Gryne, SIMON, 1879

Medrano, Miguel, Kury, Adriano Brilhante & Mendes, Amanda Cruz, 2022, Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195, pp. 585-672 : 648-650

GRYNE SIMON, 1879

Gryne Simon, 1879: 194 .

Type-species by monotypy: Gryne paraensis Simon, 1879 .

Etymology: Gryne was the name of an Amazon loved by Apollo.

Diagnosis: Median-sized cosmetids with long and unarmed straight legs (Fe IV three times DS length in major forms of males, Fig. 54C ), dorsal scutum beta-type with short coda and narrow cephalothorax ( Fig. 54D– G ). Reticular pattern in dorsal scutum more marked in laterals of cephalothorax and abdomen ( Figs 50A , 52A , 54A ). Area I with a pair of small tubercles and area III with a pair of high acuminate spines (spines lower in G. dimorpha , Fig. 50B ). Pedipalpus sexually monomorphic, tibia without expansion opposed to the slender tarsus forming a chela in males. Major forms of males with long tibia IV (as long as femur), and metatarsus short and triquetrous ( Fig. 50E–H ). Ventral plate of the penis sub-rectangular, narrower at the tip (except for G. marginalis ) ( Figs 55A , 51A ). Three distal curved MS-C and two basal straight MS-A ( Fig. 54A–C ).

Included species: Gryne marginalis ( Perty, 1833) , G. orensis ( Sørensen, 1879) , G. marmorata ( Roewer, 1915) comb. nov., G. dimorpha Mello-Leitão, 1928 , G. leprosa Sørensen, 1932 and Gryne coccinelloides ( Mello-Leitão, 1935) .

Combined distribution ( Fig. 48 ). Semi-arid diagonal of South America, northern half of Brazilian Atlantic forest and lower Amazon basin.

Remarks: The remarkable non-homoplastic synapomorphy of Gryne refers to the morphology of leg IV, having a sexual dimorphic metatarsus, in the males being thicker at basal portion ( Figs 2F, G , 57C ). Modifications in this segment of leg IV also occur in an unrelated member of Paecilaema from Venezuela: Paecilaema trisegmentatum González- Sponga, 1992. The condition of this species, however, is different, having a unique ‘fusiform subdistal area’ ( González-Sponga, 1992: 396) indicating a putative autapomorphic condition.

A large quantity of material of Gryne from regions of Brazil was deposited in arachnological collection of Museu Nacional before the fire that destroyed it (Kury et al., 2018). A great percentage of the lots were examined and identified by us as belonging to Gryne . Nonetheless, inter and intraspecific variations were not known or properly illustrated to make possible the identification to species level. Here, we present their distributional data in Fig. 48 .

Species G. coccinelloides and G. marmorata are not included in the taxonomic key because detailed examination of specimens was not possible, preventing the confection of diagnoses as well. Future research with fresh material from type localities is needed for unveiling the identity and validity of both species. For the same reason, a diagnosis section is lacking for those species.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GRYNE

Comment: Excluding G. coccinelloides and G. marmorata (see remarks on the genus Gryne above).

1. Reticulate pattern of DS spots on lateral margins of carapace and abdomen ( Fig. 54 ) ................................ 2 1’. Reticulate pattern of DS spots invading mesotergum ( Fig. 52A ) ..............................................................3

2. Reticulate pattern restricted to laterals of chevron, invading scutal sulcus and going gently to the lateral margin of carapace ( Fig. 50A ); spines of area III low ( Fig. 50B ); VP of penis not elongate and apical border narrower than base ( Fig. 50A–C ) .................................................................................................. G. dimorpha 2’. Reticulate pattern restricted to lateral margin of carapace and abdomen, not invading scutal sulcus ( Fig. 54 ); spines of area III low ( Fig. 54B ); VP of penis elongate and with apical margin wider than base ( Fig. 55A ) ................................................................................................................................. G. marginalis

3. Reticulate pattern uniformly occupying abdomen ( Fig. 52A ) .......................................................... G. leprosa 3’. Reticulate pattern clearly marked in the region of the omega stripe and scutal sulcus of abdomen, but not occupying areas of mesotergum ( Fig. 57A ) ............................................................................ G. orensis

Figures

Figure 2. Habitus in vivo of some Discosomaticinae from Brazil. A, Roquettea singularis from Pará. B, Gryne leprosa from Pará. C, Gryne marginalis from Pará. D, Gryne dimorpha from Goiás. E–G, Gryne orensis from Mato Grosso do Sul. Photographs of Arthur Anker & Pedro H. Martins (A, C–D), Bruno Garcia (B) and Adriano Kury (E–G).

Figure 48. Map of known distribution of Gryne. Numbers correspond to the following WWF ecoregions: 1 = Uatumã- Trombetas moist forest, 2 = Madeira-Tapajós moist forest, 3 = Xingú-Tocantins-Araguaia moist forest, 4 = Marajó várzea, 5 = Tocantins/Pindaré moist forest, 6 = Mato grosso seasonal forest, 7 = Caatinga, 8 = Pernambuco Coastal forest, 9 = Cerrado, 10 = Bahia interior forest, 11 = Bahia coastal forest, 12 = Alto Paraná Atlantic forest, 13 = Pantanal, 14 = Dry Chaco, 15 = Humid chaco, 16 = Parana flooded savanna, 17 = Humid pampas.

Figure 50. Gryne dimorpha. A–C, male (MNRJ 2144): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, panoramic dorsal view. D, two adult males of different sizes and colours; from left to right: minor form (MNRJ 17591) and major form (MNRJ 2144). E, male, major form (MNRJ 2144), leg IV, tibia, metatarsus and tarsomeres. F, same, detail of tibia, triquetrous metatarsus and tarsomeres. G, male, minor form (MNRJ 17591), leg IV, tibia and tarsomeres. H, same, detail of tibia and tarsomeres. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 51. SEM images of some structures of Gryne dimorpha. A–D, penis (MNRJ 6297): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, detail of MS-C and stylus, oblique view. E–H, male (MNRJ 2156): E, left cheliceral hand, dorsal view; F, left basichelicerite, dorsal view; G, left pedipalpus, femur, mesal view; H, same, tibia and tarsus, ventral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A–C), 10 μm (D), 200 μm (E, G, H), 100 μm (F).

Figure 52. Gryne leprosa. A–C, female holotype (ZMUC): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. D–G, male lectotype of G. perlata (MNRJ 41773): D, dorsal view; E, dorsal panoramic view; F, lateral view; G, frontal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 54. Gryne marginalis. A, male (UFMG 9388), dorsal view. B, same, lateral view. C, same, panoramic dorsal view. D–G, variations of spots pattern in dorsal view: D, male (MNRJ 60252) from Nova Timboteua (Pará, Brazil); E, male, same data; F, female (MNRJ 60251) from Rondon do Pará (Pará, Brazil); G, female, same data. Scale bars 1 mm.

Figure 55. SEM images of some structures of Gryne marginalis. A–D, penis (MNRJ 17579): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, detail of microsetae, MS-D and MS-E, ventral view. E–I, male (MNRJ 2156): E, claws of left leg IV showing two rows of pectination; F, left cheliceral hand, dorsal view; G, left basichelicerite, dorsal view; H, left pedipalpus, femur, mesal view; I, same, tibia and tarsus, ventral view. Scale bars 200 μm (F, H, I), 100 μm (A, B, G), 50 μm (C, E), 10 μm (D). Abbreviation: MS = macrosetae.

Figure 57. Gryne orensis (Sørensen, 1879), male (USNMENT 01538077). A, dorsal view. B, dorsal panoramic view. C, lateral view. D, left metatarsus IV and tarsomeres. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, C, D), 2 mm (B).