Cyphotes, Burmeister, 1835

Gonzalez-Mozo, Laura C. & Ware, Jessica L., 2023, Review of Cyphotes Burmeister, 1835 (Hemiptera: Membracidae) with the description of a related new genus, Zootaxa 5380 (6), pp. 501-525 : 503-505

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5380.6.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B6F08430-56FD-4F1A-9C2E-2BBB8D492C68
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10371475
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE772D-FFD2-FF83-FF36-1F47FA3BFA87
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Cyphotes
status

Treatment

Cyphotes View in CoL View at ENA -group

Cyphotes -group genera ( Aspona , Cyphotes , Hypheodana , Nasuconia and Taunaya ) share a unique combination of morphological features that distinguishes them from other Darnini genera.These genera can sometimes be challenging to distinguish from each other due to an overlap of key characters and a scarcity of material in collections for reference. With the aim of providing a more stable classification of these genera, we identify diagnostic characters and propose a preliminary key. In cases where genera lack unique synapomorphies that define them, we propose a combination of characters to redefine them. For Hypheodana , we follow diagnostic characters established by Sakakibara (2006); because of its high morphological heterogeneity, however, a closer comparison of the species of this genus is necessary. A phylogenetic analysis is beyond the scope of this paper and all generic concepts here provided should be considered hypotheses that need to be tested in future research.

Morphological notes

The following are morphological features of the Cyphotes -group not present in other Darnini genera. Head. Coronal and frontoclypeal sutures well delimited (poorly delimited in raindrop genera) ( Fig. 4A View FIGURE 4 sc, s fc).The forward projected head is not a unique character to the Cypho tes group genera; this is a character also observed in other genera such as Funkhouseriana Creão-Duarte, 1999 , Tynelia Stål, 1858 , and Neotynelia Creão-Duarte and Sakakibara, 2000 . Head orientation (vertex and frontoclypeus) varies from perpendicular, to obliquely projected forward forming an angle between the metopidum and vertex.

Pronotum. Covering forewings at rest, costal area visible ( Fig. 4B View FIGURE 4 ); pronotum integument irregular, punctate, pubescent, with elevated lines, knots, or combinations of these present ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ) (sculpture even and smooth, in other Darnini genera); postocular area not extended beyond the eye ( Fig. 4B View FIGURE 4 ) (postocular area lobulate or carinate in other Darnini genera); preapical part of posterior pronotal process enlarged ( Fig. 4B View FIGURE 4 ), evenly convex, or tapered; median carina percurrent, elevated throughout ( Fig. 4C View FIGURE 4 ) (not elevated in other genera); humeral angles projected laterally, triangular ( Fig. 10A View FIGURE 10 ) to trilobate ( Figs. 16A, E, D View FIGURE 16 ) (humeral angles not well projected laterally in other Darnini genera).

Legs. Pro- and mesothoracic tibia subfoliaceous ( Fig. 2D View FIGURE 2 ) (slender in other Darnini genera); metathoracic femur with row of cucullate setae absent or, if present, restricted to basal or distal area ( Fig. 2B View FIGURE 2 ); metathoracic tibia with row I reduced or absent ( Figs. 2E–F View FIGURE 2 ).

Forewing. Vein M approaching and closely parallel to R in basal half of wing; vein R 4+5 strongly curved toward costal margin, forming nearly right angle ( Figs. 5A View FIGURE 5 ; 11 View FIGURE 11 ; 17 View FIGURE 17 ) (M equidistant between M and Cu; R 4+5 straight in other Darnini ) ( Figs. 5B, C View FIGURE 5 ).

Abdomen. Sternum notably more sclerotized than tergum ( Figs. 6A, C View FIGURE 6 ); abdominal sternites with conspicuous punctation ( Figs. 6C–H View FIGURE 6 ) (uniformly sclerotized, without conspicuous punctations in other Darnini genera) ( Figs. 6A, B View FIGURE 6 ).

Key to Cyphotes View in CoL View at ENA -group genera

1 Head in profile with anterodorsal margin perpendicular to the rest of body, produced downwards ( Figs. 7A, C View FIGURE 7 )........... 2

- Head in profile with anterodorsal margin oblique ( Fig. 7l View FIGURE 7 ) or subparallel ( Figs. 7B, 7K,7M View FIGURE 7 ) to the rest of the body, produced forward............................................................................................. 3

2 Frontoclypeus not extended beyond suprantennal ledges ( Fig. 7D View FIGURE 7 ), head in anterior view subrectangular, wider than long................................................................................................. Taunay a

- Frontoclypeus extended at least 1/3 of its length beyond suprantennal ledges, head in anterior view usually triangular, longer than wide.................................................................................. Hypheodana View in CoL

3 Frontoclypeus conical ( Fig. 7H View FIGURE 7 )................................................................... Nasuconia

- Frontoclypeus oblong ( Fig. 7I View FIGURE 7 ) or tubular ( Fig. 7J View FIGURE 7 )........................................................... 4

4 Head in anterior view subtriangular, wider than long, frontoclypeus with lateral margins continuing contour of suprantennal ledges ( Fig. 7I View FIGURE 7 ); in dorsal view, posterolateral area of pronotum enlarged, extended beyond humeral angles ( Fig. 10 View FIGURE 10 ); humeral angles triangular, not projected laterally; forewing with s crossvein absent ( Fig. 11 View FIGURE 11 )........................... Cyphotes View in CoL

- Head in anterior view subrectangular, longer than wide, frontoclypeus abruptly extended beyond suprantennal ledges ( Fig. 7J View FIGURE 7 ); in dorsal view, posterolateral area of pronotum not extended beyond humeral angles ( Fig. 16 View FIGURE 16 ); humeral angles usually trilobate or, if triangular, well projected laterally ( Fig. 7I View FIGURE 7 ); forewing with s crossvein present ( Fig. 4A View FIGURE 4 )........ Allocyphotes gen. nov.