (holotype, RMNH-Coel. 29 164, slide 4811, part of type series); ANT IX-3 Stn 129, a stem fragment ca 22 mm long (RMNH-Coel. 29 165, slide 4812) .

Description. Colonies consisting of either incipient stems arising from stolonal hydrorhiza or numerous tangled stems and branches giving rise to a mass-shaped colony without distinct main stem. Branching frequent, irregular and in several

2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded planes; branches forming anastomosing tendrils distally. A few branches giving rise to new branches after such a stolonal part. Branches originating laterally at the hydrothecal base; plane formed by hydrothecae of lower-order branch perpendicular to that formed by those of previous branch.

Branches and stems divided into hydrothecate internodes separated by oblique nodes sloping in alternate directions (gure 5A); one hydrotheca per internode.

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2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded Hydrothecae large, almost cylindrical, placed on distal half of internode and abcaudally directed (gure 5A–E). Adcauline wall adnate to internode for less than half its length. Free portion of adcauline hydrothecal wall slightly convex. Abcauline hydrothecal wall slightly concave. Cusps of hydrothecal aperture sharp and separated by deep embayments (gure 5A–E). Hydrothecal rim repeatedly renovated. Perisarc of hydrotheca thin, collapsing easily.

Gonothecae ovoid (gure 5F), inserted at hydrothecal base by means of short pedicel. Wall of gonotheca smooth or wavy; gonothecal aperture at end of a short, distal neck with widening aperture.

Remarks. Symplectoscyphu s frigidus sp. nov. belongs to the group of Antarctic species ( S. anae sp. nov., S. glacialis , S. hero , S. plectilis and S. naumovi ) characterized by smooth or slightly wavy gonothecal walls, but never with a pattern of rings. In size of the gonotheca it agrees with S. anae sp. nov., S. naumovi and S. hero ; the gonothecae are distinctly smaller in S. glacialis and S. plectilis .

Symplectoscyphus frigidus sp. nov. is allied to S. hero in hydrothecal shape and size, though the latter is more robust. They diVer, however, because the hydrothecal diameter decreases towards the aperture in S. hero , the hydrothecal aperture being distinctly smaller than that in S. frigidus sp. nov. Moreover, the length of the adcauline hydrothecal wall (540–620 m m) and the maximal diameter (220–240 m m) are distinctly smaller in S. hero .

Symplectoscyphu s frigidus sp. nov. clearly diVers from the remaining four species in hydrothecal shape and size (see gures). In S. frigidus sp. nov. the hydrothecae are distinctly larger than those of S. glacialis and S. plectilis . Symplectoscyphus naumovi and S. plectilis have straight hydrothecae adnate to internode for approximately one-third of the adcauline hydrothecal wall. In S. glacialis the adcauline hydrothecal wall is free from the internode for approximately half its length. Finally, in S. anae sp. nov. the hydrothecae are distinctly curved abcaudally and are free for approximately half their length.

We have re-examined the material described as Symplectoscyphus sp. 5 by Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa (1995) and we believe it to be conspeci c with S. frigidus sp. nov., with which it shares colony structure and hydrothecal shape and size. Also, the material described by those authors as Symplectoscyphus sp. 7 probably belongs to S. frigidus sp. nov., as it agrees in hydrothecal shape and size, though the single immature gonothecae present in that material seems to be distinctly larger than those present in the Polarstern material.

Broch (1948) assigned to S. glacialis material that we believe to belong to S. frigidus sp. nov. since they share hydrothecal shape and size. The single diVerence concerns the gonothecal size, larger in Broch’s material, though that could be due to sexual dimorphism. The gonothecal size seems similar to that of the material described by Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa (1995) as Symplectoscyphus sp. 7 .

Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphus frigidus sp. nov. has been collected from depths of 196–402 m on muddy bottoms and bottoms of fragments of bryozoans. Broch (1948) found it from depths of 86–300 m on muddy and stony bottoms and bottoms of mud with sand. Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa (1995) found it at depths from 150 to 202 m on stony bottoms. It has been observed epibiotic on hydroids [ Billardia subrufa (Jäderholm, 1904) ] and bryozoans and it is used in turn as substratum by other species of hydroids ( Eudendrium sp. , Hebella sp. , Symplectoscyphus spp. ). Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa (1995) observed it growing on bryozoans and hydroids [ Staurotheca pachyclada (Jäderholm, 1904) ]. Fertile colonies were collected in January and February.

Symplectoscyphus frigidus sp. nov. is endemic in West Antartica. The Polarstern material comes from the east coast of the Weddell Sea (oV McDonald Ice Rumples, Cape Norvegia, Lyddan Island and Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf). Broch (1948) reported it from oV Peter I and Bouvet Islands and Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa (1995) from oV Shag Rocks, in the South Georgia region, and from oV King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands.

Etymology. The speci c name has been taken from the Latin adjective ‘ frigidus ’ meaning cold, referring to Antarctic conditions.

Symplectoscyphus glacialis (Jäderholm, 1904)

(gure 6; table 7)

Sertularella glacialis Jäderholm, 1904: 9 ; 1905: 26, pl. 10, gures 3–7; 1917: 11, pl. 1, gure 9;

1926: 5; Ritchie, 1913: 10, 29, gure 10; Billard, 1914: 23–24; Leloup, 1960: 234; Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1962: 82; 1972: 34, 41; Stepan’yants, 1972: 68; 1979: 73, pl. 13, gure 3. 2014 Sertularella Totton, 1930 glacialis ).: Jäderholm, 1917: 9, pl. 1, gure 9 (part belongs to S. vanhoe V eni February Symplectoscyphus b Blanco gures, pl. 1, 1, – 1982 6 gures; Blanco: glacialis 40 8;, 1984 9 and,: pl: Stechow. 26 Bellusci 2, –28 gure,, pl 1922 de. 7 23; Miralles: Briggs, 148 gures; 1923,, 1938 1972 51: 171,:: 52 32 16,,; 174, pl Rees.; gures 24 Totton, and 28 gure, Thurs – 1930 32 53;; Vervoort: 1992 188 eld,,: 1965 gure 149, 1972: – 39 153 129 a a;,:, 13 171, gures 56, 57b, c; 1972b: 351, gures 6b–d, 7, 8a; 1993: 239; Peña Cantero, 1991: 38 138 and – Garc 142, ópl a. Carrascosa 23, pl. 67,, 1995 gure: A 77;, Tang gures, 1991 34: a– 3 f,, 5 64; Bouillon b. et al., 1995: 73, Peña Cantero: 23 Not Sertularella (Symplectoscyphus) glacialis: Broch, 1948: 5 , 9–13, gures 2d, e, 3a 5 Sympat lectoscyphus frigidus sp. nov.] Bath Not (Clark Symplectoscyphus, 1876 ). glacialis: Blanco, 1967a: 265 , pl. 4, gures 3–6, 9– 12 5 S . pinnatus of Material examined. Syntype material from Swedish South Polar Expedition University 1901 Land History –, 1903 150, Coel, m N. depth 5 No, 16. 413 January, sand, numerous and 1902 gravel, 64 fragments ss20 (¾ on S, 56 loan, ss with 38¾W from gonothecae, SW Swedish of Seymour; Coel Museum. No Island. 386 of, Graham, Natural several [fragments and stems on sponges and polychaete tubes, with gonothecae; Coel. by No. 1063, numerous fragments up to 20 mm, with gonothecae); N6, 21 January Downloaded and Coel 1902 fragment gravel., 64 No ss36. ca 856 (¾S on 25,, 57 loan mm several ss42¾ high from W, fragments SW, Swedish belonging Snow Hill belonging Museum to Island Symplectoscyphus of, to Graham Natural Symplectoscyphus Region History vanhoe ,, 125 Coel V eni glacialis m. Totton depth No. 638, and, stones 1930, one S;.

vanhoe V eni).

Polarstern material: ANT I-2 Stn 135, several fragments up to 30 mm (RMNH-

Coel. 29 166, two slides 4813); ANT I-2 Stn 213, one fragment 8 mm long (RMNH-

Coel. 29 167, slide 4814); ANT I-2 Stn 216, eight fragments up to 11 mm

(RMNH-Coel. 29 168, slide 4815); ANT II- 4 Stn 310, a few fragments up to

15 mm long (RMNH-Coel. 29 169, slide 4816); ANT II- 4 Stn 341, several stems up to 15 mm on non-calci ed bryozoans (RMNH-Coel. 29 170, slide 4817); ANT V-4

Stn 672, one fragment ca 15 mm long (RMNH-Coel. 29 171, slide 4818); ANT

VII- 4 (Epos 3) Stn 281, four stems up to 20 mm high ( MNHN Hy 1282; RMNH-

Coel. 29 172, slide 4819); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-403, a few stems up to 20 mm high on Staurotheca polarsterni Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997 (RMNH-

Coel. 29 173, slide 4820); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-407, a few stems up to 13 mm on

Billardia subrufa (RMNH-Coel. 29 174, slide 4821); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-434, a mass of stems ca 50 mm diameter with gonothecae, on Symplectoscyphus exochus Blanco, 2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded

1982, and Billardia subrufa (Jäderholm, 1904) (RMNH-Coel. 29 175, slide 4822); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-454, a mass of stems and branches ca 50 mm diameter (RMNH- Coel. 29 176, slide 4823); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-468, a mass of stems with gonothecae, on Billardia sp. (RMNH-Coel. 29 177, slide 4824); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-475, a few stems up to 10 mm high on non-calci ed Bryozoa (RMNH-Coel. 29 178); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-486, one stem ca 5 mm high (RMNH-Coel. 29 179, slide 4825); ANT

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† Own measurements. ‡ Taken from the gures. 2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded IX-3 Stn 129, two fragments up to 11 mm long (RMNH-Coel. 29 180, slide 4826); ANT IX-3 Stn 179, a mass of stems and branches, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 181, with Symplectoscyphus vanhoe V eni Totton, 1930, slide 4827).

Description. Colonies monosiphonic, consisting either of a mass up to 50 mm in diameter, composed of interwoven stems and branches, or of small stems arising from the substratum. Mass-shaped colonies without a distinct stem. Branches continuously re-branching, usually irregularly in several planes, though sometimes with alternate arrangement. Branches frequently becoming anastomosing tendrils distally. Hydrothecae of lower-order branches in same plane as those of higher order.

Stem and branches divided into internodes (gure 6B); one hydrotheca per internode. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one or in two planes making an obtuse angle. Hydrotheca small (gure 6B, G, H), strongly abcaudally directed and adnate to internode for approximately half of its length, though hydrothecae with the free portion longer or shorter than adnate part may be observed. Hydrotheca with a distinct in exion point where adcauline wall becomes free. Abcauline wall concave, usually with a slight swelling basally. Free part of adcauline hydrothecal wall straight or slightly convex; adnate part almost straight. Hydrothecal aperture with three blunt cusps separated by shallow embayments (gure 6B, G, H). Rim of hydrothecal aperture with frequent renovations.

Gonothecae fusiform (gure 6J), arising at hydrothecal base. Gonothecal walls smooth or slightly wavy, with a short terminal neck, widening distally to the aperture.

Remarks. We had the opportunity to examine the syntype of Sertularella glacialis Jäderholm, 1904 . The type material is presently composed of numerous fragments up to 20 mm long. These consist of monosiphonic branches, irregularly re-branching in several planes. Branches arising from apophyses situated under the hydrothecae on frontal part of internode. Some branches develop anastomosing tendrils distally. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in two longitudinal series (gure 6A), either in one plane or in two planes making an obtuse angle (up to 90ss in some areas). Hydrotheca adnate for approximately half of its length, abcaudally directed, with a distinct in exion point where the adcauline wall becomes free (gure 6A, C–F). Abcauline wall concave. Free part of adcauline wall straight or slightly convex. Hydrothecal aperture provided with three blunt cusps separated by shallow embayments. Rim of hydrothecal aperture with renovations.

Gonothecae fusiform (gure 6I), arising at hydrothecal base. Gonothecal wall smooth or slightly wavy. Gonothecal aperture at the end of a short, distal, funnelshaped tube.

We also received material from station N6 labelled Symplectoscyphus glacialis . This material was not reported in the original description (cf. Jäderholm, 1904, 1905), although it was referred to in a later paper (Jäderholm, 1917). The material from that station was actually found to be composed of two species, the material with collection number 638 belonging to a species diVering from S. glacialis and that we have identi ed as S. vanhoe V eni Totton, 1930. In the material with collection number 856 we found several fragments of both S. glacialis and S. vanhoe V eni. The material identi ed by us as S. vanhoe V eni consists of a ca 25 mm high fragment. The branches are irregularly placed in several planes with the hydrothecae alternately arranged and approximately in one plane. There are no anastomoses.

Broch (1948) assigned to S. glacialis material that we believe to belong to another species, at least the material gured by Broch and originating from Peter I Island. Broch’s material diVers from S. glacialis in the hydrothecal shape and size, and in size of the gonothecae. As far as the hydrothecal size is concerned, though Broch did not give measurements those can be taken from his gures. From these it is possible to determine that his material had much larger hydrothecae, especially in relation to the length of the abcauline wall and the diameter at the aperture (cf.

table 7). The same applies to the size of the gonothecae, more than twice that of S. glacialis . As stated above, we believe that Broch’s material belongs to

Symplectoscyphu s frigidus sp. nov., described above.

On the other hand, the material assigned to Jäderholm’s Symplectoscyphus glacialis by Blanco (1967a) was considered by El Beshbeeshy (1991) conspeci c with

S. pinnatus (Clark, 1876) .

Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphu s glacialis has been found from depths of 5 (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972) to 475 m (Peña Cantero and Garcóa

Carrascosa, 1995). Billard (1914) recorded it on bottoms of rocks and gravel; Totton

(1930) on bottoms of mud, muddy detritus, shingle and detritus; Naumov and 2014 Stepan’yants (1972) on muddy, sandy, stony and rocky bottoms, bottoms of gravel,

bottoms of boulders and stones, bottoms with sand, stones and boulders, bottoms February with rocky boulders sand bottoms, bottoms and with stones of stones, gravel bottoms; and and of mud Peña coarse, Cantero muddy sand bottoms and with Garcgravel with óa, Carrascosa muddy numerous bottoms stones (1995) with and on 13 bottoms of mud, stones and mud, gravel and rock. Our material was collected from 38: depths between 181 and 460 m, on muddy and stony bottoms. 23 Symplectoscyphus glacialis has been observed epibiotic on hydroids [ Oswaldella at] antarctica (Jäderholm, 1904) , Schizotricha unifurcata Allman, 1883 ], polychaete Bath (tubes Ridley [ Potamilla and Dendy antarctica, 1887 )], bryozoans (Kinberg,, 1867 sea-cucumbers)], sponges and [ Homaxinella ascidians (Naumov balfourensis and of Stepan’yants, 1972). Stepan’yants (1979) recorded it on hydrozoans and sponges University [and observed Staurothec pointed it a growing polarsterni out that on it Peña is non-calci frequently Cantero ed, Svoboda used bryozoans as and substratum, Vervoort polychaete by, 1997 tubes other, Billardia and hydroids hydroids subrufa . We [(Jäderholm, 1904), Symplectoscyphus sp. , and hydrocorals]. Stepan’yants (1979) by found fertile colonies from December to March and in September, and Totton Downloaded (from material 1930 Symplectoscyphu) Antarctic and fertile Peña colonies and Cantero s sub-Antarctic glacialis were and collected Garc has an ówaters a Antarctic Carrascosa in. January In the –Kerguelen (1995 latter and) February, in it distribution January has been.. In found, the being Polarstern at known Lena

Bank and oV Crozet Island (Stepan’yants, 1979). In Antarctic waters S. glacialis is known from both East and West Antarctica. In the former it has been reported from oV Discovery Island (Ross Sea) (Jäderholm, 1926); Davis Sea (Stepan’yants,

1972), Adélie Land (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972); Cape Royds (Ross Sea)

( Ritchie, 1913); Cape Adare and McMurdo Sound, in the Ross Sea, and Oates

Land ( Totton, 1930); Davis Sea, Sea of Friendship (66ss58¾S, 63ss24¾E), Sea of the

Cosmonauts, Sabrina Coast, and Adélie Land (Stepan’yants, 1979). In West

Antarctica it has been recorded from Marguerite Bay (67ss45¾S, 70ss45’ 42 ² W) (Billard,

1914), south of Snow Hill (Graham Land) (Jäderholm, 1917), Palmer Archipelago

(64ss46’ 36 ² S, 64ss03’ 29 ² W) ( Vervoort, 1972b); South Shetland Islands (Stepan’yants,

1979), Peter I Island (68ss45¾S, 90ss41¾W) (Blanco and Bellusci de Miralles, 1972),

Low Island (63ss22¾S/62ss00¾S, 61ss55¾W) and Penónsula de Sanavirón (Blanco, 1984;

1992), Clerke Rocks, Powell Island (South Orkney Islands), Elephant Island and

King George Island ( South Shetland Islands ) (Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa, 2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded 1995). The Polarstern material comes from the south and east coasts of the Weddell Sea (oV Ronne Ice Shelf , McDonald Ice Rumples , Lyddan Island , Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf , Cape Norvegia, Atka Iceport and Fimbul Ice Shelf) .