Lucanus jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su

Qi, Zhi-Hao, He, Hao, Su, Rong-Xiang, Ai, Hong-Mu & Song, Hai-Tian, 2023, Revision of the Lucanus boileaui group and notes on. takeoi Adachi, 2020 from the. maculifemoratus group (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Lucaninae), Zootaxa 5263 (2), pp. 240-260 : 241-253

Lucanus jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species

(Chinese common name: MŦƜẄƜṈƤ)

Figs. 1A–B ; 2A–F ; 3A–D ; 4A, E–H; 5A–B; 6A–F ; 7A–E; 8A–D; 9A–X ; 10A–X ; 11B

Type locality. China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Jiaozishan National Nature Reserve.

Type material. Holotype: ♁ ( FAF), CHINA, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Dongchuan District, Hongtudi Town [IJ±ṂDz], Jiaozishan National Nature Reserve [MŦƜ国ẎṁbẍOiḞffl], 26°2'34.8''N, 102°55'47.9''E, alt. 2800–3000 m, 19.V.2022, Hao He leg. Paratypes: 2♁♁ (1♁ CZHQ, 1♁ CHH) , same data as holotype; 5♁♁ (2♁♁ JNNR, 1♁ CZHQ, 1♁ CRXS, 1♁ CHH), 1♀ ( FAF) , same data but 9.VI.2022 .

Description of the holotype. ♁ ( Fig. 1A–B ), body length 33.3 mm. Length of particular body parts: head (4.7 mm), mandible (7.4 mm), pronotum (5.7 mm), elytra (16.5 mm); width: head (8.4 mm), pronotum (9.4 mm), elytra (11.8 mm).

Habitus ( Fig. 1A–B ). Color mostly blackish, including mandibles, head, pronotum, scutellum, legs and ventral side; elytra dark brown. Whole body with a certain luster, densely tiny punctuated; dorsal surface of the body nearly smooth, without visible pubescence; ventral surface of thorax with yellow pubescence, pubescence on metasternum markedly longer than on other areas.

Head ( Fig. 2A ) transverse. Anterior ridge obsolete at lateral sides and not markedly raised at middle. Lateral ridges narrowed inwards in the front half and slightly protruded in posterior half, forming small rounded angles at lateral posterior corners. Canthus ( Fig. 2C ) thin, dividing about 1/3 of the eye. Clypeolabrum ( Fig. 2B ) subhexagonal, about 1.5 times as wide as long, fused with frons, indistinct defined by a transverse suture; anterior margin straight, lateral margins with a distinct protrusion forming a small obtuse angle. Mandible ( Fig. 2A ) about 1.6 times longer than head, evenly incurved, apical fork with upper tooth slightly longer and finer than lower one; major inner tooth slender, with rounded tip, placed at near half the mandible; major inner tooth preceded by 2–3 smaller teeth and not followed by any teeth. Antennal club with 4 antennomeres; antennomere 7 slender and sharply pointed apically; antennomeres 8–10 lamellate.

Pronotum transverse, 1.7 times wider than long, widest behind the middle. Anterior margin slightly protruding to the front at midline; anterior angle sharp and directed forwards. Lateral margins protrudent outwards widely. Posterior margin almost straight.

Scutellum near triangular, punctuated, 1.6 times wider than long.

Legs. Protibia ( Fig. 2D ) with 4–5 blunt teeth along outer margin, 1 spur at apex; apex bifurcate with branches blunt at tip. Mesotibia ( Fig. 2E ) with 1 small and 3 large lateral spines ever-greater from base to apex along outer margin in addition to terminal spines, 2 spurs at apex. Metatibia ( Fig. 2F ) with 1 small and 2 large lateral spines ever-greater from base to apex along the outer margin in addition to terminal spines, 2 spurs at apex.

Elytra elongate, almost smooth, 1.4 times longer than wide, the anterior margin of elytra wider than pronotum.

Male genitalia ( Figs. 3A–D ; 4A, E–H). Abdominal tergite 8 ( Fig. 3A ) with poorly-defined lateral angles, a crack from the base along the midline to half of tergite. Abdominal ventrite 8 ( Fig. 3B ) with a transverse indistinct membranous area in the middle of base, posterior margin completely sclerified with obvious black thickening weakly protruded at middle of posterior margin, the sides of ventrite dark. Ventral plate of the abdominal segment 9 ( Fig. 3C ) with a wide membranous stripe, slightly widened behind the apical base, then of the same width to the posterior side. Aedeagus ( Fig. 4A, E–H ) in dorsal view about 2.3 times longer than wide. Basal piece ( Fig. 4F ) triangular in dorsal view, nearly 1.6 times longer than parameres, without pair of sclerotized dorsal plates; ventral plate at apical end of basal piece membranous. Paramere with small basal process, apex of paramere upcurved. Penis short and wide, shorter and wider than paramere in ventral view. Flagellum rather long, about twice as long as aedeagus, apex of the flagellum ( Fig. 4H ) not enlarged.

Male paratypes. Body length 27.2–31.3 mm ( Figs. 8A–D ; 9A–X ; 10A–X ).

Variation. In small and medium sized males, number of inner teeth in mandible ( Fig. 9A, G, M, S ) only 1–2; the shape of clypeolabrum ( Fig. 9B, H, N, T ) variable, width/length ratio: 1.3–1.8; anterior ridge of head weakly elevated or not elevated at all. Protibia ( Fig. 9D, J, P, V ) with 2–5 teeth along outer margin; mesotibia ( Fig. 9E, K, Q, W ) with 2–3 lateral spines along outer margin; metatibia ( Fig. 9F, L, R, X ) with 1–2 lateral spines along outer margin. Variation of male genitalia see Fig. 10 .

Female paratype. Eclosion defects may exist ( Fig. 5A–B ). Body length 24.8 mm. Length of particular body parts: head (3.6 mm), mandible (2.7 mm), pronotum (5.0 mm), elytra (14.8 mm); width: head (5.9 mm), pronotum (9.0 mm), elytra (10.5 mm).

Habitus ( Fig. 5A–B ). Color mostly blackish, including dorsal side blackish; ventral side blackish with gula, procoxa, mesocoxa, prosternal and mesosternal process red brown. Whole body with a certain luster, densely punctuated,; dorsal surface of the body nearly smooth, without visible pubescence; ventral surface of thorax clad with yellow pubescence, pubescence on metasternum markedly longer than on other areas.

Head ( Fig. 6A ) covered with dense large punctures. Canthus ( Fig. 6C ) with anterior and posterior angles not defined and inside of eye; lateral margin short and straight, dividing about 1/4 of the eye. Anterior and lateral ridges absent. Clypeolabrum ( Fig. 6B ) transverse, trapezoidal, narrower at front and flat at apex, not protruding medially. Both mandibles without dorsal tooth, right mandible with a big and broad inner tooth, inner tooth of left mandible with broad and projecting inner ridge. Antennal club with 4 antennomeres; antennomere 7 slender and sharply pointed apically; antennomeres 8–10 lamellate.

Pronotum ( Fig. 6A ) transverse, 1.8 times wider than long, widest at the middle; anterior margin slightly concave at midline; anterior angles rounded; lateral angles clearly defined and obtuse; posterior angles obtuse. Pronotum with a longitudinal depression along midline (maybe due to eclosion defects).

Scutellum rounded, punctate, 1.6 times wider than long.

Legs. Protibia ( Fig. 6D ) with 2–3 distinct teeth ever-greater from base to apex along outer margin, apex bifurcate with branches relatively apart, broad and blunt, 1 spur at apex. Mesotibia ( Fig. 6E ) with a large lateral spine preceded by a much smaller one along outer margin in addition to terminal spines, 2 spurs at apex. Metatibia ( Fig. 6F ) with 1 small lateral spine in addition to terminal spines, 2 spurs at apex.

Elytra elongate, almost smooth, 1.4 times longer than wide, the anterior margin of elytra wider than pronotum.

Female genitalia ( Fig. 7A–E ). Abdominal tergite 8 ( Fig. 7A ) without lateral angles. Abdominal ventrite 8 ( Fig. 7B ) with a membranous area in the middle and a emarginate at middle of posterior margin. Hemisternite ( Fig. 7D ) broadly rounded apically, with inner lateral margin of sclerotized part short. Spermatheca ( Fig. 7E ) J-shaped, weakly sclerotized at apex only. Spermathecal duct ( Fig. 7C ) short, almost the same length as spermatheca. Spermathecal gland ( Fig. 7E ) oval, significantly shorter than spermatheca.

Differential diagnosis. The new species is close to Lucanus ludivinae , but can be clearly distinguished by a combination of external and genital characters (see keys). L. boileaui belongs to the same species-group, but differs greatly from L. jiaozishanus new species in external characters (see keys). Four moderately sized species ( L. takeoi Adachi, 2020 from Sichuan, L. kanoi Kurosawa, 1966 , L. kurosawai Sakaino, 1995 and L. ogakii Imanishi, 1990 all from Taiwan) of the L. maculifemoratus group are similar in external characters to the new species, but can be distinguished by genital characters and have different distribution ranges. The male genitalia of L. jiaozishanus new species have a rather long flagellum ( Fig. 4A ), nearly twice as long as aedeagus, the apex of the flagellum not enlarged ( Fig. 4H ), and not a short flagellum ( Fig. 4C ), usually as long as aedeagus, and its apex enlarged ( Fig. 4P ) like the four quoted species. The female genitalia of L. jiaozishanus new species show a completely not sclerotized spermathecal duct ( Fig. 7C ) and a mostly not sclerotized spermatheca ( Fig. 7E ), weakly sclerotized at apex only, and not a more or less sclerotized spermathecal duct ( Fig. 7H ) and a completely sclerotized spermatheca ( Fig. 7J ) as the four quoted species.

Etymology. This new species is named after the type locality.

Distribution. China (Yunnan).

Remarks. This species should be assigned to the Lucanus boileaui group (sensu Huang & Chen 2010). All specimens of L. jiaozishanus new species were collected from nightfall to night (from 7 p. m. to 10 p. m.), in the forests of Jiaozishan National Nature Reserve at an altitude of about 2900 m ( Fig. 11A ). The adults were found on the trunk of Abies georgei (Pinaceae) or on the ground, but no feeding behavior was observed, and the true host plant remains to be found. In addition, no specimens of new taxon were attracted by the light traps at night, which means that the phototaxis of this species may be weak.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Male habitus of Lucanus species. A–B, L. jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species (33.3 mm, holotype, large sized, Kunming, Yunnan); C–D, L. ludivinae Boucher, 1998 (31.3 mm, medium sized, Gongshan, Yunnan); E–F, L. takeoi Adachi, 2020 (29.2 mm, small sized, Huidong, Sichuan); G–H, L. boileaui Planet, 1897 (41.9 mm, small sized, Mabian, Sichuan). A, C, E, G, dorsal view; B, D, F, H, ventral view. Scale bar = 10.0 mm.

FIGURE 2. Male head (A, G, M, S), clypeolabrum (B, H, N, T), canthus (C, I, O, U) and tibia (D–F, J–L, P–R, V–X) of Lucanus species in dorsal view. A–F, L. jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species (holotype, Kunming, Yunnan); G–L, L. ludivinae Boucher, 1998 (Gongshan, Yunnan); M–R, L. takeoi Adachi, 2020 (Huidong, Sichuan); S–X, L. boileaui Planet, 1897 (Mabian, Sichuan). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 3. Male abdominal tergite 8 (A, E, I, M), abdominal ventrite 8 (B, F, J, N) and abdominal segment 9 (C–D, G–H, K–L, O–P) of Lucanus species. A–D, L. jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species (holotype, Kunming, Yunnan); E–H, L. ludivinae Boucher, 1998 (Gongshan, Yunnan); I–L, L. takeoi Adachi, 2020 (Huidong, Sichuan); M–P, L. boileaui Planet, 1897 (Mabian, Sichuan). A, D, E, H, I, L, M, P, dorsal view; B–C, F–G, J–K, N–O, ventral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 4. Aedeagus of Lucanus species (H, L, P, T, apex of flagellum). A, E–H, L. jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species (holotype, Kunming, Yunnan); B, I–L, L. ludivinae Boucher, 1998 (Gongshan, Yunnan); C, M–P, L. takeoi Adachi, 2020 (Huidong, Sichuan); D, Q–T, L. boileaui Planet, 1897 (Mabian, Sichuan). F, J, N, R, dorsal view; A–D, E, I, M, Q, ventral view; G, K, O, S, lateral view. Scale bar for H, L, P, T = 0.2 mm, for the others = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 5. Female habitus of Lucanus species. A–B, L. jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species (24.8 mm, paratype, Kunming, Yunnan); C–D, L. takeoi Adachi, 2020 (27.4 mm, Huidong, Sichuan); E–F, L. boileaui Planet, 1897 (35.0 mm, Mabian, Sichuan). A, C, E, dorsal view; B, D, F, ventral view. Scale bar = 10.0 mm.

FIGURE 6. Female head (A, G, I, O), clypeolabrum (B, J, P), canthus (C, H, K, Q) and tibia (D–F, L–N, R–T) of Lucanus species in dorsal view. A–F, L. jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species (paratype, Kunming, Yunnan); G–H (refer to p. 22 in Huang & Chen, 2017; Gongshan, Yunnan); I–N, L. takeoi Adachi, 2020 (Huidong, Sichuan); O–T, L. boileaui Planet, 1897 (Mabian, Sichuan). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 7. Female abdominal tergite 8 (A, F, K), abdominal ventrite 8 (B, G, L) and genitalia (C, H, M) including details of hemisternite (D, I, N), spermatheca and spermathecal gland (E, J, O) of Lucanus species. A–E, L. jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species (paratype, Kunming, Yunnan); F–J, L. takeoi Adachi, 2020 (Huidong, Sichuan); K–O, L. boileaui Planet, 1897 (Mabian, Sichuan). A, F, K, dorsal view; B–E, G–J, L–O, ventral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 8. Variation of male habitus of Lucanus jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species (27.3–31.0 mm, paratypes, Kunming, Yunnan) in dorsal view. A, small sized; B–D, medium sized. Scale bar = 10.0 mm.

FIGURE 9. Variation of male head (A, G, M, S), clypeolabrum (B, H, N, T), canthus (C, I, O, U) and tibia (D–F, J–L, P–R, V–X) of Lucanus jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species (paratypes, Kunming, Yunnan) in dorsal view. A–F, small sized; G–X, medium sized. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 10. Male abdominal tergite 8 (A, I, Q), abdominal ventrite 8 (B, J, R), abdominal segment 9 (C–D, K–L, S–T) and aedeagus (E–H, M–P, U–X) of Lucanus jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species (paratypes, Kunming, Yunnan). A, D, G, I, L, O, Q, T, W, dorsal view; B–C, E–F, J–K, M–N, R–S, U–V, ventral view; H, P, X, lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 11. Natural habitat and living individual of Lucanus jiaozishanus Qi, He, Su & Song, new species. A, natural habitat in Jiaozishan National Nature Reserve, Kunming, Yunnan, alt. 2900 m; B, living individual (holotype) in dorsal view.