Caenohomalopoda Tachikawa, 1979

Fatima, Farha & Zeya, Shahid Bin, 2022, Revision of Indian species of Caenohomalopoda Tachikawa (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Zootaxa 5133 (2), pp. 247-269 : 248-250

Genus Caenohomalopoda Tachikawa

( Figs 1–51 )

Caenohomalopoda Tachikawa, 1979: 169 . Type species Pseudhomalopoda shikokuensis Tachikawa , by original designation.

Female. Head with frontovertex flat, angularly separated from face by a narrowly rounded margin, so that the head, in profile, appears subtriangular; occipital margin narrowly rounded, and medially concave; vertexo-occipital margin with a pair of long scale-like setae ( Fig. 4 ); antennal torulus with upper margin either in line with or slightly below lower margin of eye, and torulus removed from mouth margin by at least the height of a torulus ( Fig. 6 ). Mandible quadridentate ( Figs 7 , 36 ), upper tooth or upper two teeth rounded, or mandible with two teeth and a broad truncation, and with a socketed peg-like structure present. Maxillary palp 4-segmented, labial palp 3-segmented. Antennal formula, 1143 ( Figs 1 , 8 ); scape usually at least slightly flattened, 2× to slightly more than 4× as long as broad; dimensions of funicle segments variable. Mesosoma ( Figs 4 , 22 ) flattened; pronotum medially one-third to nearly as long as mesoscutum, with posterior margin evenly, slightly concave; mesoscutum without notaular lines; scutellum with a median, subtriangular area with raised reticulate sculpture, but sides and apex smooth, and usually with 3–4 pairs of long setae, and a subapical pair of long, scale-like setae ( Fig. 19 ). Fore wing either relatively broad with apex broadly rounded, or narrow with apex narrowly rounded ( Figs 2 , 34 ); marginal vein at least as long as stigmal vein, generally longer, and dark, densely covered with bristle-like or scale-like setae; stigma with an uncus and with 3 circular sensilla; postmarginal vein short to nearly absent; linea calva narrow, sometimes closed posteriorly by one, two or three lines of setae. Legs unmodified; tarsal formula, 5–5–5. Gaster variable in length, from very slightly to distinctly longer than mesosoma, with apex of TVII narrowly rounded or pointed; ovipositor with exserted part variable, from about one-tenth to nearly one-half the length of gaster.

Body completely dark brown, with metallic shine. Antenna with scape and pedicel usually dark brown; colour of funicle segments variable, F1–F4 yellow or F1–F3 completely dark brown, with usually distal one or two segments yellow to white; clava entirely dark brown or with distal one or two segments paler. Fore wing with base below submarginal vein hyaline, remainder strongly infuscate, with five hyaline windows around margin defining five infucated bands, usually referred to as ‘rays’ and five hyaline windows between these rays; the hyaline windows are open, that is touching margin of wing; see Fig. 9 , where these infuscate rays are numbered from I–V. Hind wing hyaline. Legs largely dark brown.

Male. Generally similar to female, except for antennal structure, genitalia, hyaline or subhyaline fore wing. Head with frontovertex convex, not flat. Antennal formula, 1121 ( Figs 42 , 50 ); scape short and flattened; pedicel short, subtriangular; the two segments of funicle variable in lengths; clava long, slightly curved, and from about as long as F1 to clearly longer than both funicle segments combined.

Hosts. Parasitoids of diaspidid scale insects of the genera Odonaspis and Froggattiella ( Hemiptera : Coccidoidea: Diaspididae ).

Distribution. Oriental, but one species from Algeria and Japan (Palaearctic), South Africa (Afrotropical), USA (Nearctic), and one from Hawaiian Islands ( USA), Guam Islands, Cayman Islands, and Puerto Rico. ( Noyes 2019)

Species. World, 12; India, 8 (including one new species described in this paper). See list of world species given below.

Comments. Caenohomalopoda is very similar to Homalopoda Howard (see Noyes 1979), but differs in the following characters: pronotal collar very slightly concave, without a median notch; antenna with scape at least slightly flattened, and usually not more than 4× as long as broad; funicle segments usually short, at most slightly longer than broad and F1 shorter than pedicel, rarely F1 more than 2× as long as broad and longer than pedicel; colour of funicle segments variable, from completely dark brown to completely white, but more usually distal one or two segments yellow to white. In Homalopoda : pronotal collar with a median notch, so that the collar appears bilobed; antenna with scape and funicle segments cylindrical; scape more than 5× as long as broad; funicle segments each at least about 3× as long as broad, and antenna unicolorous, brown to dark brown.

List of world species of Caenohomalopoda

(Country of origin of the holotype is indicated in bold. Hosts recorded for the species are given in square brackets.)

1. C. albifuniculata Hayat , in Hayat & Veenakumari, 2014 — India.

2. C. chinensis Zhang & Huang, 2006 — China. [Host: Odonaspis sp. ( Zhang & Huang 2006)]

3. C. darevskyi Trjapitzin & Sharkov, 1992 — Vietnam.

4. C. guamensis ( Fullaway, 1946) — Guam; Hawaii (USA); China. [Host: Odonaspis greeni (Cockerell) in Hawaii ( Beardsley 1976)]

5. C. heera Hayat & FR Khan, 2015 — India.

6. C. koreana Tachikawa, Paik & Paik, 1981 — South Korea; India. [Host: Odonaspis secreta (Cockerell) in South Korea ( Tachikawa et al. 1981)]

7. C. longiclava Basha & Hayat, 2002 — India.

8. C. longistylata Singh, 2004 — India.

9. C. nagaii ( Tachikawa, 1978) — Indonesia.

10. C. shikokuensis ( Tachikawa, 1956) — Japan; Algeria; Cayman Islands; China; India; South Korea; Puerto Rico; South Africa; USA. [Hosts: Frogattiella penicillata (Green) , in Japan ( Tachikawa 1966), in South Africa ( Prinsloo 1979), in USA (Florida), Cayman Islands and Puerto Rico ( Bennett & Noyes 1989), in Algeria ( Trjapitzin 1989); Odonaspis secreta (Cockerell) in China ( Zhang & Huang 2006), in South Korea ( Trjapitzin 1989)]

11. C. sudhiri sp. nov. India. Present paper.

12. C. tahai Fatima & Zeya, 2017 — India.

Key to Indian species of Caenohomalopoda (females and males)

(Additional and non-contrasting characters are given in brackets.)

1. Females: antenna 9-segmented, formula 1143 ( Fig. 1 ), funicle 4-segmented and clava 3-segmented.................... 2

-. Males: antenna 5-segmented, formula 1121 ( Fig. 50 ), funicle 2-segmented and clava unsegmented, long, and slightly curved................................................................................................... 9

Females

2. Fore wing at most 2.8× as long as broad, with apex broadly rounded ( Fig. 2 ) … 3

-. Fore wing at least 3× as long as broad, with apex narrowly rounded ( Fig. 34 ) … 5

3. Fore wing with width of ray II more than width of hyaline window between ray II and ray III, and its proximal margin making an acute angle with marginal vein, and below submarginal vein with setae dark brown ( Fig. 2 ); antennal scape 4.15× as long as broad ( Fig. 1 ); funicle segments yellow. (Fore wing 2.75× as long as broad; exserted part of ovipositor one-seventh gaster length)......................................................................... 1. C. albifuniculata Hayat

-. Fore wing with width of ray II less than width of hyaline window between ray II and ray III, and its proximal margin making a right angle with marginal vein; fore wing below submarginal vein largely with hyaline setae except for one or two lines of setae immediately below submarginal vein ( Fig. 9 ); scape not more than 3× as long as broad; colour of funicle segments varying, but at least one segment dark brown......................................................................... 4

4. Antenna with scape about 2.6× as long as broad; F1 slightly longer than broad, and slightly shorter than pedicel; F2 quadrate to slightly broader than long; F3 quadrate; clava subequal in length to funicle; F3, F4 pale yellow ( Fig. 8 ); fore wing with hyaline window between ray II and ray III broadly U-shaped ( Fig. 9 ).......................... 2. C. shikokuensis (Tachikawa)

-. Antenna with scape 2.42× as long as broad; F1 slightly broader than long, and distinctly shorter than pedicel; F2 transverse; F3 broader than long; clava longer than funicle; F4 yellowish brown ( Fig. 15 ); fore wing with hyaline window between ray II and ray III subtriangular ( Fig. 16 )........................................................... 3. C. sudhiri sp. nov.

5. Fore wing with ray II broad, its width at least 0.4× the width of hyaline window between ray II and ray III ( Fig. 24 )...... 6

-. Fore wing with ray II narrow, its width at most 0.3× the width of hyaline window between ray II and ray III ( Fig. 34 )..... 7

6. Antenna with scape broad, nearly 2× as long as broad; F1 about 2.5× as long as broad, and distinctly longer (1.7×) than pedicel; F2–F4 each 1.2× (F4) to 1.6× (F2) as long as broad; clava shorter than funicle ( Fig. 23 ); fore wing 3.12× as long as broad, with width of ray II slightly more than 0.5× width of hyaline window between ray II and ray III ( Fig. 24 ); gaster about 2× as long as mesosoma; exserted part of ovipositor about half gaster length; second valvifer 1.39× as long as third valvula; ovipositor 3.43× as long as mid tibia; third valvula 3.34× as long as mid basitarsus............................. 4. C. longistylata Singh

-. Antenna with scape 2.26× as long as broad; F1 broader than long, and about half the length of pedicel; F2 transverse, not more than 0.5× length of F1 and F3 individually; F3 broader than long and F4 quadrate; clava longer than funicle ( Fig. 27 ); fore wing 3× as long as broad, with width of ray II about 0.4× width of hyaline window between ray II and ray III ( Fig. 28 ); gaster as long as mesosoma; exserted part of ovipositor about one-quarter gaster length; second valvifer 2.5× as long as third valvula; ovipositor 1.93× as long as mid tibia; third valvula 1.6× as long as mid basitarsus.......... 5. C. heera Hayat & F.R. Khan

7. Antenna with F1 1.38× as long as broad, and distinctly longer than pedicel ( Fig. 33 ). (Antenna with scape 2.66× as long as broad; F1 longer than F2; F2–F4 each longer than broad; clava shorter than funicle, Fig.33 ; fore wing 3× as long as broad; ray II placed at an angle of about 130° with marginal vein, Fig. 34 ; ovipositor with exserted part 0.15× gaster length)........................................................................................ 6. C. tahai Fatima & Zeya

-. Antenna with F1 at most as long as broad, usually broader than long, and if slightly longer than broad, then not longer than pedicel ( Figs 37 , 47 ).................................................................................. 8

8. Fore wing with ray II short and relatively broad, and placed at an angle of about 110° with marginal vein ( Fig. 38 ); ovipositor with exserted part about one-tenth gaster length............................... 7. C. koreana Tachikawa, Paik & Paik

-. Fore wing with ray II relatively long, and placed at an angle of about 120° with marginal vein ( Fig. 48 ); exserted part of ovipositor one-seventh gaster length............................................. 8. C. longiclava Basha & Hayat

Males

9. Antenna with F2 at least 3× as long as broad, and longer than half the length of F1; clava shorter than rest of antennal segments combined ( Fig. 42 ).................................................................................. 10

-. Antenna with F2 not more than 2× as long as broad, and less than half the length of F1; clava as long as rest of antennal segments combined ( Fig. 50 )................................................................. C. longiclava

10. Antennal clava as long as pedicel, F1 and F2 combined ( Fig. 42 )....................................... C. koreana

-. Antennal clava as long as F1 ( Tachikawa, 1966: fig. 1)........................................... C. shikokuensis

Figures

FIGURES 1, 2. Caenohomalopoda albifuniculata Hayat, holotype, female. 1, antenna; 2, fore wing.

FIGURES 3–5. Caenohomalopoda shikokuensis (Tachikawa), holotype, female.3, habitus, dorsal; 4, habitus, lateral; 5, holotype ticket indicating data. (Photographs by Mr. Taisuke Kawano, and reproduced with permission of Dr. Mita)

FIGURES 6–12. Caenohomalopoda shikokuensis (Tachikawa), female, Indian specimen. 6, head frontal; 7, mandible; 8, antenna; 9, fore wing; 10, mesosoma; 11, scutellum; 12, gaster showing ovipositor.

FIGURES 13–20. Caenohomalopoda sudhiri sp. nov., holotype, female. 13, head frontal; 14, mandible; 15, antenna; 16, fore wing; 17, fore wing, distal venation, enlarged; 18, mesosoma; 19, scutellum; 20, gaster showing ovipositor.

FIGURES 21–25. Caenohomalopoda longistylata Singh. (21–22) female. 21, habitus holotype, dorsal; 22, head, mesosoma and part of gaster, dorsal holotype. (23–25, paratype) 23, antenna; 24, fore wing; 25, ovipositor. (Reproduced with permission of Dr. S. Singh)

FIGURES 26–31. Caenohomalopoda heera Hayat & F. R. Khan, holotype, female, 26, head; 27, antenna; 28, fore wing; 29, fore wing, distal venation, enlarged; 30, scutellum; 31, mesosoma and metasoma.

FIGURES 32–34. Caenohomalopoda tahai Fatima & Zeya, holotype, female. 32, habitus; 33, antenna; 34, fore wing. (From Fatima & Zeya, 2017)

FIGURES 35–43. Caenohomalopoda koreana Tachikawa, Paik & Paik. (35–41) female: 35, head frontal; 36, mandible; 37, antenna; 38, fore wing; 39, fore wing, distal venation, enlarged; 40, scutellum; 41, metasoma. (42,43) male: 42, antenna; 43, fore wing.

FIGURES 44–46. Caenohomalopoda longiclava Basha & Hayat. (44–46) paratype, female. 44, habitus; 45, habitus, lateral; 46 parts of body dorsal.

FIGURES 47–51. Caenohomalopoda longiclava Basha & Hayat. (47–49) paratype, female. 47, antenna; 48, fore wing; 49, fore wing, distal venation, enlarged. (50,51) holotype, male: 50, antenna; 51, fore wing.