Pandava laminata ( Thorell, 1878 )

Almeida-Silva, Lina M., Griswold, Charles E. & Brescovit, Antonio D., 2010, Revision of the Asian spider genus Pandava Lehtinen (Araneae: Titanoecidae): description of five new species and first record of Titanoecidae from Africa, Zootaxa 2630, pp. 30-56 : 34-37

Pandava laminata ( Thorell, 1878)

Figs. 1–37

Amaurobius laminatus Thorell, 1878: 168 (holotype male, from Ambon, Indonesia, deposited in MCSN, Genoa, examined); Lehtinen, 1967: 255; Platnick, 2010.

Amaurobius castaneiceps Simon, 1893: 69 , fig. 1 (holotype male, from Philippines, deposited in Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, not examined); Lehtinen, 1967: 255 (Syn.); Platnick, 2010.

Titanoeca birmanica Thorell, 1895: 62 (holotype female, from Burma, nowadays Myanmar, should be deposited in MCSN, Genoa, not found); Thorell, 1897: 261 (Descr. ♂, deposited in Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden, not examined); Lehtinen, 1967: 255 (Syn.); Platnick, 2010.

Amaurobius taprobanicola Strand, 1907: 110 , fig. 49, 50b (holotype female, from Ceylon, nowadays Sri Lanka, originally deposited in Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart, destroyed according to Lehtinen, 1967, page 255); Lehtinen 1967 (Syn.); Platnick, 2010.

Amaurobius chinesicus Strand, 1907: 113 , fig. 50a (holotype female from Southern China, originally deposited in Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart, destroyed, according to Lehtinen, 1967 page 255); Lehtinen, 1967 (Syn.); Platnick, 2010.

Titanoeca fulmeki Reimoser, 1927: 1 , fig. 1 (holotype female, from Sumatra, deposited in Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, not examined); Lehtinen, 1967 (Syn.); Chrysanthus, 1967: 102, figs. 52–54, 58–59 (Descr. ♂); Platnick, 2010.

Syrorisa mumfordi Berland, 1933: 69 , figs. 60–62 (holotype female, from Marquesas Islands, deposited in Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, not examined); Lehtinen, 1967 (Syn.); Platnick, 2010.

Pandava laminata: Lehtinen, 1967: 255 , figs. 425–426, 440; Leech, 1972: 94 –95; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 396, figs. 230Q, U; Jäger, 2008: 4, figs. 1–9; Ono & Ogata, 2009: 133, figs 7–10; Platnick, 2010.

On the type material. We have been able to examine the holotype male of Amaurobius laminatus Thorell , which is from Ambon, Indonesia, and deposited in MCSN. We can therefore confirm the identification of new specimens from Africa and Madagascar as being conspecific with Pandava laminata (Thorell) . As we could not examine all other types of synonyms attributed to P. laminata , some of which are reportedly destroyed, some lost, and some not available from the museums that house them, the long list of synonyms must remain dubious. The types of species that were not examined ( Amaurobius castaneiceps , Titanoeca birmanica , Titanoeca fulmeki , Syrorisa mumfordi ) have been kept in synonymy according to Lehtinen's classification. Whereas this long list of synonymies suggests a remarkably widespread species, which occurs from Africa to the central Pacific, this is corroborated by the verified records of P. laminata in Indonesia, Africa and Madagascar and its introduction into Germany.

Diagnosis. Pandava laminata resembles P. sarasvati sp. nov. by the general shape of DTA on the male palp and the shape of the female epigynum, but differs by the PLT shorter than the RLT ( Fig. 33 ); posterior border of the epigynum rounded, ER forming an acute angle and separated by less than their length ( Figs. 21 , 36 ).

Description. Male (CASENT 9032829, Madagascar). Coloration: carapace brown with cephalic area dark brown. Chelicerae dark brown. Sternum, labium and endites yellowish brown. Femur I brown. Femora II to IV and other articles of legs yellowish brown. Abdomen beige. Total length 5.65. Carapace 2.88 long; 1.88 wide; 0.84 high. Clypeus 0.16 high. Abdomen 2.80 long; 1.75 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.11; ALE 0.15; PME 0.11; PLE 0.17; AME–AME 0.10; AME–ALE 0.11; PME–PME 0.17; PME–PLE 0.26; AME–PME 0.12; ALE–PLE 0.04. Chelicerae 1.10 long. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.22/ patella 0.93/ tibia 2.58/ metatarsus 1.95/ tarsus 0.94/ total 7.61; II: 2.64/ 0.93/ 2.20/ 2.50/ 0.90/ 9.17; III: 2.03/ 0.88/ 1.75/ 1.84/ 0.72/ 7.22; IV: 2.50/ 0.88/ 2.20/ 2.15/ 0.73/ 8.45. Leg formula 2413. Leg spination: femur I, II, III and IV p1ap; tibia I: v1 r-2-2-0, r2-1-1-1-1, p0-1-0-1; II: v2-2, r2-1-0-1, p0-1-0-1; III: v0-2, p1ap, r1ap; IV: p1ap, r1ap; metatarsus I: v2-2 -1p- 1m, r0-1-1ap, p0-1-0-1ap, II: v2-2 - 1m, r and p0-1-0-1; III: v2-2 - 1m, p and r0-1-0- 2; IV: v1 r-2- 1m, p1-0-2ap, r2ap. Male tibial crack present. Distally curved setae on prolateral face of leg I ( Figs. 13–14 ) and II on femur, patella, tibia and metatarsus. Palpal stridulatory file restricted to the proximal area of the prolateral face of the femur, with round granules ( Figs. 19–20 ), larger than in female. Median apophysis conical, with a central distal furrow ( Figs. 15, 17–18 ). Spermatic duct visible in the middle of the tegulum ( Fig. 35 ).

Female (CASENT 9000895, Madagascar). Coloration: carapace, labium and endites brown. Chelicerae, femur I and abdomen as in male. Total length 7.12. Carapace 2.80 long; 1.60 wide; 0.98 high. Clypeus 0.16 high. Abdomen 4.10 long; 3.12 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.10; ALE 0.14; PME 0.10; PLE 0.13; AME–AME 0.10; AME–ALE 0.10; PME–PME 0.20; PME–PLE 0.24; AME–PME 0.14; ALE– PLE 0.15. Chelicerae 1.20 long. Leg measurements: I: femur 2.05/ patella 0.88/ tibia 1.85/ metatarsus 1.40/ tarsus 0.63/ total 6.80; II: 1.82/ 0.74/ 1.42/ 1.32/ 0.68/ 5.98; III: 1.60/ 0.68/ 1.25/ 1.23/ 0.58/ 5.33; IV: 2.03/ 0.78/ 1.72/ 1.50/ 0.62/ 6.65. Leg formula 1423. Leg spination: femur I and II p1ap; tibia I: v1 r-2, p1-1; II: v0- 1r; III and IV: p1ap, r1ap; metatarsus I: v2-2 - 1m, p0-1-1, r1ap; II: v2-2 - 1m; III: v2-2 - 1m, p0-1-1, r1ap; IV: v1 p-1p- 1m, p1ap, r2ap. Stridulatory organ of the palpal femur with round granules ( Figs. 4–5 ), smaller than in male. Epigynum with posterior border round ( Figs. 21 , 36 ). Spermathecae vertical bunches parallel; two primary pores near a giant pore ( Figs. 23–25 ).

Variation. Length (10 females): total: 6.13–7.92; carapace: 2.81–3.38; femur I: 1.32–2.60; length (two males): total: 5.65–6.00; carapace: 2.75–2.88; femur I: 2.05–3.05.

Geographical distribution. Asia: China, Japan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines. Africa: Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar. Pacific: Marquesas Is., New Guinea. Europe: Germany.

Additional material examined. TANZANIA. Zanzibar. Cooke collection ( MCZ, 1 ɗ). KENYA. Coastal. Gedi, Near Malindi, coastal forest, 14–21.IX.1984, Murphy ( AMNH, 2 Ψ). Kilifi, Coastal scrub, 24– 31.VII.1980, Murphy ( AMNH, 1Ψ, 1ɗ). Near Gede, 20 Km S Malindi, (3°20'S, 40°01'E) 16.XI.1992, V. and B. Roth (CASENT 9036792, 2Ψ), Ocean Sport Hotel (39°40'E, 4°12'S), 17.XI.1992, V. and B. Roth (CASENT 9036790, 1Ψ). MADAGASCAR. Antsiranana. 7.2 Km 142° SE Antsiranana (=Diego Suarez), Montagne des Français (12°19'22''S, 49º20'17''E, elev. 180m), 23–25.II.2001, L. J. Boutin (CASENT 9000895, 2Ψ 9 immatures; CASENT 9032828, 1Ψ; CASENT 9032829, 1ɗ). Nosy Be, Ambatoloaka (13°24'58''S, 48°18'26''E), 11–14.VIII.1992, V. and B. Roth (CASENT 9025945, 5Ψ; IBSP 156972, 2Ψ).

Figures

FIGURES 1 – 6. Pandava laminata Ψ (CASENT 9032828, Madagascar). 1. Carapace, frontal view with chilum; 2. Endites showing the serrula; 3. Chelicerae retrolateral view, showing stridulatory setae; 4. Palpal femur showing stridulatory area; 5. Detail of the stridulatory file of the palpal femur; 6. Palpal claw with multiple teeth. Abbreviations: CH—Chilum; SE—Serrula; SS—Stridulatory setae.

FIGURES 7 – 12. Pandava laminata ♂ and Ψ (CASENT 9032829, 9032828, Madagascar). 7. Male palp tarsal organ (arrow); 8. Female leg I tarsal organ (arrow); 9. Female metatarsal trichobothrium; 10. Ditto leg IV tarsal claw; 11. Ditto calamistrum; 12. Ditto detail.

FIGURES 13 – 14. Pandava laminata ♂ (Kenya, AMNH). 13. Right leg I, dorsal view; 14. Ditto, prolateral view. Arrow showing distally curved hairs.

FIGURES 15 – 20. Pandava laminata ♂ (CASENT 9032829, Madagascar). 15. Male, right palp, dorsal view; 16. Ditto, prolateral view; 17. Ditto, anterior view; 18. Median apophysis detail; 19. Palpal femur, prolateral view; 20. Ditto, detail. Abbreviations: CB—Cymbium; CF—Cymbial furrow; E—Embolus; MA—Median apophysis; MLT—Median lobe of tibial apophysis; PLT—Prolateral lobe of tibial apopysis; RLT—Retrolateral lobe of tibial apophysis; ST—Subtegulum; T—Tegulum; TF—Tegular furrow; TP—Tegular process.

FIGURES 21 – 26. Pandava laminata Ψ (CASENT 9032828, Madagascar): 21. Epigynum, ventral view; 22. Vulva, dorsal view; 23. Vulva, anterior view; 24. Vulva, left spermathecae; 25. Vulva, right spermathecae showing two primary pores and one giant pore in spermathecae base (arrows); 26. Left copulatory duct. Abbreviations: CD—Copulatory duct; CO—Copulatory opening; ER—Epigynal rim; GP—Giant pore; MF—Median field; PP—Primary pore; S— Spermathecae; SD—Sinuous depression.

FIGURES 27 – 32. Pandava laminata Ψ (CASENT 9032828, Madagascar). 27. Spinnerets overview; 28. Cribellum; 29. Anterior lateral spinneret, left; 30. Posterior median spinneret, left; 31. Posterior lateral spinneret, right; 32. Ditto, left. Abbreviations: AC—Aciniform gland spigot; CY—Cylindrical gland spigot; MAP—Major ampullate gland spigot; mAP—Minor ampullate gland spigot; PC—Paracribellar gland spigot; PI—Piriform gland spigot; T? - Tartipore?

FIGURES 33 – 37. Pandava laminata ♂ and Ψ from Madagascar. 33. Male palp, dorsal view; 34. Ditto, retrolateral view; 35. Ditto, ventral view; 36. Epigynum, ventral view; 37. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CB—Cymbium; CD— Copulatory duct; CO—Copulatory opening; E—Embolus; ER—Epigynal rim; FD—Fertilization duct; MA—Median Apophysis; MLT—Median lobe of tibial apophysis; PLT—Prolateral lobe of tibial apophysis; RLT—Retrolateral lobe of tibial apophysis; S—Spermathecae; SD—Sinuous depression; TP—Tegular process.