Synopsia Hübner, 1825

Wanke, Dominic, Hausmann, Axel, Sihvonen, Pasi, Krogmann, Lars & Rajaei, Hossein, 2020, Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Synopsia Hübner, 1825 in the Middle East (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae), Zootaxa 4885 (1), pp. 27-50 : 29-32

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4885.1.2
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3BFEB64C-FEA7-445F-AB3B-DFB3AECF9543
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4328364
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB942B-5A2D-FFFD-FF3A-FD6BFD9AFD94
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Synopsia Hübner, 1825
status

Treatment

Synopsia Hübner, 1825 View in CoL

Type species: Geometra sociaria Hübner, 1799 View in CoL [Europe].

Synopsia Hübner, [1825] 1816 . Verzeichnis bekannter Schmetterlinge, 317.

Synopsidia Djakonov, 1935 . Lambillionea 35, 147. Type species: Synopsia znojkoi Djakonov, 1935 . Herewith regarded as new synonym of Synopsia based on morphological examination (see below).

Taxonomic remark. Synopsidia has been described as subgenus of Synopsia referring to the absence of a proboscis (which is also rudimentarily developed in Synopsia (see figs 1 View FIGURE 1 A–D)), a simplified wing pattern, a blunter and broader uncus, as well as a smaller number of cornuti on the vesica ( Djakonov 1935). Also, within the diagnosis of Synopsidia (see Djakonov 1935), all characters and similarities with Synopsia were stated (e.g., the congruent wing venation ( fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ) and details of the genitalia structures). Later, Synopsidia was raised to genus rank referring only to the absence of the proboscis ( Brandt 1938, Wehrli 1954). Our investigation supports the view that Synopsidia needs to be regarded as a new synonym of Synopsia based on similar morphology (see diagnosis).

Description and diagnosis. Wings and body. Medium-sized moths (wingspan between 26–44 mm). Antennae bipectinate in males, filiform or bipectinate in females (if bipectinate, length of branches from 0.1 mm to 0.48 mm) ( figs 1–2 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURE 2 ). Proboscis reduced or represented by barely visible rudimentary slats ( Djakonov 1935) (see fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 A–D). Wings brown with light grey areas, bright beige or white to darker yellow with some brown spots (wings white with dark brown veins in Siona ; wings light yellow, strongly intermixed with brown in Hypoxystis ; varying combinations of yellow and orange in Angerona ; varying shades of brown in Phthonandria ; golden brown-yellow in Chariaspilates ) ( figs. 5–26 View FIGURES 5–26 ; see Skou & Sihvonen 2015, pages 487, 495, 499 & Müller et al. 2019, page 587). Frons, thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings. Chaetosemata developed as two small separate patches.

Venation ( figs 3–4 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 ). In the forewing Sc and R1 arising from a common stalk (similar condition in Hypoxystis , Angerona , Phthonandria and Chariaspilates ; Sc arising separately from the wing base and continuing to the costal margin of the wing, R1 free, originating from the cell in Siona ). In Synopsia R2 arising on a separate stalk; in its second half shortly anastomosing with common stalk of R3 and R4, (similar condition in Chariaspilates ; Phthonandria ; Angerona ; Hypoxystis ; R2 touching the common stalk of R3 and R4 without anastomosis in Siona ) ( fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ). R3–5 arising from a common stalk originating from the cell. R3–4 on common stalk distally of origin of R5. In the hindwing Sc+R1 fused, strongly curved in basal area, anastomosing with Rs and with vein M2 reduced.

Male genitalia ( figs 27–36 View FIGURES 27–29 View FIGURES 30–32 View FIGURES 33–35 View FIGURE 36 ; Skou & Sihvonen 2015, pages 529, 537, 543 & Müller et al. 2019, page 651). Uncus strongly sclerotized and slightly to strongly bifurcate, sometimes tip only concave in the centre (uncus absent in Siona ; short and stout in Hypoxystis ; as a shallow plate in Angerona ; small and bifid in Phthonandria ; tapering in Chariaspilates ). Gnathos strongly sclerotized, upturned, tongue-shaped, width of tongue differing (upturned and tapered in Siona ; plate-shaped in Hypoxystis ; upturned and tapered in Angerona ; large and upturned in Phthonandria ; as a large medial plate in Chariaspilates ). Costa of valva with projection at the centre (similar condition in Hypoxystis and Chariaspilates ; basal projection in Siona , Angerona and Phthonandria ).

Costal projection bearing one or more spines (only one spine in Siona ; spines absent in Hypoxystis ; spinose in Angerona ; bearing spines in Phthonandria and Chariaspilates ). Saccus wide and round, sometimes with extensions (without extensions in Siona , Hypoxystis , Angerona , Phthonandria and Chariaspilates ).

Aedeagus with several strongly sclerotized cornuti on the vesica (a small row in Siona ; small and dentate in Hypoxystis ; one cornutus in Angerona ; cornuti variable in number in Phthonandria ; patch of microcornuti in Chariaspilates ) ( fig. 36 View FIGURE 36 ).

Female genitalia ( figs 37–40 View FIGURES 37–40 ; Skou & Sihvonen 2015, pages 571, 579, 585; Müller et al. 2019, page 716). Ductus bursae sclerotized (short, laterally sclerotized in Siona ; membranous short and wide in Hypoxystis and Angerona ; short in Phthonandria and Chariaspilates ). Corpus bursae anteriorly membranous (anterior part membranous in Siona ; large and membranous in Hypoxystis and Phthonandria ; anteriorly elongated in Angerona ; anteriorly subtriangular in Chariaspilates ). Signum present, serrated (elongated, with dentate margins in Siona ; rectangular in Hypoxystis ; rectangular with hollow centre in Angerona ; oval with hollow centre in Phthonandria ; elongated with sclerotized margins in Chariaspilates ).