Alexanderellus kumangui Cadena-Castañeda, 2022

Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger & García, Alexander García, 2022, The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines, Zootaxa 5166 (1), pp. 1-93 : 13

Alexanderellus kumangui Cadena-Castañeda n. gen et n. sp.

The resulting data were analyzed using TNT, versión 1.1 ( Goloboff et al. 2003; 2008). All characters were performed in no particular order and unweighted, using the exhaustive search option. Characters for an unknown or missing state were keyed as “?”. Phylogenetically uninformative characters (autapomorphies) were included as they are useful in diagnosing taxa.

The two measurements of fit used in this study, consistency index CI ( Kluge & Farris 1969) and retention index RI ( Farris 1989), are here assumed to work as adequate statistics for calculation of the phylogenetic signal in the target characters and for the description of homoplasy and synapomorphy levels.

Character mapping on the consensus tree was performed with the software Winclada (Nixon 1999), which allowed to spot the different levels of character arrangement and their support regarding synapomorphies and homoplasy. Bremer (1994) and Bootstrap ( Felsenstein 1985) statistics were also taken into account with 100 replications under the TBR parameter, to compare and pinpoint the arrangement and relationships of the branches as a whole, in addition to the consistency and robustness of the group extracted from the phylogenetic analyses. Bremer values are shown above each clade and bootstrap values under the consensus tree.

Character optimization. The evolutionary tendencies of the tribe Dysoniini were analyzed, regarding camouflage and ambulatory behavior, and how these appeared in the evolutionary history of the group, focusing on the phylogenetic data shown on the tree. By locating the synapomorphies derived from ecological characters, it was determined how they could have influenced the diversification of the studied taxa.

The tree with all mapped characters is provided, along with the directionality in which the character states vary regarding their basal condition. Analyzed characters were mapped and optimized with the software Winclada (Nixon 1999), under the Unambiguous, Fast and Slow assumptions, based on the cladogram resulting from the phylogenetic analysis, by analyzing how many times the studied characters arose independently. Monophyletic groups showing the studied characters were identified, contrasting them with sister groups lacking the evolutionary novelty, and comparing the degree of diversification of the monophyletic groups against their sister clades regarding the optimized characters.

Maps and distributional data. The maps were elaborated with SimpleMappr ( Shorthouse 2010). Data of the maps was compiled from the studied specimens as well as from literature data, the latter corroborated through verification of the aforementioned collections, in order to exclude erroneous or dubious data. Based on literature data and the examined specimens, a checklist is provided, including updated distribution data and status of all taxa according to the classification proposed here (Appendix 3).

Biogeographical analysis. A dispersal-vicariance analysis ( Ronquist 1997) was performed to assess the possible biogeographical patterns of ancestral distribution for the Neotropical region. Based on the distribution of Dysoniini genera and recent contributions on biogeographical regionalization ( Morrone 2001, 2014), was conducted an analysis using the following broad biogeographical units according to Chaves et al. (2013) and modified from Upham & Patterson (2012) and Condamine et al. (2012): A. Middle America, B. West Andes-Chocó, C. Andes, D. Amazonia, E. Chaco, F. Brazilian Shield, G. Guiana Shield. These areas represent ecological regions known to reflect historical geological patterns ( Olson et al. 2001).

The cladogram of areas, where each terminal taxon is replaced for the area it inhabits, was analyzed using the program RASP 4.0 beta ( Yu et al. 2010, 2015). This program compiles DIVA with the methods of Nylander et al. (2008) and Harris & Xiang (2009), by which statistical support can be provided for the reconstruction of the ancestral area of each clade (‘S-Diva’ value); besides, this tool complements DIVA v. 1.2 ( Ronquist 1996) which applies an exact search according to the dispersal-vicariance optimization as proposed by Ronquist (1997).