Anaphidna Gorochov & Cadena-Castañeda, 2012

Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger & García, Alexander García, 2022, The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines, Zootaxa 5166 (1), pp. 1-93 : 50-59

Anaphidna Gorochov & Cadena-Castañeda, 2012

Diagnosis. Coloration predominantly greenish brown, some species reddish with white or whitish green stripes ( Figs. 28C , 29C , 32A ). Structure on vertex variable, reduced and tubercle-shaped ( Figs. 28D, F, G, H, I, J ) or elongated and cylindrical ( Figs. 29D, E, F, G, H, I ). Median ocellus conspicuous, genae tuberculate ( Figs. 28I , 29E, J, K ). Pronotum usually tuberculate with four or six emarginations on lateral margins of pronotal disk ( Figs. 28 A, B ). Male cerci with external branch rather long and spine-shaped, curved upward and with acute apex; inner branch longer, partially lamelliform and with two lobes, the upper hook-shaped, the lower one smaller and armed with tiny apical hooks ( Figs. 32H ). Ovipositor as long as pronotum or slightly longer, curved from base upward, upper valve longer than ventral one, margins serrate ( Fig. 32I–K ).

Type species. Paraphidnia (Anaphidna) mexicana Gorochov, 2012 , by original designation.

Distribution. From southern Mexico to northern Argentina ( Maps 14 and 15 ).

Comments. The species of this genus exhibit considerable phenotypic plasticity, which makes their identification difficult. Individuals of the same species, or even of the same population, may show variation in characters that are otherwise stable and useful for the delimitation of species in other genera of the Dysoniini , like shape of the face, pronotal tubercles, structure of the stridulatory vein, wing venation, spines on the legs, and male cerci. Specimens of the same species would mistakenly be considered as belonging to more than one species, unless this variability is taken into account. On the other hand, sympatry of related species among Neotropical Phaneropterinae is common: According to observations made in the course of this investigation in the canopy of Amazon rainforest (canopy walkway in Amacayacu, SE Colombia), it was found that two, three, and even more species of the same genus live together in the same area, and even on the same tree: Ceraia (with three species), Euceraia (four species), and Phylloptera (six species). Similar data were reported from lowland rainforest in northern Peru ( Nickle & Castner 1995) .

According to the above, an overestimation of the variability in a few sympatric species of the genus Anaphidna could lead to considering them erroneously a single very variable species. Conversely, an underestimation of the variability could lead to the false assumption of more different species than are actually present. Another problem with the taxonomy of the genus is the presence of numerous closely related species in the same distributional range, and lacking significant differences in copulatory structures and other characters. This may be the result of recent adaptive radiation. To delimit the species, acoustic and ethological studies would be useful. The following key to species is based on characters with low range of variability.

Key to species of Anaphidna

1. Pronotal disc without tubercles, or when present, poorly developed ( Fig. 28A ), usually with the posterior denticle of the crest reduced (the most developed denticle of the head) ( Figs. 28D–J )................................................ 2

- Pronotal disc with conspicuous tubercles ( Fig. 28B ), posterior denticle usually elongated (most developed denticle of the head) ( Figs. 29D–K )........................................................................................ 8

2. Posterior denticle as long as scapus and pedicellus combined or longer, slender and three times as long as wide ( Figs. 28D– E ).................................................................................................. ................................................................................................... 3

- Posterior denticle not exceeding scapus and pedicellus, robust and usually as long as wide ( Figs. 28F–J )................ 4

3. Emargination of the male subgenital plate W-shaped ( Fig. 30B )................ A. hernandezi (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)

- Emargination of male subgenital plate shallow and straight ( Fig. 30D )................ A. osae (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)

4. Posterior denticle almost conical, more or less acute ( Figs. 28F–H ); emargination of male subgenital plate U- or V-shaped ( Figs. 30F, H, J )........................................................................................... 5

- Posterior denticle robust, strongly reduced and slightly bifurcate ( Figs. 28I–J ); emargination of male subgenital plate almost straight ( Fig. 30L )..................................................................................... 7

5. Emargination of male subgenital plate U-shaped ( Figs. 30H–J ); tarsi unspecialized................................. 6

- Emargination of male subgenital plate V-shaped ( Fig. 30F ); all tarsi with strongly inflated dorsal part of proximal segment and very large second segment........................................................ A. tarsalis ( Gorochov, 2014)

6. Body coloration predominantly reddish, tubercles of scapus and pedicellus poorly developed...................................................................................................... A. fasciata ( Gorochov, 2014)

- Body coloration predominantly greenish, tubercles of the scapus and pedicellus well developed................................................................................................. A. bezverkhovi (Gorochov, 2012)

7. Anterior denticle slender ( Fig. 28I ); emargination of male subgenital plate angled in shape of V with very little depth; inner branch of male cerci with lower margin of distal portion rounded and with more than three marginal denticles............................................................................ A. verrucosa ( Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878)

- Anterior denticle dilated ( Fig. 28J ); emargination of male subgenital plate straight with a very small medial prolongation ( Fig. 30L ); inner branch of the cerci with lower margin of the distal portion reduced (rectangular) and with little denticulation ( Fig. 30K )..................................................................... A. polestshuki (Gorochov, 2012)

8. Posterior denticle not exceeding scapus and pedicellus, robust and usually as long as wide, apex bifurcate ( Figs. 29A–B )... 9

- Posterior denticle as long as scapus and pedicellus or longer, slender and three or four times as long as wide ( Figs. 29D–K ).. .................................................................................................. 10

9. Genicular lobe of hind femur armed with a small spinule, crest as in figure 30A............. A. peruana (Gorochov, 2012)

- Genicular lobe of hind femur armed with a prominent spur, crest as in figure 30B.......... A. svetlanae (Gorochov, 2012)

10. Predominant coloration of the body green and brown........................................................ 11

- Predominant coloration of the body red with white stripes ( Fig. 30C–D , 31E–F ).. A. rubricorpus (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)

11. Posterior denticle of the crest curved forward near apex...................................................... 12

- Posterior denticle of the crest straight or curved forward already from base....................................... 13

12. Posterior denticle of the crest bent forward near apex at almost right angle ( Fig. 29E ), anterior denticle slender and slightly curved in lateral view............................................................. A. lankesteri ( Rehn, 1918)

- Posterior denticle of the crest little curved near apex, anterior denticle robust and hook-shaped in lateral view ( Fig. 29F )....................................................................... A. rhinoceros (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)

13. Emargination of male subgenital plate U- or V-shaped ( Figs. 31J , 32C ), posterior denticle of the crest moderately tapering, curving or not to the front ( Figs. 29G–I ).................................................................. 14

- Emargination of male subgenital plate straight and shallow, posterior denticle of the crest curving forward ( Figs. 29J–K ).. 16

14. Emargination of male subgenital plate U-shaped............................................................ 15

- Emargination of the male subgenital plate V-shaped.................................. A. mexicana (Gorochov, 2012)

15. Posterior denticle of the crest tapering and progressively curving toward apex, without pre-apical undulations; styli of male subgenital plate cylindrical with thin and rounded apex........................... A. obrieni Cadena-Castañeda, 2016

- Posterior denticle of the crest with uniform diameter from base to apex, not curved and always erect, with pre-apical undulation at the front margin; styli of male subgenital plate thickened toward the apex........ A. gracielae (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)

16. Posterior denticle of the crest robust, not exceeding combined length of scapus and pedicellus ( Fig. 29J ); inner lobe of male cerci with ventral projection rounded and with five or more marginal denticles ( Fig. 32D ).................................................................................................... A. silvai (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)

- Posterior denticle of the crest slender, exceeding combined length of scapus and pedicellus ( Fig. 29K ); male cerci with the lower projection of inner lobe distinctly smaller and with two small marginal denticles ( Fig. 32F )............................................................................................. A. quirozi (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012)

Genus group Dysoniae Rehn, 1950

Figures

Map 14. Distribution map of Anaphidna species in Central America.

Map 15. Distribution map of Anaphidna species in South America.

FIGURE 28. Anaphidna species. A. A. bezverkhovi. B. A. svetlanae. C–D. A. hernandezi. E. A. osae osae. F. A. tarsalis. G. A. fasciata H. A. bezverkhovi. I. A. verrucosa. J. A. polestshuki. A–B. Pronotum in lateral view. C. Habitus in lateral view. D–J. Denticles of upper rostral crest from side.

FIGURE 29. Anaphidna species. A. A. peruana. B. A. svetlanae. C–D. A. rubricorpus. E. A. lankesteri. F. A. rhinoceros. G. A. mexicana. H. A. obrieni. I. A. gracielae. J. A. silvai. K. A. quirozi. A–D, F–I. Denticles of upper rostral crest from side.C. Habitus in lateral view. E, J, K. Head and pronotum in lateral view.

FIGURE 30. Anaphidna species. Cerci in lateral view and subgenital plates. A–B. A. hernandezi. C–D. A. osae osae. E–F. A. tarsalis. G–H. A. fasciata I–J. A. bezverkhovi. K–L. A. polestshuki.

FIGURE 31. Anaphidna species. Cerci in lateral view and subgenital plates. A–B. A. peruana. C–D. A. svetlanae. C–D. A. rubricorpus. G–H. A. rhinoceros. I–J. A. mexicana. K–L. A. obrieni.

FIGURE 32. Anaphidna species. Cerci in lateral view, subgenital plate and ovipositor. A. A. hernandezi female in lateral view. B–C. A. gracielae. D–E. A. silvai. F–G. A. quirozi. H. A. lankesteri.I. A. hernandezi. J. A. osae osae. K. A. verrucosa.