Hadruroides chinchaysuyu, Ochoa & Prendini, 2010

Ochoa, José A. & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2010, The Genus Hadruroides Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiones: Iuridae), in Peru: New Records and Descriptions of Six New Species, American Museum Novitates 2010 (3687), pp. 1-56 : 26-31

Hadruroides chinchaysuyu , n. sp.

Figures 2 , 4B , 6, 7A, C, 8, 9A–C, E–H; table 2

Hadruroides maculatus maculatus: Maury, 1975: 19 (part). Hadruroides maculatus: Francke, 1977: 75 (part).

TYPE MATERIAL: PERU: Tumbes Department: Tumbes Province: Holotype ♂, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ paratypes ( MHNC), 2 ♂ paratypes ( AMNH), San Juan de la Virgen , Brujas Bajas , near Cerro Blanco village (03 ° 39 ' S 80 ° 24 ' W, 35 m), 23.xi.2004, P. Castillo, J.C. Chaparro and J.A. Ochoa; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ paratypes ( AMNH), 1 ♂, 1 juv. ♀ paratypes ( MHNC), Campus Universitario, Universidad Nacional de Tumbes , 03 ° 35 ' 32 " S 80 ° 30 ' 14 " W, 8 m, 23.xi.2004, J.C. Chaparro and J.A. Ochoa.

ETYMOLOGY: The Inca Empire was divided into four administrative regions (suyu s): Chinchay (NW), Anti (NE), Qonti (SW), and Qolla (SE). The northwestern region, Chinchay Suyu, included large parts of modern Ecuador, central and northern Peru, and southern Colombia (Pasto). The specific name is a noun in apposition, taken from the Quechua Chinchay Suyu, and refers to the geographic distribution of this species in northern Peru.

DIAGNOSIS: This species appears to be most closely related to H. maculatus , with which it was previously confused. The two species are similar in the pigmentation pattern of the carapace, tergites, and pedipalps; pectinal tooth count; dimensions of the pedipalp chela; and curvature of the chela fixed finger of the adult male, which creates a proximal gap with the movable finger when the fingers are closed. The hemispermatophore is also similar in the two species ( fig. 9E, G ): the apex is acuminate, as observed also in H. geckoi , in which the lamina is more strongly curved distally ( fig. 13 ). Hadruroides chinchaysuyu and H. maculatus may be separated by means of the granulation of the carapace and the development of the ventral carinae of the metasomal segments and sternite VII. Hadruroides maculatus is in general more granular than H. chinchaysuyu . The carapace of the male H. maculatus is entirely coarsely granular, compared with H. chinchaysuyu , in which the anterior third is finely granular ( fig. 7A, B ). Four well-developed carinae are present on sternite VII in H. maculatus ( fig. 7D ), compared with H. chinchaysuyu , in which only the VL carinae are distinct, and the VSM obsolete ( fig. 7C ). The VSM carinae of metasomal segments I–III are also more strongly developed in H. maculatus than H. chinchaysuyu . The legs are densely granular in H. maculatus and sparsely granular in H. chinchaysuyu ( fig. 9A, D ). The pigmentation pattern provides other differences, e.g., H. chinchaysuyu displays a VM stripe on metasomal segments III–V fig. 9C ) which is present only on segment V in H. maculatus .

DESCRIPTION: Based on the holotype and paratypes. Measurements of the holotype ♂ and a paratype ♀ are recorded in table 2 .

Color: Base color yellowish with light brown spots on carapace and tergites; pedipalps, legs, and metasomal segments I–IV with light brown spots; metasomal segment V slightly darker; telson slightly orange. Carapace markedly pigmented, especially on lateral and posterior surfaces; anteromedian longitudinal sulcus with narrow stripe; ocular tubercle blackish. Tergites I–VI each with four spots, two small spots submedially in posterior half, two sublateral spots larger, irregular, with some depigmented areas extending from anterior to posterior margin; pretergites with two elongated spots of pigmentation sublaterally ( fig. 8I ); VII less pigmented, only some reticulation evident above carinae. Sternites III–VI depigmented; VII with very faint spots surrounding VL carinae and insertion of submedian setae. Metasomal segments I–IV, dorsal surfaces depigmented, weakly pigmented on DL carinae in some specimens; lateral surfaces: between LIM and VL carinae, slightly reticulate in posterior half of segments III and IV or depigmented on segments I–IV; ventral surfaces with two narrow stripes along VL carinae, more evident on segments III and IV, pigmentation becoming more intense anteriorly ( fig. 9C ); VM stripe complete or discontinuous on segments III and IV; some spots surround insertion of setae on ventral surfaces: in most specimens, segment I with 2+2 spots, II and III with 3+3, IV with 4+4, additional small spots evident in some specimens ( fig. 9C ); spots faint on segments I and II. Metasomal segment V, dorsal and lateral surfaces with markedly reticulate pigmentation in posterior third; ventral surface with three stripes along VL and VM carinae, pigmentation faint in some specimens, but always more pronounced than on segments III and IV; additionally with 12–16 extra spots, surrounding insertion of some setae; VM stripe complete or discontinuous. Telson with some spots on ventral surface. Chelicerae dorsolateral surfaces pigmented; movable fingers with small spot medially. Pigmentation of pedipalps generally less developed than on carapace and tergites. Femur pigmented along DI and DE carinae; internal and external surfaces spotted; other surfaces depigmented. Patella dorsal surface with some spots surrounding insertion of setae; external surface with longitudinal stripe. Chela with three or four longitudinal stripes of pigmentation in place of carinae; additionally with irregular spots surrounding insertion of some setae. Legs with some spots on prolateral surfaces.

Chelicerae: Typical of genus; surfaces smooth; dorsal surface with two macrosetae situated near base of fingers.

Carapace: Anterior margin with weak median projection and 8–9 macrosetae; surfaces mostly coarsely granular, except for anterior third, which is finely granular (♂) ( fig. 7A ) or smooth (♀); anteromedian longitudinal sulcus obsolete, with few granules along borders; posteromedian longitudinal and posterolateral sulci well developed; median ocular sulcus obsolete.

Pedipalps: Femur with VI, DI and DE carinae complete, granular, VE vestigial, VM comprising small granules in proximal half ( fig. 8G ); dorsal and internal surfaces with few granules medially; ventral surface smooth. Patella with DI and VI carinae complete ( fig. 8H ); DPP and VPP comprising prominent spiniform granule and additional subspiniform granules; other surfaces smooth. Chela acarinate ( figs. 8C, E , 9B ); fingers relatively elongated; fixed finger straight (♀) or curved, creating distinct proximal gap with movable finger when fingers are closed (♂); movable finger, median denticle row comprising six subrows, two or four internal and external accessory denticles flanking subrows I and II (proximal) , one or two internal and external accessory denticles flanking subrows III and IV, and one or two internal accessory denticles flanking subrows V and VI.

Trichobothrial pattern: Typical of genus; femur with three trichobothria, patella with 20, chela with 26; chelal trichobothrium eb situated slightly distal to proximal gap between fixed and movable fingers ( fig. 8C ).

Legs: Prolateral surfaces granular; retrolateral surfaces smooth. Leg III, femur tetracarinate, DE, DI, VI, and EM carinae present; patella, DM carinae present in proximal half of segment, DI in distal half, IM, DE, VI and EM complete ( fig. 9A ). Telotarsus with 7–12 ventromedian spinule clusters (setaceous tufts).

Tergites: Pretergites granular. Post-tergites I–VI, anterior and median surfaces finely granular, posterior and lateral surfaces more coarsely granular; VII coarsely granular, with four well-developed longitudinal carinae.

Sternum: Subpentagonal; surface with six macrosetae; posterolateral surfaces granular along borders; median sulcus well developed.

Pectines: Pectinal tooth count: 17–20 (♂), 16 (♀).

Sternites: Sternites III – VI, surfaces finely granular (♂) or smooth (♀); spiracles small, situated in posterior half of segment; VII, VL carinae well developed, VSM carinae obsolete, comprising small, sparse granules or absent ( fig. 7C ) .

Metasoma: Segments I–IV, dorsal surfaces with scattered granules; DL and ML carinae complete; LIM carinae complete on I and II, present in posterior half of III and posterior third of IV, comprising sparse granules on these segments; surfaces between DL, ML, and LIM carinae with scattered granules on segments I and II, smooth (most specimens) or finely and sparsely granular on III and IV; VL carinae complete on I–IV; VSM carinae obsolete, comprising few granules on I ( fig. 7C ) and II, obsolete or absent on III, absent on IV. Segment V densely granular ( fig. 8A, D, F ); DL carinae complete, comprising numerous granules along edge and adjacent dorsal and lateral surfaces; lateral surface granular, especially near VL edge, more so in ♂; VL and VM carinae well developed, granules increasing in size posteriorly; ventral surface densely granular throughout ( fig. 8F ). Segment I with two pairs of ventral setae; II and III with three pairs; IV with five pairs and additional setae along posteromedian margin; V with 13–18 ventral setae and 5–6 additional setae along posterior margin.

Telson: Vesicle, surfaces sparsely setose; with scattered granulation ventrally (♀) or few granules in anterior third (♂) ( fig. 8B, D ).

Hemispermatophore: Distal lamina slightly inclined to ventral border, apex acuminate; crest less than half lamina length ( fig. 9E–H ).

Variation: Total length: ♂, 37.9–41.1 (mean = 39.1, n = 6); ♀, 36.7–40.3 (n = 2). Pedipalp chela, length:width ratio: ♂, 3.66–4.02 (mean = 3.83, n = 6); ♀, 4.0–4.18 (mean = 4.09, n = 2); length:height ratio: ♂, 3.33–3.52 (mean = 3.45, n = 6); ♀, 3.78–3.80 (mean = 3.79, n = 2). Pedipalp femur, length:width ratio: ♂, 3.23–3.46 (mean = 3.37, n = 6); ♀, 3.07–3.21 (mean = 3.14, n = 2). Pectinal tooth count: ♂ (n = 12), 17 (n = 1), 18 (5), 19 (4), 20 (2); ♀ (n = 6), 16 (6). Metasomal segment V, length:width ratio: ♂, 1.97–2.14 (mean = 2.05, n = 6) ; ♀, 1.87–1.92 (mean = 1.89, n = 2); length:height ratio: ♂, 2.19–2.24 (mean = 2.22, n = 6); ♀, 1.92–2.15 (mean = 2.04, n = 2); number of setae: dorsolateral (n = 16): 5 (n = 5), 6 (8), 7 (2), 8 (1); lateral (n = 18): 4 (1), 5 (8), 6 (6), 7 (3); ventrolateral (n = 18): 6 (2), 7 (1), 8 (13), 9 (1), 10 (1); ventral (n = 9): 13 (2), 14 (1), 15 (1), 16 (2), 17 (2), 18 (1). Telson, length:height ratio: ♂, 3.13–3.45 (mean = 3.29, n = 6); ♀, 3.25–3.28 (mean 3.27, n = 2). Telotarsus, number of ventromedian spinule clusters (setaceous tufts): III (n = 17) , 7 (n = 1), 8 (7), 9 (5), 10 (4); IV (n = 18) , 9 (1), 10 (9), 11 (7), 12 (1).

DISTRIBUTION: This species is known only from two localities at elevations between 8 and 35 m in the Tumbes Department of northern Peru (fig. 2). The known locality records occur in the equatorial dry forest ecoregion ( Brack, 1986) .

ECOLOGY: Some specimens were collected under stones and fallen tree trunks, whereas others were collected at night with UV light detection in dry forest and open areas.

NOTES: According to Thorell’s (1876) description, H. maculatus may be distinguished from H. lunatus by the presence of four carinae (VL and VSM carinae) on sternite VII and VSM carinae on metasomal segmens I–III. Although only two species of Hadruroides were known at the time of Thorell’s (1876) description, we currently recognize 16 valid species in the genus, and these characters occur in several of them. Maury (1975) studied specimens from Ecuador and northern Peru that possess VSM and VL carinae on sternite VII, as well as other characters mentioned by Thorell (1876), and considered these specimens to be conspecific with H. maculatus . Maury (1975) did not examine the holotype of H. maculatus , however, because it was lost. Callao (Lima), the type locality of H. maculatus , is evidently erroneous, because H. aguilari and H. lunatus , the only two Hadruroides recorded from Lima and surrounding areas, do not possess carinae on sternite VII and the ventral surfaces of metasomal segments I–III. Maury (1975) based his redescription of H. maculatus on a male from Machalillo ( Ecuador) and a female from Guayaquil ( Ecuador), and listed additional material of H. maculatus from the Piura and Tumbes departments of northern Peru. We agree in part with Maury’s (1975) assessment, but do not consider the specimens from the Piura and Tumbes departments to be conspecific with those from Ecuador. In our opinion, H. maculatus is endemic to Ecuador. The specimens from Tumbes, and perhaps also those from Piura, are referable to H. chinchaysuyu .

Figures

Fig. 2. Map of Peru, plotting known locality records of Hadruroides Pocock, 1893. Hadruroides carinatus Pocock, 1900, open circles. Hadruroides charcasus (Karsch, 1879), solid squares. Hadruroides chinchaysuyu, n. sp., diamonds. Hadruroides juanchaparroi, n. sp., solid circles. Hadruroides lunatus (L. Koch, 1867), open squares. Hadruroides mauryi Francke and Soleglad, 1980, open triangles. Undetermined Hadruroides species, stars.

Fig. 4. Hadruroides Pocock, 1893, habitus in life. A. Hadruroides carinatus Pocock, 1900, ♂. B. Hadruroides chinchaysuyu, n. sp., ♀. C. Hadruroides geckoi, n. sp., ♂. D. Hadruroides graceae, n. sp., ♂. E. Hadruroides charcasus (Karsch, 1879), ♂.

Fig. 9. Hadruroides Pocock, 1893, diagnostic characters. A–C. Hadruroides chinchaysuyu, n. sp. A. Paratype ♂ (MHNC), leg III, dextral patella, dorsal aspect. B. Paratype ♀ (MHNC), dextral pedipalp chela, external aspect. C. Paratype ♂ (MHNC), metasomal segments III–V, ventral aspect showing pigmentation pattern. D. Hadruroides maculatus (Thorell, 1876), ♂ (MHNC), leg III, dextral patella, dorsal aspect. E–H. H. chinchaysuyu, holotype ♂ (MHNC), sinistral hemispermatophore. E. Ental aspect. F. Dorsal aspect. G. Ectal aspect. H. Ventral aspect. Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 13. Hadruroides geckoi, n. sp., paratype ♂ (MHNC), sinistral hemispermatophore. A. Ental aspect. B. Dorsal aspect. C. Ectal aspect. D. Ventral aspect. Scale bar 5 0.5 mm.

Fig. 7. Hadruroides Pocock, 1893, diagnostic characters. A, C. Hadruroides chinchaysuyu, n. sp., paratype ♂ (MHNC). B, D. Hadruroides maculatus (Thorell, 1876), ♂ (MHNC). A, B. Carapace. C, D. Sternite VII and metasomal segment I, ventral aspect. Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Fig. 8. Hadruroides chinchaysuyu, n. sp., diagnostic characters. A, B. Paratype ♀ (MHNC). A. Metasomal segment V, lateral aspect. B. Telson, lateral aspect. C–I. Paratype ♂ (MHNC). C. Dextral pedipalp chela, external aspect. D. Metasomal segments IV, V and telson, lateral aspect. E. Dextral pedipalp chela, ventral aspect. F. Metasomal segment IV, ventral aspect. G. Dextral pedipalp femur, dorsal aspect. H. Dextral pedipalp patella, dorsal aspect. I. Tergite V, dorsal aspect showing pigmentation pattern. Scale bars 5 1 mm.

Tables

TABLE 2 Selected measurements (mm) of type specimens of six new species of Hadruroides Pocock, 1893 Hadruroides chinchaysuyu, n. sp., Hadruroides geckoi, n. sp., Hadruroides graceae, n. sp., Hadruroides juanchaparroi, n. sp., Hadruroides tishqu, n. sp., and Hadruroides vichayitos, n. sp. Abbreviations: AMNH 5 American Museum of Natural History, New York; MHNC 5 Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Peru.

	H. chinchaysuyu		H. geckoi		H. graceae		H. juanchaparroi		H. tishqu		H. vichayitos
Specimen
type sex collection	Holotype ♂ MHNC	Paratype ♀ MHNC	Holotype ♂ MHNC	Paratype ♀ AMNH	Holotype ♂ MHNC	Paratype ♀ MHNC	Holotype ♂ MHNC	Paratype ♀ MHNC	Holotype ♂ MHNC	Paratype ♀ AMNH	Holotype ♂ MHNC	Paratype ♀ AMNH
Carapace
length anterior width posterior width	5.3 3.1 5.1	5.8 3.5 5.6	6.0 3.6 6.0	5.7 3.2 5.5	4.4 2.4 4.4	5.1 2.9 5.3	4.1 2.5 4.1	5.0 2.6 4.5	6.5 3.1 6.0	7.6 3.7 7.1	5.9 3.6 5.7	5.8 3.5 5.9
Chela
length width height movable finger length	7.5 2.1 2.2 4.6	7.6 1.9 2.0 4.7	10.4 2.4 2.7 6.5	8.4 1.8 2.1 5.4	6.1 1.2 1.3 4.2	6.3 1.4 1.4 4.4	6.5 1.8 2.0 4.1	6.8 1.9 2.0 4.1	10.1 3.1 3.4 6.1	11.2 3.3 3.7 7.1	8.9 2.4 2.6 5.6	7.9 1.8 2.0 5.2
Patella
length width	4.5 1.7	5.0 1.8	6.6 2.1	5.7 1.9	4.1 1.3	4.3 1.5	4.2 1.5	4.2 1.7	6.0 2.1	7.1 2.5	5.7 2.1	5.4 1.8
Femur
length width	4.2 1.2	4.3 1.4	5.4 1.6	4.6 1.4	3.4 1.1	3.7 1.2	3.5 1.1	3.6 1.2	5.6 1.8	6.1 1.8	4.9 1.5	4.4 1.3
Mesosoma
total length	9.4	10.7	11.3	9.8	7.9	9.1	8.2	9.1	11.5	15.0	9.7	10.1
Metasoma I
length width	2.2 3.1	2.3 3.7	2.5 3.5	2.0 3.3	1.7 2.8	1.9 3.2	1.6 2.4	1.9 2.8	2.6 3.6	3.6 4.0	2.5 3.5	2.4 3.5
Metasoma II
length width	2.3 2.9	2.6 3.3	3.3 3.3	2.7 3.0	2.1 2.6	2.3 2.9	2.1 2.3	2.0 2.6	3.4 3.3	4.2 3.6	3.0 3.3	2.9 3.3