Cosmetus marginalis Perty, 1833: 203

Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante & Mendes, Amanda Cruz, 2022, Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195, pp. 585-672 : 656-660

Cosmetus marginalis Perty, 1833: 203 .

Paecilaema marginale Koch, 1840: 115 , pl. 250, figs 589–590.

Poecilaema marginale Simon, 1879: 193 .

Gryne marginalis Roewer, 1912: 122 .

Gryne paraensis Simon, 1879: 194 [junior subjective synonym of Cosmetus marginalis Perty, 1833 by Roewer (1912)], syn. nov.

Gryne amazonica Roewer, 1947: 33 , pl. 12, fig. 107, syn. nov.

Type data: Syntypes: Brazil. Pará : 3 ♀ ( ZMB 950 , examined by photograph), 3 ♀ ( MNHN 2464 , syntypes of G. paraensis ) . Holotype: Brazil. Amazonas : Manaus [–2.978°, –60.1435°], 1 ♂ ( SMF RII 9022 /14a-b, holotype of G. amazonica , examined by photograph) , Paratypes: Brazil. Amazonas : Manaus [–2.978°, –60.1435°], 2 ♀ ( SMF RII 9022 /14a–b, paratype of G. amazonica , examined by photograph) .

Non-type material examined: Brazil. Amazonas: Gurupá, Furinho, [–1.204°, –51.818°], C Rheims leg., 2 ♂ ( INPA-OP 42 ). Pará : Belém [–1.46285°, –48.48885°], 1972, 2 ♂ ( MNRJ 1984 ); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 17579 ), 4 ♂ 14 ♀ ( MNRJ 2156 ); Parque Ambiental de Belém ( Utinga ), [–1.42483°, –48.43802°), Azevedo et al. leg., 2 ♂ ( UFMG 9386 ), 2 ♂ 1 ♀ ( UFMG 9389 ), 3 ♀ ( UFMG 9388 ), 3 ♀ ( UFMG 9390 ); Tucuruí, [–3.75264°, –49.69719°], A. Domingos leg., iv.1981, 3 ♂ 2 ♀ ( MNRJ 4563 ); Melgaço, EE Ferreira Penna, [–1.69431°, –51.4519°], R Pinto-da-Rocha & AB Bonaldo leg., 1–25. xi.2002, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ ( MZUSP 21460 ); Belém [–1.48105°, –48.48765°], 1972, 1 ♀ ( MNRJ 14315 ); Redenção, Rio das Arraias, [–8.0257°, –50.03213°], R Pinto-da-Rocha leg., 18.vii.1988, 2 ♀ ( MNRJ 6299 ); Rondon do Pará [–4.35519°, –48.12483°], C Junior leg., 11.viii.2015, (post-fire material) 3 ♂ 7 ♀ ( MNRJ 60251 ); Nova Timboteua [–1.139°, –47.3645°], 07.v.2015, (post-fire material) 3 ♂ 2 ♀ ( MNRJ 60252 ); 15 km sul Santa Isabel, Pará, [–1.44732°, –48.0952°], AB Bonaldo leg., 29.vi.2000, 1 ♀ ( MCN 1492 ); Barcarena, Hotel Pousada Jardim Tropical, [–1.50583°, –48.62556°), EA Araujo leg., 25.vi.2014, 1 ♂ ( UFMG 16754 ); Santarem, Alter do Chão, [–2.50301°, –54.95473°], B Ferreira leg., 15.vii.2007, 1 ♂ ( MPEG 210 ), 3 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MPEG 208 ), 11.vii.2007, 1 ♀ ( MPEG 211 ), 15.vii.2007, 1 ♂ 3 ♀ ( MPEG 216 ), 1 ♂ ( MPEG 209 ), 11.vii.2007, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MPEG 212 ), 27.vii.2007, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( MPEG 213 ), E Borari leg., 26.vi.2007, (post-fire material) 1 ♂ ( MPEG 214 ); Belèm, Ilha de Cotijuba, RF Silva leg., 26.vi.1977, (post-fire material) 6 ♂ 4 ♀ ( MPEG 1935 ); Vigia , Sitio Malu, W França & RB Neto leg., 23.ix.1982, (post-fire material) 7 ♂ 3 ♀ ( MPEG 2075 ), (post-fire material) 6 ♂ 5 ♀ ( MPEG 2076 ), (post-fire material) 2 ♂ 9 ♀ ( MPEG 2077 ), (post-fire material) 2 ♂ 8 ♀ ( MPEG 2078 ), (post-fire material) 6 ♂ 5 ♀ ( MPEG 2079 ), (post-fire material) 8 ♂ 3 ♀ ( MPEG 2080 ), (post-fire material) 2 ♂ 9 ♀ ( MPEG 2081 ).

Diagnosis: Differs from its congeners by having: (1) spots of DS concentrated in marginal laterals as a solid reticulated pattern, sometimes reduced to the carapace, always without incurrence into areas of mesotergum ( Fig. 54D–G ); (2) VP of the penis rectangular long wider at the apical margin ( Fig. 55A, C ); (3) basal lateral margins without MS, MS-A located at the middle part instead of basal ( Fig. 55A–C ); and (4) ventral side with ms restricted to two lateral thin stripes ( Fig. 55B–D ). Differs from G. dimorpha by having long spines in area III instead of low spines ( Fig. 54B ).

Distribution: Lower Amazon in Pará and Amazonas States of Brazil ecoregions: Tocantins /Pindaré moist forest, Xingu-Tocantins-Araguaia moist forest, Marajó várzea, Madeira-Tapajós moist forest and Uatumã- Trombetas moist forest ( Fig. 48 ).

Description of male UFMG 9388 (with extra figures from other specimens): Measurements: CL: 1.90, CW: 2.49, AL: 3.12, AW: 3.93, IOD: 0.67, FeIV: 20.18.

Dorsum ( Fig. 54 ). DS beta-type with attenuate constrictions. Area I with low tubercles and area III with long spines. Dorsal scutum in lateral view rising steadily from posterior and anterior borders to area III where it is the highest height. No grooves present on scutum, thus scutal areas only inferred by granulation pattern. Anterior edge of dorsal scutum with protoglyphs slightly concave with lateral triangular borders. Ocularium low; with a few granules near the eyes. Posterior border and free tergites each containing a transverse row of minute granules, anal operculum with scattered granules. Coda reduced.

Venter. Coxae I– III triangular, transverse to main body axis, each with a longitudinal row of granules. Coxae II – IV connected by tubercular bridges. Coxa IV pentagonal, greatly developed, oriented obliquely, but almost parallel to the body axis. Stigmatic area T-shaped with stigmata large, unconcealed. Free sternites each with a row of granules.

Chelicerae ( Fig. 55F, G ). Hand not swollen. Basichelicerite short, with well-marked bulla and uniformly tuberculated dorsally. Meso-distal corner of bulla with one setiferous tubercle larger than dorsal ones. Posterior and ectal margins of bulla fringed with several tubercles. Movable finger of cheliceral hand with eight rounded tubercles. Fixed finger with four triangular tubercles triangular of different sizes.

Pedipalps ( Fig. 55H, I ). Elongate trochanter, foliaceus femur; convex dorsally, with a dorsal row of four setiferous tubercles and a ventral row of 15 setiferous tubercles. Tibia only slightly convex in ectal border, with one lateral row of setae in each side, distalmost setae of each side larger than others. Tarsus conical, with scattered dorsal setae and three well-marked ventral rows of subequal setae, prolatero-ventral row with two larger setae, one apical and one median region.

Legs ( Figs 54 , 55E ). Long and unarmed legs, femora straight. Coxa IV convex in dorsal view with few apical granules, no clavi inguines (also known as groin warts). Pectinate claws in legs II and IV in two rows. Tarsal counts: 9, 19/20, 10/11, 12/13 (from Roewer, 1947).

Colour (in alcohol, Fig. 54A–C ). Dorsal scutum, coxae, pedipalpi and chelicerae. deep reddish-brown (41). DS with two reticulate stripes in lateral margins pale greenish-yellow (104), this pattern is present also in posterior margin and free tergites. Appendages podomeres (except coxae) strong yellow (84).

Penis ( Fig. 55A–D ). Ventral plate rectangular elongate with distal margin convex. Sub-distal lateral margin of VP with three pairs of MS-C, large, curve and flattened. Two pairs of MS-D located in apical half of VP, MS-D1 twice longer than MS-D2 and closer to MS-C2, both MS-D straight and conical. Two pairs of MS-A in the median region in VP, straight, conical and as long as MS-D1. Two pairs of MS-E in apical portion of latero-ventral surface and one pair of MS-B in the basal portion of ventral surface of VP. Ventral surface with two lateral thin stripes composed with microsetae type 4 (T4) surrounding MS-B and MS-E, not occupying truncus. Glans with rounded dorsal process, stylus with a large wattle with an extended serrate part and without stylar barbs.

Variation. Spot pattern in DS goes from a well filled form as in Fig. 54D to a reduced form as in Fig. 54G . Variation of colour was also shown by Koch (1840: figs 589–590) illustrating both different tones and different patterns of spots. Tarsal count varies as follows: leg 1 = 8–9, leg 2 = 19–21, leg 3 = 10–11, leg 4 = 10–14. It is possible to differentiate two types of males: (1) major forms, with long tibiae and short metatarsi and (2) minor forms, with shorter tibiae and longer metatarsi, more similar to females. This can be seen in Fig. 50D–H for G. dimorpha .

Figures

Figure 48. Map of known distribution of Gryne. Numbers correspond to the following WWF ecoregions: 1 = Uatumã- Trombetas moist forest, 2 = Madeira-Tapajós moist forest, 3 = Xingú-Tocantins-Araguaia moist forest, 4 = Marajó várzea, 5 = Tocantins/Pindaré moist forest, 6 = Mato grosso seasonal forest, 7 = Caatinga, 8 = Pernambuco Coastal forest, 9 = Cerrado, 10 = Bahia interior forest, 11 = Bahia coastal forest, 12 = Alto Paraná Atlantic forest, 13 = Pantanal, 14 = Dry Chaco, 15 = Humid chaco, 16 = Parana flooded savanna, 17 = Humid pampas.

Figure 50. Gryne dimorpha. A–C, male (MNRJ 2144): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, panoramic dorsal view. D, two adult males of different sizes and colours; from left to right: minor form (MNRJ 17591) and major form (MNRJ 2144). E, male, major form (MNRJ 2144), leg IV, tibia, metatarsus and tarsomeres. F, same, detail of tibia, triquetrous metatarsus and tarsomeres. G, male, minor form (MNRJ 17591), leg IV, tibia and tarsomeres. H, same, detail of tibia and tarsomeres. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 54. Gryne marginalis. A, male (UFMG 9388), dorsal view. B, same, lateral view. C, same, panoramic dorsal view. D–G, variations of spots pattern in dorsal view: D, male (MNRJ 60252) from Nova Timboteua (Pará, Brazil); E, male, same data; F, female (MNRJ 60251) from Rondon do Pará (Pará, Brazil); G, female, same data. Scale bars 1 mm.

Figure 55. SEM images of some structures of Gryne marginalis. A–D, penis (MNRJ 17579): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, detail of microsetae, MS-D and MS-E, ventral view. E–I, male (MNRJ 2156): E, claws of left leg IV showing two rows of pectination; F, left cheliceral hand, dorsal view; G, left basichelicerite, dorsal view; H, left pedipalpus, femur, mesal view; I, same, tibia and tarsus, ventral view. Scale bars 200 μm (F, H, I), 100 μm (A, B, G), 50 μm (C, E), 10 μm (D). Abbreviation: MS = macrosetae.