Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) puntarenae

Silva-Morales, Itzahí & Gómez-Vásquez, Julio D., 2021, First records and two new species of sipunculans (Sipuncula) from the Southern Mexican Pacific, European Journal of Taxonomy 740 (1), pp. 77-117 : 91

Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) puntarenae (Grube & Örsted in Grube, 1858), reinstatement

Fig. 7

Phascolosoma puntarenae Grube & Örsted in Grube, 1858: 13 (type locality: Puntarenas, Costa Rica).

Phascolosoma puntarenae – Fisher 1952: 430–432, pl. 36, figs 1–2, pl. 37, figs 1–3, pl. 39, fig. 3 (from Gulf of California to Panama, in rocks).

Phascolosoma puntarena – Brusca 1980: 127 (Gulf of California, in rocks).

Phascolosoma nigrescens (non Keferstein, 1865) – Cutler et al. 1992: 154–156 ( Costa Rica, in tidal pools and under rocks). — Dean 2001: 63 (Pacific of Costa Rica). — Dean et al. 2010: 63 (Cocos Island, Costa Rica, in calcareous rock, 0–15 m).

Material examined

MEXICO – Guerrero • 1; Roqueta Island ; 16°49′19″ N, 99°54′17″ W; 21 Sep. 2006; in sabellariid tubes; UMAR-SIPU 021 • 1; La Quebrada ; 16°50′44″ N, 99°54′54″ W; 26 Sep. 2007; depth 15 m, in Pinctada mazatlantica ; SGM leg.; UMAR-SIPU 022 • 3; Barra de Potosí ; 17°32′19″ N, 101°26′36″ W; 3 Dec. 2010; SGG leg.; UMAR-SIPU 023 . – Oaxaca • 1; Puerto Escondido ; 15°51′34″ N, 97°03′50″ W; 4 Jul. 2004; SS leg.; UMAR-SIPU 0242 • Estacahuite Beach ; 15°40′05″N, 96°28′53″W; 10 Sep. 2005; in dead coral; UMAR-SIPU 025 • 1; Chachacual Bay, Jicaral Beach ; 15°42′39″ N, 96°12′11″ W; 14 Dec. 2006; TRC leg.; depth 1 m, in dead coral; UMAR-SIPU 026 • 1; San Agustín Bay ; 15°41′21″ N, 96°14′11″ W; 10 Feb. 2007; depth 15.3 m, in Porites ; UMAR-SIPU 027 • 3; Puerto Ángel Bay ; 15°39′56″ N, 96°29′29″ W; 28 Apr. 2008; TFG leg.; in dead coral; UMAR-SIPU 028 • 1; Panteón Beach ; 15°39′50″ N, 96°29′42″ W; 27 May 2008; MLY leg.; depth 3 m; UMAR-SIPU 030 • 1; La Montosa Island ; 15°45′57″ N, 96°05′03″ W; 22 Feb. 2010; RGF and SGG leg.; depth 3.5 m; UMAR-SIPU 031 • 3; Camarón Beach ; 15°39′45″ N, 96°31′33″ W; 6 Apr. 2013; in dead coral; UMAR-SIPU 032 • 3; Cerro Hermoso Beach ; 15°58′08″ N, 97°32′06″ W; 29 Apr. 2014; UMAR-SIPU 033 .

Description

Trunk 10 mm in length ( Fig. 7A ). Light brown trunk with uniform dome-shaped papillae, some with black pigment randomly distributed ( Fig. 7D–E ). Introvert with bands of dark pigmentation and more than 100 complete and incomplete rings of hooks. Hooks with clear streak expanded near midpoint of vertical and middle of horizontal portions ( Fig. 7F–G ). Secondary tooth almost indistinct, protuberance of streak short. Fourteen tentacles encircling nuchal organ ( Fig. 7C ). Longitudinal muscles of body wall gathered into anastomosing bands. Four retractor muscles. Nephridia about 40% of trunk length, open at same level as anus ( Fig. 7B ). Spindle muscle attached posteriorly.

Remarks

Cutler & Cutler (1990) considered Phascolosoma (P.) puntarenae from Puntarenas, Costa Rica, as a synonym of P. (P.) nigrescens from Fiji. Nevertheless, we found a difference between the hooks of the type material of P. nigrescens illustrated by Selenka (1883) and those in the illustrations of Fisher (1952) of P. puntarenae from Baja California, Costa Rica and Panama. The hooks of P. nigrescens have a conspicuous secondary tooth and the protuberance of the streak is a sharp point, whereas the hooks of P. puntarenae do not have a well-developed secondary tooth and the protuberance of the streak is a flattened point ( Fig. 8F–G ).

Habitat

Intertidal to subtidal (15 m); in sabellariid tubes, as epibionts of Pinctada mazatlanica , in dead coral and in Porites .

Distribution

From the Gulf of California to Panama.

Figures

Fig. 7. Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) puntarenae Grube & Örsted in Grube, 1858 from the Southern Mexican Pacific. A. External morphology. B. Internal morphology. C. Nuchal tentacles. D. Trunk papillae, macroscopic view. E. Trunk papillae, microscopic view. F. Hook of proximal rings. G. Hook of distal rings. Abbreviations: DRM = dorsal retractor muscles; I = intestine; LMB = longitudinal muscle bands; N = nephridium; VRM = ventral retractor muscles.

Fig. 8. – A–C. Hooks of Apionsoma (Apionsoma) hespera (Chamberlin, 1920) comb. nov. A. From Oaxaca, Mexico. B–C. From Peru. – D–E. Hooks of Apionsoma misakianum (Ikeda, 1904). D. From Misaki, Japan. E. From Japan. B–C: from Amor (1975); D: from Ikeda (1904); E: from Cutler et al. (1984).