Arachosia cubana (Banks), 2003

RAMÍREZ, MARTÍN J., 2003, The Spider Subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Araneae, Anyphaenidae): A Phylogenetic Revision At The Generic Level, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2003 (277), pp. 1-262 : 142-168

Arachosia cubana (Banks) ,

new combination

Oxysoma cubana Banks, 1909b: 157 (male holotype from Cuba, La Habana, in MCZ, examined). Bryant, 1940: 435. Kaston, 1948: 405. Buchkovich, 1995: 13. Platnick , 1974: 260. Oxysoma cubanum : Platnick , 1993: 596 (emendation of O. cubana Banks ).

Gayennina britcheri Gertsch, 1935: 21 (female holotype from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in AMNH, examined). Kaston, 1948: 405. Synonymized by Barnes, 1953: 18.

NOTE: The North American specimens in AMNH are very similar to Arachosia bergi as provisionally identified here, differing by the wide, V­shaped epigynal median field, and by the larger paramedian apophysis and prolateral projection on the secondary conductor ( Platnick , 1974: figs. 105–109). However, there are many intermediate or slightly different forms, some of them sympatric. In South America, specimens similar to the Cuban and North American forms were found in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru, and in Argentina , from Salta and Tucumán provinces, to Neuquén and the coast of Chubut. Anyphaena oblonga Keyserling, 1878 has an epigyne very similar to that of North American Oxysoma cubana , and hence that name may turn out to be a senior synonym.

DESCRIPTION: See Platnick (1974).

SANOGASTA MELLO­ LEITÃO Table 22

Sanogasta Mello­Leitão, 1941a: 177 (type species by original designation Sanogasta intermedia Mello­Leitão, 1941 ). Transferred from the Corinnidae by Ramírez, 1995a: 381, 1997: 178.

NOTE: Sanogasta corresponds broadly with the concept that Simon and Tullgren had of Gayenna and Tomopisthes ( Ramírez and Kochalka, 1993) . In this analysis Sanogasta is paraphyletic in terms of Arachosia , because of the placement of S. pehuenche . Because there are many additional species of Sanogasta and Arachosia not included here, it seems premature to create a new genus only for S. pehuenche , which is instead provisionally placed in Sanogasta .

DIAGNOSIS: Sanogasta resembles Arachosia in having a slender paramedian apophysis associated with the median apophysis (figs. 78C, 82A), but it can be distinguished by lacking thick setae on the anterior lateral spinnerets.

DESCRIPTION: Carapace narrowed in front, posterior eye row slightly procurved or straight. Chelicerae with three teeth on promargin (except S. x­signata , with four), two on retromargin. Males usually with smaller chelicerae, carapace narrower in front and wider behind. Tracheal spiracle closer to spinnerets than to epigastrium. Male copulatory organ with thin embolus bearing small, acute basal process. Median apophysis small, slender, associated with paramedian, very short in S. maculatipes and closest relatives (clade 167). Paramedian apophysis with membranous area dividing part or all of its base, tip slender. Primary conductor absent. Secondary conductor not fused to anterior dorsal margin of tegulum, with deep, long canal arising at base of paramedian apophysis (except S. pehuenche and S. approximata , with canal reduced and secondary conductor fused to tegulum); retrolateral portion with basal prong of variable shape. Epigyne with insertions of epigastric muscles depressed (except S. pehuenche , S. x­signata , and S. tenuis ). Copulatory openings in deep depressions on epigastric fold, ducts of accessory bulbs very short.

DISTRIBUTION: South America.

COMPOSITION: In addition to the species de­

TABLE 22 Synapomorphies of Sanogasta and Internal Clades tailed below: Gayenna bonariensis Mello­Leitão, 1940 (female holotype in MLP 14400, examined, new combination); Gayenna paucilineata Mello­Leitão, 1945 (male immature holotype in MLP 16.590, examined, new combination); Gayenna rufithorax Tullgren, 1902 (male holotype in NRS, examined, new combination). Several probable undescribed species very similar to S. maculosa , S. maculatipes , S. minuta , and S. backhauseni , some of which may be intraspecific variants instead.

NOMINA DUBIA: Anyphaena pampa, Holmberg 1881: 145 (female holotype from Argentina, Buenos Aires province, near Sierra de La Ventana, lost). The body pattern and the simple sketch of the epigyne illustrated by Holmberg (1881: fig. 7a, b) are reminiscent of Monapia fierro or M. carolina , but the three pairs of ventral spines on tibia I differ from the four to six pairs found in those species. Clubiona gemella Nicolet, 1849 (several immatures syntypes from Chile, no specific locality, in MHNP 4238, examined, similar to Sanogasta maculosa ).

Sanogasta maculatipes (Keyserling) , new combination

Figures 61B , 76A , 77E , 78A, B, D, E , 79A , 80A–C , 81D, E

Anyphaena maculatipes Keyserling, 1878: 603 (female holotype from Uruguay, in BMNH, examined; also an immature Josa in the same vial, see Note below).

Anyphaena argentina Holmberg, 1881: 141 (no type designated, described from two females and one immature female from Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana and Rio Colorado, all lost). Synonymized by Mello­Leitão, 1933: 55.

Gayenna maculatipes : Keyserling, 1891: 141. F.O.P.­ Cambridge, 1899: 18. Tullgren, 1905: 44. Mello­Leitão, 1925: 456. Berland, 1934: 168.

Gayenna argentina : Simon, 1897a: 91.

Sanogasta intermedia Mello­Leitão, 1941a: 177 (female holotype from Argentina, La Rioja province, Sañogasta, II.1939 , M. Birabén, in MLP 14948, examined; a female without locality, in collection Birabén, labeled ‘‘ Sanogasta intermedia /Tipi’’ in MLP, examined, may be a paratype). Ramírez, 1995a: 366. NEW SYNONY­ MY.

SYNONYMY: The holotypes of the species here synonymized were compared; no relevant differences were found.

NOTES: The immature specimen of Josa sp. along with the type of A. maculatipes most probably come from another locality, because there are no records of similar Josa species from Uruguay or nearby localities. The limits between S. maculatipes and S. alticola are problematic and are only provisionally accounted here. I have seen several intermediate forms of male and female genitalia, as well as diverging forms, differing slightly from both species as limited here. The problem of intermediates is less acute for S. mandibularis , but should be also considered in a future revision.

DIAGNOSIS: Provisionally distinguished from the very similar S. alticola by having a less advanced epigynal anterior pouch. Typical males also have a shorter paramedian apophysis.

FEMALE (Montevideo, Arroyo Carrasco): Total length 6.00. Carapace length 2.30, width 1.73, wider on legs II–III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.50/1.33; II, 1.50/1.33; III, 1.23/1.33; IV, 1.70/1.97. Palpal tarsus length 0.73. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum length 1.20, width 0.97. Spines: leg I, femur d 1–1–1, 2ap; tibia v 2– 2–2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1–1–1, p d1ap; tibia v r1–2–2 or 2–2–2, p 0–1; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1–0. III, femur d 1–1–1, p and r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1–2–2, p 1­ 0­ 1­ 0 or 0­ d1­ 1­ 0, r d1–1 or 0–1, d r1–0­ (1 bristle)­ 0; metatarsus v 2­ p1–2 or 2–0–2, p and r d1–1–1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur, patella = III; tibia v p1–2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, d r1– 0­ (1 bristle)­ 0; metatarsus v 2–2–2, p and r d1–1–1, d 0­ p1–2. Abdomen length 3.15, width 1.60, spiracle–epigastrium 1.03, spiracle–spinnerets 0.77. Color: pale grayish, with grayish brown dorsal pattern. Sternum with gray spot in front of coxae I–III, small posterior spot. Epigyne (figs. 78D, E, 80A– C): opening of anterior pouch facing backward.

MALE (Montevideo, Arroyo Carrasco): Total length 5.30. Carapace length 2.40, width 1.83. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.67/2.60; II, 2.50/2.67; III, 1.83/1.87; IV, 2.27/2.63. Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of female. Sternum length 1.30, width 1.10. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia p 1­ 0­ 1­ 0 or 0. II, femur p 0­ d1­ d1; tibia v 2–2– 2, p 1­ 0­ 1­ 0. III, femur p 0­ d1­ d1; tibia v 2– 2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0; metatarsus v 2–0–2. IV, tibia = III. Abdomen length 3.00, width 1.90, spiracle–epigastrium 1.03, spiracle– spinnerets 0.83. Color as in female (figs. 76A, 77E). Palp (figs. 78A, B, 81D, E): tibia width/length 0.56, cymbium relatively large. Embolus thin, basal process small, acute (fig. 78A). Median apophysis vestigial, short. Paramedian apophysis long, thin, base membranous. Secondary conductor large, not fused to anterior margin of tegulum (fig. 78B), with conspicuous canal arising at base of paramedian apophysis; retrolateral portion with basal triangular prong. Anterior margin

F, G. Sanogasta backhauseni (Simon) . F. Female holotype. G. Male allotype. Scale bars = 1 mm.

of tegulum compressed over base of secondary conductor.

DEVELOPMENT: The development of the epigyne is similar to that of other Amaurobioidinae (see Tomopisthes horrendus ). The primordium in penultimate females (fig. 79A) has traces of anterior pouch, of depressions of copulatory openings, and (presumably) of spermathecae.

NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds retreats on foliage, grasses, and occasionally on ‘‘serruchetas’’ ( Eryngium spp. ) and under bark.

DISTRIBUTION: Peru, northern Chile, Bolivia, southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Also found in Eastern Island ( Baert et al., 1997), where it was most probably introduced by human activity.

VARIABILITY: Specimens with four teeth on cheliceral promargin, or three on retromargin, are extremely rare. Most females lack the prolateral spine on metatarsus II.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Apurimac: 37 km S Andahuaylas , 6.III.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 13 4♀ ( CAS) ; 47 km N Andahuaylas, 7.III.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 2♀ ( CAS). Arequipa: 100 km NE Arequipa , 4500 m, 14.X.1983, E. Maury, 4♀ ( MACN­Ar), A. Roig, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; 150 km W Arequipa , 14.X.1983, A. Roig, 7♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; 170 km NE Arequipa , 4300 m, 15.X.1983, E. Maury, 4♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; San Ignacio, Cailloma , 1.IX.1939, K. Schmidt, 13 1♀ ( AMNH). Puno: 15 km W Mañazo, 4100 m, 15.X.1983, A. Roig, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Localities Not Found : Masocruz , 3800 m, 17.XII.1955, L. Peña, 6♀ ( IRSN IG 20275 ) ; Perú, no specific locality, L. Peña, 2♀ (IG 20651). BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: Colomi , 21.X.1983, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; E of Cumbre Pass, Coroico Road , 17.VII.1960, B. Malkin, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; road to Illimani , 3700–4000 m, 25.XII.1975, L. Peña ( AMNH) ; Tunari, nr. 1 and 2, lake, 4100 –4200 m, 10.X.1953, Forster and Schlinger, 3♀ ( AMNH). La Paz: carretera La Paz­Sorata, 1400 m, 25.IV.1972, Bordon, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; La Cumbre , 4800 m, 20.IX.1988, V. and B. Roth, 1♀ ( CAS) ; La Paz, suelo, 4550 m, VIII.1993, A. Brescovit, 3♀ ( MACN­Ar, thanks to A. Brescovit) ; 65 km NE La Paz, Altiplano, nr. Juana de Potosí Mt. , 14,500 ft, under flat rock, 10.II.1959, R. Walsh, 2♀ ( AMNH) ; Tiahuanaco, 10 – 13.VI.1960, B. Malkin, 2♀ ( AMNH). Locality Not Found: Chacaltaya , 4700 m, from small field, 24 –25.IV.1954, Forster and Schlinger, 1♀ ( AMNH). BRASIL: Santa Catarina: Curitibanos, Est. Campos Novos , 12.V.1967, P. Biasi, 1♀ ( MZUSP 7032 ). Rio Grande do Sul: Santa Vitória do Palmar , Estação Ecológica do Taim , 12.IX.1991, A. Lise, 13 1♀ ( MCTP 0993 ). URUGUAY: Departamento Minas: Lavalleja, Cerro Penitente, under stones, 10.XII.1967, P.R. San Martín , 1♀ ( MCZ). Departamento Rocha: Arroyo Sarandí del Consejo , ruta 9 km 251, 18.V.1993, M. Ramírez and F. Pérez Miles, 23 ( MACN­Ar) ; Laguna de Castillos, 19.V.1993, M. Ramírez and F. Pérez­Miles, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Departamento Maldonado: Punta Ballenas, 29–30.VIII.1980, P. Goloboff, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Departamento Montevideo: Montevideo, calle Durazno y Acevedo, VI.1964, R. Capocasale and L. Bruno, 13 1♀ ( CAS) ; Montevideo, Arroyo Carrasco , 20.VIII.1961, R. Capocasale and L. Bruno, 13 6♀ ( CAS) ; Montevideo, no date, no collector, 1♀ ( MNRJ 14129 ). ARGENTINA: Jujuy: Cachinoca , I.1966, E. Maury, 2♀ ( MACN­Ar 1034 ) ; Humahuaca , 20–21.I.1985, E. Maury, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Fraile Pintado , X.1967, E. Maury, 2♀ ( MACN­Ar 6033 ) ; Laguna de Yala , I.1966, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Mina El Aguilar, Tres Cruces , 16.I.1942, M. Birabén and Scott, 1♀ ( MLP) ; Tilcara, II.1981, P. Goloboff, 13 ( MACN­Ar). Salta: Iruya , 29.XI.1981, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Laguna Brealito , 15 km W Seclantás, 29.I.1981, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Rosario de la Frontera , X.1986, O. Donado, 13 (MACNAr) ; San Bernardo, San Lorenzo, 25– 31.V.1933, J.B. Daguerre, 3♀ ( MACN­Ar). Misiones: Fracrán , 23.XI.1948, M. Birabén, 1♀ ( MLP) ; Santa María, XII.1947, J.M. Viana, 13 ( MACN­Ar). Tucumán: ruta 40 km 999, Quilmes, 9.I.1995, P.A. Goloboff, 13 ( IML). Catamarca: Capital , VII.1949, J.M. Viana, 4♀ ( MACN­Ar 2943 ) ; I.1946, Schaeffer, 2♀ ( MLP) ; El Rodeo , I.1957, M.E. Galiano, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar), 11.XII.1951, 1♀ ( MLP) ; Est. Grande , II.1946, M. Vignalli, 1♀ ( MLP) ; Quebrada La Cébila , 21.X.1963, M.E. Galiano, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Santa María, 18.XII.1994, C. Grismado, 13 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). La Rioja: Ascha , Aminogasta, 1947, Cáceres Freyre, 1♀ (MACNAr) ; B. Famatina, Chilecito, II.1953, M.E. Galiano, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Santiago del Estero: Capital , 4.VI.1963, Havrylenko, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Colonia Dora, VIII.1940, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar 1769 ). Córdoba: Argüello , XII.1945, J.A. de Carlo, 13 ( MACN­Ar 1947 ), 1♀ ( MACN­Ar 1948 ) ; Calamuchita, Sierras Grandes , X.1970, J.M. Viana, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Cosquín , 31.X.1898, ̎ No. frasco 4513’’, no collector, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Departamento San Javier , II.1943, H. Gario and R. Maniglia, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; La Falda, un­ der stones, 23.VIII.1922, A. Frers, 13 ( MACN­Ar). San Juan: Paso Agua Negra , ca. 3500 m, 1–2.I.1982, A. Roig, 23 2♀ ( MACN­Ar). San Luis: Carolina, IX.1970 , J.M. Viana and Williner, 13 2♀ (MACNAr) ; Cacheuta , X.1965, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Papagallos, 9.XI.1982, E. Maury, 13 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Santa Fe: Colonia Macias, Departamento Garay , XI.1942, J.M. Viana, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar 1400 ) ; El Toba, X.1967, M.E. Galiano, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Entre Ríos: El Palmar Natl. Park , XI.1988, M.E. Galiano, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Ibicuicito, 1938, F. Castillo, 3♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Rosario del Tala, 20.XI.1988, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Buenos Aires: Atucha , 27.VII.1985, P. Goloboff, M. Ramírez, 33 ( MACN­Ar), 10.V.1987, M. Ramírez, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; 8.IX.1989, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Bahía Blanca , II.1942, S. Monrós, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar 1173 ) ; Boulogne , X.1938, A. Prosen, 23 13♀ ( MLP) ; many specimens from around Buenos Aires city, in MACN­Ar; Capilla del Señor , 23.I.1942, A. Prosen, 1♀ ( MLP) ; Castelli , X.1960, J.M. Viana, 13 1♀ ( MACN­Ar 5155 ) ; Chascomús , 16.XII.1984, M. Ramírez and C. Scioscia, 33 7♀ ( MACN­Ar), 19.X.1947, N91a, no collector, 23 2♀, 2♀ penultimates ( MACN­Ar) ; Escobar, 1938, A. Prosen, 23 5♀ ( MLP) ; Estancia El Tonelero, Pdo. Gral. Lavalle , cerca canal 2, 15–21.XII.1951, J. Cranwell, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Ing. Maschwitz , XI.1941, A. Prosen, 1♀ ( MLP) ; Isla Martín García , 25.V.1990, M. Ramírez, 13 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; La Plata, 1942, 13 5 ♀ ( MLP) ; 15 km W Lobería , 4.IX.1972, 13 (MACNAr) ; Los Médanos, energía, 8.IV.65, J.M. Gallardo and E. Maury, 53 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Magdalena , 13–14.VIII.1983, P. Goloboff and M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Mar del Plata , 20.II.1985, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACNAr) ; Paraná de Las Palmas , 17.IX.1963, M.E. Galiano, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Punta Lara, Ensenada , 28.XI.1985, M.E. Galiano, C. Scioscia, 3♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; III.1943, A. Moreno, 33 4♀ ( MLP), 15.XII.1943, 2♀ ( MLP) ; Quequén , II.1960, M. Birabén, 2♀ (MACNAr) ; San Isidro, Punta Chica , 5.XI.1941, A. Prosen, 4♀ ( MLP) ; Sierra de la Ventana, Prov. Park E. Tornquist , Cerro Negro, 12.IV.1974, Cesari, 73 4♀ ( MACN­Ar), 18– 20.IX.1982, M. Ramírez, 33 1♀ (MACNAr) ; Tandil, excursion J.M. Viana, 2♀ ( MACN­Ar). Neuquén: Laguna Blanca Natl. Park , I.1975, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Piedra Pintada , II.1941, R. Maldonado, 1♀ ( MLP) ; Río Limay, Arroyito (12), 16.XII.1978, Misión Científica Danesa, 1♀ ( ZMK) ; San Martín de los Andes , 3– 6.I.1964, no collector, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Senillosa, I–II.1973, O. de Ferrariis, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Río Negro: San Carlos de Bariloche , II.1954, M.E. Galiano, 1♀ (MACNAr), 13 ( MACN­Ar 5413 ) ; Coronel Gómez , IV.1948, A. Ibarra Grasso, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Gral. Roca , I.1962, A. Bachmann, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; X.1963, A. Bachmann, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Chubut: El Hoyo, 1.I.1962, A. Kovács, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Epuyén, 42°15̍S, 71°23̍W, A. Kovács, 13 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Languineo, Estancia Manantiales , 6–10.XI.1985, L. Peña, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Los Cipreses , XI.1982, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Lago Puelo Natl. Park , 10.XI.1969, A. Kovács, 13 ( AMNH) ; Viedma, 16.II.1948, M. Birabén, 23 3♀ ( MLP). Santa Cruz: Calafate , II.1963, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Los Cerros, Tres Lagos , IV.1949, Waring, 1♀, 13 2♀ ( MLP) ; 9.III.1948, M. Birabén, 53 2♀ ( MLP). CHILE: Región I (Tarapaca´): Tarapaca´: Chaquiña, 3700–4000 m, L. Peña, 10♀ ( IRSN IG19736 ). Región II (Antofagasta): El Loa: Calama, Río Loa, La Cascada, 10.I.1984, G. Arriagada, 1♀ ( MHNS 910 ) ; Calama, Vegas del Río Loa, Fundo Soto , 10.VIII.1972, no collector, 43 12♀ ( UC) ; Cautín, N San Pedro de Atacama , 3300 m, 23–31.VIII.1982, L. Peña, 2♀ ( AMNH) ; San Pedro de Atacama, 23.VIII– 6.IX.1982, L. Peña, 3♀ ( AMNH). EASTER ISLAND: Specimens reported by Baert et al. (1997) were identified by myself from drawings ( Pekka Lehtinen , in litt.) .

NOTE: F.O.P.­ Cambridge recorded this species from the Juan Fernández Islands (13, 1♀ immature, Dr. Plate coll., not seen), indicating that he could not find any difference with the type of Gayenna maculatipes , except that the specimens from the Juan Fernández are larger. This identification is not very reliable, though. The type of G. maculatipes is a female, and in those islands S. maculosa is commonly found, a species very similar to S. maculatipes , which is larger on the Juan Fernández Islands than on the mainland.

Sanogasta alticola (Simon) ,

new combination

Figures 80D, E , 81A–C

Gayenna alticola Simon, 1896c: 400 (female lectotype from Bolivia, La Paz, Garlepp coll., and male paralectotype [ Meriola cetiformis , misidentification], designated by Platnick and Ewing, 1995: 15; in MHNP 17942, examined), 1897a: 91, 99.

Gayenna monticola Chamberlin, 1916: 267 (female holotype from Peru, Cuzco, 11,500 ft, July 1911, Yale Peruvian Expedition, under stones, in MCZ 256, examined). NEW SYNONYMY.

NOTE: The distinction between this species and S. maculatipes is problematic (see note under S. maculatipes ).

DIAGNOSIS: Provisionally distinguished from the very similar S. maculatipes by having the epigynal anterior pouch more advanced (fig. 80D). Typical males also have a longer paramedian apophysis (fig. 81B).

FEMALE (lectotype): Total length 6.30. Carapace length 2.52, width 1.78, wider on legs II–III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.49/ 1.34; II, 1.49/1.32; III, 1.25/1.30; IV, 1.62/ 2.18. Chelicerae unmodified, with two teeth on retromargin. Spines: leg I, femur d 1–1– 1, p 2ap; tibia v 2–2­ p1 (most females with v 2–2–2); metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1– 1–1, p d1ap; tibia v r1–2–2, p 0–1; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1–0. III, femur d 1–1–1, p 0­ d1­ d1, r d1ap; patella rd1; tibia v p1–2–2, p 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, r d1–1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2­ p1– 2, p and r d1–1–1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur d 1– 1–1, p and r d1ap; patella dr1; tibia v p1–2– 2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2– 2–2, p and r d1–1–1, d 0­ p1–2. Abdomen length 4.00, width 1.10. Color: pale grayish with gray pattern, as in S. maculatipes . Epigyne (fig. 80D, E): very similar to that of S. maculatipes , anterior pouch more advanced. MALE (La Paz, III–IV.1959): Total length 6.12. Carapace length 2.53, width 2.00. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.60/2.63; II, 2.30/2.30; III, 1.73/1.90; IV, 2.23/2.50. Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of female. Sternum length 1.43, width 1.10. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia p 1­ 0­ 1­ 0; metatarsus p 1–0. II, femur r 0; tibia = I or p 1­ d1­ 1­ 0. III, tibia p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0; metatarsus v 2­ p1–2. IV, tibia = III. Abdomen length 3.30, width 2.00, spiracle–epigastrium 1.37, spiracle–spinnerets 0.83. Color as in female. Palp (fig. 81A–C): very similar to that of S. maculatipes , often with longer paramedian apophysis. Tibia long, width/length 0.42, cymbium large. Secondary conductor partially fused to anterior margin of tegulum; retrolateral portion with basal rounded projection.

VARIABILITY: Some females lack the prolateral spine on metatarsus II. Spines: metatarsus III, v 2–2–2. Male, spines: III, tibia v 2–2–2.

NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Puna highlands in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Cuzco: Cuzco, VIII, no date, Wunderlich, 33 2♀ ( AMNH), 7–8.VI.1964, B. Malkin, 2♀ ( AMNH) ; Urubamba , under stone, I. 1965, F. Carrasco, 1♀ ( MCZ). Huancavelica: Huancavelica, 10.VIII.19??, 1♀ (sitio 30, IRSN IG 25518 ) ; nr. Niñobamba, 3500 m, 2♀ (sitio 36, IRSN IG 25518 ). Puno: 20 mi N Desaguadero , 27.II.1951, 1♀, 28.II.1951, 13, Ross and Michelbacher ( CAS). Peru´, no specific locality, 42, 1♀ ( IRSN IG 25518 ). BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: 30 mi N Potosı´, 22.II.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 13 1♀ ( CAS). La Paz: Apacheta, Cuyu­Cuyu, E Tiahuanaco, 4100 m, L. Peña, 2♀ ( AMNH) ; Huatajata nr. Lake Titicaca , 6.I.1954, Schlinger and Forster, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; hill beyond Huatajata, Lake Titicaca area , 10–15.I.1954, Forster and Schlinger, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; La Paz, III–IV.1959, R. Walsh, 23 1♀ ( AMNH) ; house and garden, IV.1959, R. Walsh, 13 ( AMNH) ; La Paz, Avenida Sport Club, 4.I.1959, A. Nadler, 2♀ ( AMNH). Locality Not Found: Songo Valley , Cuticucho, 3800 m, 30.I.1954, Forster and Schlinger, 13 ( AMNH). ARGENTINA: Jujuy: Abra Pampa, III.1966, E. Maury, 5♀ 1 immature ( MACN­Ar) ; Laguna de Yala , X.1967, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; 30.XI.1981, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; V.1983, P. Goloboff, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Tucumán: Tafí del Valle , 28–30.XII.1994, P. Goloboff, 13 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; 27.X.1947, Gobbach, 2♀ ( MLP). La Rioja: Alto Carrizal , II.1956, M.E. Galiano, 11♀ ( MACN­Ar) .

Sanogasta mandibularis , new species Figures 78C, F, G , 80F, G , 81F, G

TYPES: Female holotype 9824 from Argentina, Buenos Aires province, Los Talas, reared in captivity, born from female paratype 9826, ca. 34°51̍S, 57°55̍W, XII.1985, C. Scioscia ; male paratype 9825 from Buenos Aires, Partido de Ensenada, Punta Lara, 26.II.1967, M.E. Galiano, deposited in MACN­Ar .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name refers to the relatively large chelicerae.

DIAGNOSIS: Resembles S. maculatipes and S. alticola in having very similar genitalia, but typical specimens can be distinguished by having three teeth on the cheliceral retromargin and four on the promargin. Specimens usually have a larger epigynal anterior pouch, situated close to the epigastric furrow, and strong male chelicerae (see Note under S. maculatipes ).

FEMALE (holotype): Total length 6.00. Carapace length 2.23, width 1.67, wider on legs II–III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.37/ 1.30; II, 1.33/1.27; III, 1.07/1.17; IV, 1.50/ 1.83. Palpal tarsus length 0.72. Chelicerae strong, with four teeth on promargin, three on retromargin, apical one slightly smaller. Sternum length 1.17, width 0.92. Spines: leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p (1­ d1)ap; tibia v 2–2–2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1–1–1, p d1ap; tibia v r1–2–2, p 0–1; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1–0. III, femur d 1–1–1, p and r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1­ p1–2, p and r d1–1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2­ p1–2, p and r d1–1–1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur = III; patella r d1; tibia v p1–2–2, p 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, r d1–1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2–2–2, p and r d1–1–1, d 0­ p1–2. All tibiae with d r1­ 0­ 1­ 0 bristles, except III and IV, where basal bristles replaced by spines. Abdomen length 3.70, width 2.33, spiracle–epigastrium 1.40, spiracle–spinnerets 1.00. Color: yellowish cream with grayish spots. Sternum and venter pale. Epigyne (figs. 78F, G, 80F, G): similar to that of S. maculatipes , anterior pouch larger, closer to epigastric furrow.

MALE (paratype): Total length 5.54. Carapace length 2.67, width 1.97. Length of tibia/ metatarsus: I, 3.37/3.37; II, 2.67/2.70; III, 1.70/1.90; IV, 2.23/2.73. Chelicerae (fig. 81G) strong, longer than those of female, with four teeth on promargin, three on retromargin; middle part of fang thickened. Spines as in female, except: leg II, femur p and r d1ap; tibia v r1–2–2 or 2–2–2 (the p1bas very small), p 0–1 or 0. III, tibia v p1–2–2; metatarsus v 2­ p1–2 or 2–2–2. IV, tibia = III. Sternum length 2.67, width 2.33. Abdomen length 2.80, width 1.90, spiracle– epigastrium 0.93, spiracle–spinnerets 0.87. Color as in female, with some diffuse dots in median line on venter. Palp (fig. 81F): very similar to that of S. maculatipes . Tibia width/ length 0.76. Median apophysis vestigial, conical, paramedian wide, sinuous. Secondary conductor not fused to anterior margin of tegulum, retrolateral portion with basal round­ ed projection.

VARIABILITY: A female from Punta Lara has three teeth on promargin, two on retromargin.

NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. All specimens were collected on or close to flooded areas.

DISTRIBUTION: Northeastern Argentina and Paraguay.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: PARAGUAY: Central: Asunción, 11.VI.1988, V. and B. Roth, 1 vial (number of specimens not recorded) ( CAS). ARGENTINA: Formosa: Capital , IV.1958, Ogueta, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Corrientes: Apipe´, XII.1945, W. Hanke, 1♀ 1 immature ( MACN­Ar 1765 ) ; Santiago Alcorta, VI.1943, M. Birabén, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Santa Fe: Alejandra , II.1964, M.E. Galiano, 13 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Entre Ríos: Gualeguaychu´, IV.1943, F. Monrós, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; El Palmar Natl. Park , IV.1981, P. Goloboff, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Salto Grande, III.1964, M.E. Galiano, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Buenos Aires: Capital Federal, Bañados de Palermo , 31.V.1916, A.G. Frers, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Saavedra , XII.1935, Castillo, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Glew, no date, Carpintero, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Isla Maciel, I.1948, Partridge, 3♀ ( MACN­Ar): Isla Martín García , II.1933, J.B. Daguerre, Pérez­Moreau, 13 2♀ 1 immature ( MACN­Ar 34338 ), IV.1938, J.M. Viana, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar 421 ) ; Punta Lara, Ensenada , III.1943, A. Moreno, 13 ( MLP), 18.IX.1985, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; San Pedro , 2.XI.1991, M. Ramírez, 13 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; San Isidro, Reserva Ribera Norte , 16.II.1999, M. Pandolfi, 13 ( MACN­Ar), 12.VIII.1999, M. Pandolfi ,

1♀ (MACN­Ar).

Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet) , new combination Figures 14B–D , 61C , 76B–D , 77A–D , 79B , 82 , 83

Clubiona maculosa Nicolet, 1849: 423 (female lectotype and three immature paralectotypes here designated, from Chile, in MHNP 4234, examined). Simon, 1864: 132.

Clubiona sternalis Nicolet, 1849: 424 (female lectotype and three immature paralectotypes here designated, from Chile, in MHNP 4237, examined). Simon, 1864: 132, 1887: E4. NEW SYN­ ONYMY.

Gayenna stellata : Simon, 1884: 131 (only male paralectotype, from Chile, Cabo de Hornos, in MHNP, examined).

Tomopisthes taeniatus Simon, 1886: 571 (female holotype from Argentina, Santa Cruz province, Patagonia, in MHNP 7729, examined), 1897a: 91, 1902: 31, 1903b: 312, 1903d: 6, 1905b: 12. NEW SYNONYMY.

Gayenna maculosa : Simon, 1887: E4. Mello­Leitão, 1936: 119.

Anyphaena ignota Keyserling, 1891 (male holotype from ‘‘Possessions Bay, Straits of Magellan’’, in MCZ, examined). NEW SYNONYMY.

Gayenna affinis Tullgren, 1901: 241 , 259 (male lectotype, two male and one female paralectotypes from Chile, Punta Arenas, 27.XI.1895, O. Nordenskjöld coll., female paralectotype from Puerto Herberton, 14.II.1896, here designated, in NRS, examined), 1902: 59. NEW SYNONYMY.

Gayenna dubia Tullgren, 1901: 243 (female lectotype from Chile, Punta Arenas, 29.XI.1895, and two females paralectotypes, from Ultima Esperanza, 2.IV.1896, O. Nordenskjöld coll., here designated, in NRS, examined). NEW SYN­ ONYMY.

Tomopisthes conspersus Simon, 1902: 33 (female holotype from Chile, Punta Arenas, in MHNP 21816, examined). NEW SYNONYMY.

Gayenna conspersa : Merian, 1913: 13.

Tomopisthes injucundus Simon, 1902: 33 (female lectotype, three female and one male paralectotypes here designated, from Tierra del Fuego, MHNP 21782, examined; the male paralectotype belongs to a different, presumably undescribed Sanogasta species), 1903b: 312. NEW SYNONYMY.

Tomopisthes modestus Simon, 1902: 35 (female holotype from Chile, Punta Arenas, IX.1892, Michaelson coll., in MHNP, examined). NEW SYNONYMY.

Gayenna modesta : Merian, 1913: 13.

Gayenna skottsbergi Berland, 1924: 434 (male and female syntypes and 19 female paratypes from the Juan Fernández Islands, Mas a Tierra, in NRS, examined). NEW SYNONYMY.

Monapia andina : Gerschman and Schiapelli, 1970: 131 (misidentification, male allotype subsequently designated, in MACN­Ar 6269, examined).

SYNONYMY: The primary types of all species synonymized were compared, together with extensive samples from the same areas. The slight differences in epigyne (see Variability below) were not found to be correlat­ ed with any differences in the male palp, which is remarkably uniform. The specimens from the Juan Fernández Islands (and some from Central Chile as well) are larger, but their genitalia are otherwise indistinguishable from those of other specimens of typical size. There are many intermediate forms in epigyne conformation and body size; these differences are here regarded as intraspecific variability.

NOTE: There are many vials in NRS identified by Tullgren as Gayenna affinis . I considered syntypes only those whose locality is listed in the original description.

DIAGNOSIS: Typical specimens can be distinguished by having the epigynal anterior pouch close to the epigastric furrow, with the opening facing backward; some specimens have a small pit in place of the pouch. Males are recognized by the shape of the paramedian apophysis, with a thin, curved apex.

FEMALE (spines from paralectotype of Gayenna affinis , other data from Chubut, Lago Menéndez): Total length 7.45. Carapace length 2.73, width 1.93, wider on legs II–III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.52/ 1.20; II, 1.32/1.20; III, 1.13/1.25; IV, 1.55/ 0.95. Palpal tarsus length 0.82. Chelicerae unmodified, with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum length 1.52, width 1.07. Spines: leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p (1­ d1)ap, r d1ap; tibia v 2–2–2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1–1– 1, p 0­ d1­ (1­ d1), r 0­ d1­ d1; tibia v r1–2–2; metatarsus v 2bas. III, femur d 1–1–1, p and r 0­ d1­ d1; patella r d1; tibia v p1­ p1–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0 or r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2–0–2, p and r d1­ 1­ 0­ 1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur d 1–1–1, p 0­ d1­ d1, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1–2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2–2–2, p and r d1­ 1­ 0­ 1, d 0­ p1–2. Abdomen length 4.52, width 2.83, spiracle–epigastrium 2.30, spiracle–spinnerets 0.83. Color (cf. figs. 76B, 77B): carapace grayish, margins dark. Legs pale gray with grayish spots, coxae pale. Endites and labium grayish, sternum pale with darker sides. Abdomen grayish, darker to posterior end, dorsal pattern on cream background, cardiac area dark, venter pale with small dark dots, forming median band. Epigyne (figs. 82D, 83D–K): anterior pouch small, close to epigastric furrow, opening facing backward. Copulatory openings in deep depressions, in epigastric furrow, hidden by membrane (fig. 82D). Ducts of accessory bulbs short, ventral.

MALE (spines from lectotype of Gayenna affinis , other data from Chubut, Río Arrayanes): Total length 6.12. Carapace length 2.77, width 2.20, relatively wider and more round­ ed than that of female. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.30/2.17; II, 2.20/2.10; III, 1.77/ 1.83; IV, 2.17/2.60. Chelicerae quite smaller than those of female. Sternum length 1.40, width 1.08. Spines as in female, except: leg I, femur r 0­ d1­ d1; tibia p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0; metatarsus p d1­ 1­ 0­ 0, r 1. II, femur p and r 0­ d1­ d1; tibia and metatarsus = I. III, tibia v 2–2–2. IV, femur r d d1ap or 0­ d1­ d1; tibia = III. Abdomen length 3.45, width 1.97, spiracle–epigastrium 1.53, spiracle–spinnerets 0.77. Color (cf. fig. 76D): as in female, but carapace with long dark patches on median band, plus four radial lines from thoracic groove to palps and hindlegs. Sternum with small dark spots in front of coxae I–III. Palp (figs. 82A–C, 83A–C): tibia short, width/ length 0.92, cymbium relatively large. Embolus thin, basal process small, acute. Median apophysis very thin, closely associated with paramedian (fig. 82A). Apex of paramedian apophysis short, thin, sinuous. Primary conductor apparently absent, only low mound in that place. Secondary conductor not fused to anterior margin of tegulum, canal conspicuous, arising at base of paramedian apophysis (fig. 82B); retrolateral portion with internal conical projection, and external ridge. Anterior margin of tegulum compressed over base of secondary conductor.

VARIABILITY: Size is also very variable: the specimens from the Juan Fernández Islands are especially large. Body color and pattern is very variable (figs. 76B–D, 77A–D). Female spines: femur I = II. Male spines: metatarsi I, p 1–0, r 0; II, r 0; III; v 2­ p1–2. Epigyne quite variable in details, some extreme forms illustrated in figure 83D–I.

NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds retreats on foliage, under bark, and occasionally under stones.

DISTRIBUTION: All austral forests of Chile and Argentina, including semiarid and littoral areas. In Chile, from Parinacota Province, in Argentina from Neuquén, to Tierra del Fuego.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Neuquén: Collón Cura´, 750 m, 19.IX.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 3♀ (ZMK); Estancia San Ramón, Rincón Chico, Río Limay, X–XII.1962, 33 7♀ 1♀ penultimate, I.1962, 2♀, 1♀, Junín de los Andes, II.1968, E. Maury and N. Müller, 1♀ 1♀ penultimate (MACN­Ar); Lanín Natl. Park: Lago Hermoso, 15.I.1985, M. Ramírez, 1♀, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Lago Moquehue, 10.I.1985, E. Maury, 3♀ (MACN­Ar); Lago Lácar, X.1955, A. Giai, 3♀, 13, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); 5 km E Hua Hum, 640 m, 5.XI.1981, 1♀, 16.XI.1981, 13, Nielsen and Karsholt (ZMK); Pucara´, 5–16.II.1956, A. Ogloblin and Sra., 2♀ (MLP), 1.II.1971, Schajovskoy, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); XI.1971, L. Yinoff, 13 (MACN­Ar); XII.1973, S. Schajovskoy, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); 750 m, 25.XI.1978, 13, 13, 13, 750 m, 1.XII.1978, 13, 750 m, 3.XII.1978, 13, Misión Científica Danesa (ZMK); Lago Lolog, Gentili Cabin, above town, pan and FIT, forest and meadow, 18–21.XI.1989, S. Marshal, 13 1♀ (AMNH); Lago Lolog, nr. San Martín de los Andes, pans nr. stream, ca. 900 m, 23– 30.XI.1989, S. Marshall, 33 3♀ (AMNH); dung trap, 1♀ (AMNH); fit nr. pond, 23.XI– 1.XII.1989, S. Marshall, 33 4♀ (AMNH); Lago Lolog, 4 km N San Martín de los Andes, FIT, Nothofagus forest, ca. 950 m, Gentili property, 23.XI–1.XII.1989, S.A. Marshall, 63 3♀ (AMNH); 8 km N San Martín de los Andes, 1000 m, Malaise trap, 16– 22.XI.1997, C. and M. Vardy, 63 10♀ (BMNH/MACN­Ar); Lago Tromen, Rodeo Grande, 900 m, 30.XI.1978, Misión Científica Danesa, 23 (ZMK); mouth of Río Blanco in Lago Huechulaufquen, 6.I.1985, under bark, M.J. Ramírez, 3♀ (MACN­Ar); San Martín de los Andes, 40°10̍S, 71°21̍W, 20– 21.XI.1988, V. and B. Roth, 13 (CAS), 1000 m, XI–XII.1985, Gentili, 323 19♀ (MACNAr); 640 m, 2.XI.1981, 1♀, 53, Nielsen and Karsholt (ZMK); San Martín de los Andes, Cerro Chapelco, 1400 –1600 m, 2– 19.XII.1981, 33 3♀, 12–23.XII.1981, 163, 1♀, 173, Nielsen and Karsholt (ZMK); I.1961, M. Galiano, 1♀ (MACN­Ar 5294); Quillén, I.1986, Duprés, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Termas de Epulaufquen, 9.I.1986, M. Ramírez, 13 (MACN­Ar); Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park : Isla Victoria, IV.1945, Havrylenko, 13 2♀ (MLP); XII.1959, I. de Orfila, 1♀ penultimate (MACN­Ar); 41°S, 71°W, 1.V.1965, A. Kovács, 2♀ (AMNH); Isla Victoria, 28.III.1961, A. Kovács, 13 1♀ (AMNH). Río Negro: San Carlos de Bariloche, II.1954, M.E. Galiano, 23 8♀ (MACN­Ar), 18.VIII.1961, A. Kovács, 2♀ (AMNH), 1964, Monrós, 1♀ 3 immatures (MACN­Ar); 11 km W San Carlos de Bariloche, Cerro Otto, 14.I.1972, L. Herman, 1♀ (AMNH); Colonia Suiza, 800 m, 19.IX.1981, 5♀, 10.X.1981, 1♀, 83 1♀, 1–7.XI.1981, 43, 13, 12–20.XI.1981, 23, 7.XII.1981, 13, 21–22.XII.1981, 13, Nielsen and Karsholt (ZMK); 810 m, 22.XI.1978, Misión Científica Danesa, 1♀ (ZMK); Pampa del Toro, 900 m, 9–10.XI.1981, 13, 13, 900 m, 22– 23.XI.1981, 53, Nielsen and Karsholt (ZMK); El Bolsón, 24.XI.1962, M. Birabén, 6♀, 13 (MACN­Ar); II.1963, Birabén, 2♀ (MACN­Ar); X.1963, Birabén, 1♀ (MACNAr), 15.I.1961, 1♀, 13.III.1961, 3♀, 4.IX.1961, 1♀, 27.IX.1961, 1♀, 10.X.1961, 1♀, 28.X.1961, 1♀, 28.X.1961, 1♀, 7.X.1962, 1♀, 31.X.1966, 13, no date, 2♀, A. Kovács (AMNH); 24.XI.1962, 13 2♀, 25.II.1963, 1♀, M. Birabén (MLP); Paso Flores, 3.X.1965, A. Kovács, 1♀ (AMNH); Río Azul, 15.X.1961, 1♀, A. Kovács (AMNH); Ñorquinco, 11.X.1961, 13, 27.VIII.1962, 1♀, 5♀ 33, 20.VI.1966, 1♀, 3.VII.1966, 13 2♀, A. Kovács (AMNH); Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park : 880 m, 11.I.1986, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff and R. Schuh , 1♀ (AMNH). Chubut: Cushamen, 14.IX.1966, A Kovács, 2♀, 13 (AMNH); Cholila, 25.VIII.1962, A. Kovács, 13 1♀ (AMNH); El Hoyo, 30.IX.1961, 1♀, 2.X.1962, 33 4♀, 26.V.62, 7♀, VII.1962, 1♀, VIII.1962, 3♀, A. Kovács (AMNH); El Maitén, IX.1961, A. Kovács, 1♀ (MLP); 20.VI.1962, 13, 13.IX.1962, 1♀, A. Kovács (AMNH); Epuyén, 2.VII.1962, 1♀, 12.VI.1962, 17♀, 2.VIII.1962, 43, 18.XI.1962, 42°15̍S, 71°23̍W, 23, 13 1♀, 5.VIII.1966, 1♀, A. Kovács (AMNH), 18.XI.1962, M. Birabén, 13 1♀ (MLP); Esquel, road to La Hoya, 42°54̍S, 71°19̍W, 16.XI.1988, V.D. Roth, 6♀ (CAS); 17 km E Esquel, on Rt. 40, muddy shore of pond with scattered vegetation, 22.I.1986, R. Schuh and N. Platnick , 1♀ (AMNH); 35 km E Esquel, 720 m, 18.IX.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Irwin, 1♀ (CAS); Poto Cahuel, 8.X.1966, A. Kovács, 1♀ (AMNH); Languineo, Estancia Manantiales, 6–10.XI.1985, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Los Cipreses, XI.1982, M. Ramírez, 23, 1♀, 13 (MACN­Ar); Lago Puelo Natl. Park, 220 m, 18.XI.1978, Misión Científica Danesa, 13 (ZMK); 250 m, 22–23.X.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 13 (ZMK); Los Alerces Natl. Park: Lago Escondido, 19.XI.1981, A. Kóvacs, 3♀ (AMNH); Lago Futalaufquen, II.1985, 13 6♀ 4♀ penultimates, II.1986, 23 3♀, 9.II.1986, 3♀ M. Ramírez (MACNAr); I.1990, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Lago Menéndez, I.1990, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Lago Verde, II.1986, 13, I.1990, 1♀, Río Arrayanes, I.1990, 13, W margin, II.1986, 3♀, M. Ramírez (MACNAr); Río Turbio, 11.VI.1961, 4♀, no date, 1♀, A. Kovács (AMNH); I.1976, M. Rumboll, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); 19.5 km W Shaman, 650 m, 19.XI.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Irwin, 13 (CAS); Tecka, Corcovado, 750 m, 17.II.1979, Misión Científica Danesa, 1♀ (ZMK). Santa Cruz: Calafate, II.1963, E. Maury, 1♀, 13 (MACN­Ar); Estancia Cóndor, Río Gallegos, 28.IV.1974, M. Rumboll, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Lago Argentino, III.1900, Excursión Silvestri, 13 (MACN­Ar); Lago Belgrano, 15.II.1973, 1♀, 21.II.1973, M. Rumboll, 2♀ (MACN­Ar); Lago Frías, no date, E. Maury, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Lago Musters, SW margin, 20.I.1977, E. Maury and Patrick, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Lago San Martín, X.1939, S. Radone, 1♀ (MACN­Ar 599); Los Cerros, Tres Lagos, IV.1949, Waring, 23 3♀, 43 4♀, 93 9♀, 23 2♀ (MLP); Morro Chico, Río Turbio, 28.I.1976, M. Rumboll, 2♀ (MACN­Ar); Los Glaciares Natl. Park, 11.II.1973, M. Rumboll, 13 (MACN­Ar), 18.I.1980, P. Goloboff, 13 5♀, 1♀ (MACNAr); Los Glaciares Natl. Park, Estancia La Oriental, 14.II.1973, M. Rumboll, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Los Glaciares Natl. Park, Pen­´ı nsula Magallanes, in front of Glaciar Moreno, II.1977, D. Pepe and M. Rumboll, 1♀, 13 (MACN­Ar); Puerto Coyle, 10 m, 26.XI.1966, M. Irwin and E. Schlinger, 1♀ (CAS); Puerto Deseado, on house wall, IV.1963, Pujals, 13 (MACN­Ar); II.1961, Pallares and Zapata, 23 (MACN­Ar); X.1964, Pallares, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); II.1966, Pallares, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); XII.1971, A. Gosztonyi, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Río Seco and Ruta 3, X.1973, M. Rumboll, 13 (MACNAr); San Julián, XI.1973, M. Rumboll, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Ventisquero Moreno, 18– 24.I.1971, J. Vellard, 2♀ (MACN­Ar). Tierra del Fuego: Bahía Thetis, hanging from roof, no date, Gosztonyi, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Estancia Herberton, 25.I.1979, Misión Científica Danesa, 1♀ (ZMK); Lago Fagnano, Kaiken, 100 m, 18–19.I.1979, 1♀, 13, 21.I.1979, 1♀, Laguna Negra, XII.1989, A. González, 1♀ (MLP); Nueva Herberton, 16.II.1965, M. Birabén, 4♀ (MLP); Río Ewan, I.1975, M. Rumboll, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Río Grande, XI.1973, M. Rumboll, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Ushuaia, 1–14.XII.1932, Castellanos and Gomez, 13 2♀ (MACN­Ar); I.1960, A. Bachmann, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); 8– 26.II.1961, B. Malkin, 1♀, 1♀ (AMNH); XII.1989, A. González, 1♀ (MLP); Monte Olivia, XII.1989, A. González, 1♀, 1♀, 2♀ (MLP); Nueva Herberton, 16.II.1965, M. Birabén, 4♀ (MLP); Río Ewan and Ruta 3, I.1975, M. Rumboll, 1♀ (MACN­Ar 6802); Ushuaia, II.1951, J. Boero, 13 (MLP); Ushuaia, no date, A. del Pino, 2♀ (MACN­Ar 29952). CHILE: Región I (Tarapacá): Parinacota: Parinacota, 2 km S Zapahuira, 3400 m, 18°20̍S, 69°34̍W, 3400 m, 3.II.1994, N. Platnick, K. Catley, R. Calderón, R. Allen , 13 1♀ penultimate (AMNH). Región III (Atacama): Huasco: El Tránsito to Pinte, 1100–1600 m, 25–27.X.1980, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Huasco beach, elev. 5 m, 8.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley , 1♀ (AMNH). Región IV (Coquimbo): 8.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley , 13 (AMNH). Elqui: Choros Bajos, 21.X.1992, L. Peña (AMNH); 200 m, 11.XI.1993, 29°33̍S, 71°19̍W, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 13 (AMNH), 16 km S Cruz Grande, 140 m, 7.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley , 3♀ (AMNH); Diaguitas, 18.XI.1963, Gleisner, 13 (UC); El Pangue, 20 km S Vicuña, elev. 1500 m, 4.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley , 3♀ (AMNH); La Serena, III.1947, L.E. Peña, 1♀ (IG 19736 IRSN); 79 km N La Serena, Rt. 5, km 553, elev. 300 m, 15.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley , 3♀, 1♀ (AMNH); Quilacan, 16 km E La Serena, 2.X.1961, R. Wagenknecht, 13 (AMNH); 10 mi W Vicuña, ‘‘larva ex Puya Castamidae moth’’, 3.XII.1950, no collector, 1♀ (CAS). Limarı´: 100–500 m, 21.X.1966, E. Schlinger, M. Irwin, 13 (CAS); Fray Jorge, Pachingo, 30°27̍S, 71°32̍W, 29.XII.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Irwin, 13 (CAS). Choapa: El Bato (farm in mountains), E Illapel, 10.X.1985, L. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH); Céspedes, Illapel, 1100 m, 13–14.X.1990, L. Peña, 33 1♀ (AMNH); Ñague´, 10 km N Los Vilos, Rt. 5, km 236, elev. 40 m, 31°50̍S, 71°31̍W, 13.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 13 (AMNH), Hacienda Illapel, 600–900 m, 31°36̍S, 71°07̍W, 19.X.1966, M. Irwin, E. Schlinger and L. Peña, 2♀, 13 (CAS); 2 km S Pichidangui, Rt. 5, km 193, elev. 40 m, 32°10̍S, 71°31̍W, 9.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 1♀ (AMNH), 1♀ (MACN­Ar, photos MJR 1274–1277); Quebrada Los Vilos, 6.XI.1988, P. Goloboff and E. Maury, 1♀ (MACN­Ar). Región V (Valparaíso): Petorca: Quebrada Huaquén, Pichicuy, 6–7.I.1984, P. Goloboff, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Cuesta El Melón (Metropolitana), 10–12.X.1986, L. Peña, 13 (AMNH); 430 m, 8.XI.1993, 32°37̍S, 71°14̍W, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 1♀ 1♀ (AMNH). Quillota: Cuesta El Melón, nr. La Calera, 15.XI.1985, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Cuesta La Dormida, N Tiltil, 800– 1300 m, 13–18.XI.1982, L. Peña, 13 2♀ (AMNH); 610 m, under rocks, 11.I.1985, N. Platnick and O. Francke, 1♀ (AMNH); Palmas de Ocoa, La Campana Natl. Park, unburned site, 23.VIII.1985, pitfall 1, R. Calderón G., 1♀ (AMNH); Quillota, I.1979, A. Tobar, 1♀ (AMNH). Valparaíso: Archipiélago Juan Fernández, Mas a Fuera (Isla Alejandro Selkirk): 30.I.1935, no collector, 1♀ (AMNH); XII.1965, O. Solbrig, 1♀ (MCZ), 19.I–21.II.1955, G. Kuschel, 2♀ (MLP); Plano de Chosa, 800–1000 m, 29.III.1962, 1♀, 13 1♀, Quebrada Casa, 13–31.III.1962, 13 4♀, 1♀, Quebrada Pangal, Monte Oscuro, 100 m, 9.III.1962, 1♀, Quebrada Vaca, 22.III.1962, 13 3♀, B. Malkin (AMNH). Mas a Tierra (Isla Robinson Crusoe): El Camote, 600–650 m, 25.IV.1962, 1♀, 1♀, 600 m, 19.IV.1962, 1♀, Galpón, Valle Villagra, 23–24.IV.1962, 4♀, Portezuelo, 500 m, 7.IV.1962, 13, Portezuelo trail, 7.IV.1962, 1♀, Quebrada Damajuana, 5.IV.1962, 1♀, Valle Anson, Plazoleta del Yunque, 200–250 m, camote side, 1–28.IV.1962, 13 6♀, 13 9♀, Valle Villagra, Portezuelo trail, 400–450 m, 19.IV.1962, 1♀, B. Malkin (AMNH), wet areas near Plazoleta, pans, 24–28.I.1992, S. Marshall, 1♀ (AMNH); Plazoleta, Malaise trap, 24 –29.I.1992, S. Marshall, 1♀ (AMNH); Plazoleta El Yunque, 26.I.1992, 2♀, 28.I.1992, 1♀, S. and C. Marshall (AMNH); pans in wet area, 23–29.I.1992, S. Marshall, 4♀ (AMNH); pans nr. Plazoleta campsite, 23–29.I.1992, S. Marshall, 4♀ (AMNH); slopes of El Yunque, fern covered, pan traps, 28.I.1992, S. and C. Marshall, 13 (AMNH). Cerro Alegre, 12.IV.1971, Lineros, (UC); Cerro Las Vizcachas, 1800–2200 m, 1–12.XII.1982, L. Peña, 23 5♀ (AMNH); 35 km SE Lago Peñuelas, 350 m, mauco Quintero, II.1979, A. Tobar, 1♀ (AMNH); thorn forest, mesquite flower sweep, 4.XII.1984, S. and J. Peck, 1♀ (AMNH); Río Marga Marga, Los Perales, 33°09̍S, 71°19W, 330 m, 13.X.1966, E. Schlinger, M. Irwin, 13 (CAS); Valparaíso, II.1954, E. Reed, 1♀, 13 (AMNH); XII.1968, H. Sielfeld, 1♀ (UC); Viña del Mar, VIII.1978, A. Tobar, 1♀ (AMNH). San Felipe de Aconcagua : Guardia Vieja, 4.II.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 2♀ (AMNH); Jahuel (120), no date, L. Peña, 1♀ (IRSN IG 19736); Llay­Llay, 4.II.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 1♀ (CAS); Los Andes, 30.IX.1983, E. Maury, 1♀ (MACN­Ar). Región Metropolitana (Santiago): Santiago: Aculeo, Cerro San Cristóbal, nr. Santiga City, 500–800 m, 30.XI.1982, L. Peña, 4♀; Aculeo, Las Canchas, 8–11.XII.1983, L. Irrazaval, 1♀, 1♀ (AMNH); Baños de Morales, 3.XI.1995, no collector, 10♀ (AMNH); El Canelo, XII.1958, M. Toro, 1♀ (MACNAr); 800 –1000 m, 1980, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); El Convento, 18.IX.1966, 33°48̍S, 71°43̍W, L. Peña, 1♀ (CAS); El Portezuelo, nr. Colina, 500 m, IX–X.1983, L. Peña, 23 1♀ (AMNH); 16 km N La Colina, 30.IX.1992, P. Goloboff, 13 (AMNH); Lo Cañas, 29.XI.1982, L.E. Peña, 13 (AMNH); 2 km E Embalse El Yeso, 2800 m, 1.III.1974, no collector, 3♀ (UC); Melipilla, La Viluma, 13–14.V.1980, L. Peña, 23 (AMNH); flat road before Cuesta Barriga, lado E, 25.I.1971, R. Calderón, 1♀ (UC); Melipilla, San Manuel , 13–14.V.1980, L. Peña, 13 (AMNH); Pirque, 30.XI.1982, 13, 20.XI.1982, 1♀, L. Peña (AMNH); Quebrada La Plata, near Maipu´, 510 m, 33°30̍S, 70°55̍W, Malaise, 26.I.1966, 13, 3– 4.X.1966, 1♀, M. Irwin (CAS); Rapel, Estación Hidrobiológica, IV.1977, 13 (MHNS 670); Valle del Río Mapocho between El Arrayán and Farellones (Barber traps), 15.X.1958 – 8.VI.1960, W. Noodt, 1♀, 1♀, 13 (MHNS). Cordillera: Río Clarillo Natl. Res., 940 m, 26.XI.1993, 33°44̍S, 70°28̍W, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 13 (AMNH). Región VII (Maule): Curico´: Las Tablas, E Curico´, II.1985, L. Peña, 3♀ (AMNH); Río Teno, 25–28.XI.1981, L.E. Peña, 53 1♀ (AMNH). Talca: Alto de Vilches, 17–24.X.1964, L. Peña, 1♀ (MCZ), 1.XI.1971, R. Calderón, 1♀, 2♀ (UC); Gil de Vilches, 7.I.1989, M. Ramírez, 13, 1♀ (MACN­Ar, photos MJR 5–7), 1200 m, 7– 8.II.1992, M. Ramírez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff , 1♀ (MACN­Ar, photos MJR 768– 771); 5 km W Laguna del Maule, 27.XI.1970, R. Calderón, 1♀ (UC); 10 km Laguna del Maule, 22.XII.1970, R. Calderón, 2♀, 1♀ (UC). Cauquenes: 25 km ESE Cauquenes, 25.II.1992, M. Ramírez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff , 3♀ (AMNH). Linares: Linares, I.1947, L.E. Peña, 2♀ (IRSN IG 19736); hotel room, 18.I.1985, N. Platnick and O. Francke, 13 (AMNH); 16.5 km E Linares, 8.II.1992, M. Ramírez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff , 1♀ (AMNH). Región VIII (Biobío): Ñuble: Atacalco, just SW Recinto, Chillán area, 17.III.1983, L. Peña, 1 ♀ (AMNH); Chillán, 31.XII.1975, 2♀, 2.I.1976, 173 18♀, G. Moreno, 2♀ (AMNH), 63 3♀ (MCZ); Chillán, Cuesta de Quilmo, 13.XI.1976, G. Moreno, 3♀ (AMNH); Cobquecura, 8–9.XI.1993, L. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH); Las Cabras, Cordillera de Chillán, 8–15.II.1958, L. Peña, 1♀ (IRSN IG 19736); Las Trancas, 1–10.XII.1965, L. Peña, 1♀, 33 (MCZ); E Chillán, 29 – 30.XI.1990, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Las Trancas, E Recinto , 1100 m, II.1987, L. Peña, 16♀ (AMNH); Los Lleuques, 5– 20.XII.1985, L. Umaña (AMNH); 4 km E road to Pinto, 4.I.1976, B. Moreno, 13 1♀ (AMNH); 1000 m, 1–3.X.1983, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); 40 km E San Carlos, 24.XII.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 13 (CAS). Concepción: Bajada Chivilingo, 15.XI.1992, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Caleta Chome, 10.I.1997, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); Estero Nonguén, 11.XI.1996, 2♀, 2♀, 13.I.1997, 1♀, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Fundo El Manzano, 7.XII.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Fundo El Venado, 6.I.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Hualqui, 11.VIII.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Laguna San Pedro, 23.XI.1994, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Laraquete, 8.XII.1988, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Lomas Colorada, 24.XI.1996, T. Cekalovic, 2♀, 13 (AMNH); Penco, 23.III.1980, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Periquillo, 3.XI.1996, 4♀, 21.XII.1996, 1♀, 29.XII.2000, 2♀, 10♀, T. Cekalovic (AMNH). Arauco: 2 km S 5 km N Curanilahue, 20.X.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Cruce Camino Colicó Norte, 20.X.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Biobío: 2.5 km E El Abanico, 760–975 m, scrubby mountainside, under rocks, 20– 21.XI.1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 2♀ (AMNH); Caledonia, E Mulchen, 700–900 m, 6–15.II.1981, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Guallali, Lag. El Barco, 1200 m, 21– 28.II.1981, L. Peña, 3♀ (AMNH); W Ralco, Santa Bárbara, 400 m, 22–23.XI.1994, L. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH); 5 km W Tucapel, 28.XII.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 4♀ (CAS). Región IX (Araucanía): Malleco: 40 km W Angol, Nahuelbuta Natl. Park, FITS, 1200 –1500 m, Nothofagus / Araucaria forest, 9.XII.1984 – 17.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 13 (AMNH); Cordillera de Las Raíces, 1600–1800 m, 13–18.II.1980, L. Peña, 13 1♀ 3♀ penultimates (AMNH); El Manzano (Arauco /Malleco), Cordillera Nahuelbuta, 3– 5.III.1986, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Estero Huemul, tributary of Lago Gualletue´, nr. Marimeneuco, 11.XII.1963, G. Edwards, 13 1♀ (AMNH); Lago Gualletue´, nr. Marimenuco, 10.XII.1963, G.F. Edmunds, 13 (AMNH); Malalcahuello, 9–15.XII.1985, L. Peña, 73, 2♀, 2♀, 33 (AMNH); Nahuelbuta Natl. Park, 1200 m, 23.I.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 2♀, 1♀ (CAS), 1200–1400 m, mixed forest with Araucaria , 26.I.1985, N. Platnick and O. Francke, 1♀ (AMNH), 1300 m, 1–6.II.1979, L. Peña, 1♀, 1♀ (AMNH); 4350 m, 38°01̍S, 73°13̍W, 24.I.1967, M. Irwin, 1♀ (CAS); Cordillera Nahuelbuta, 15– 20.XII.1993, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH), 18– 20.XII.1993, L. Peña, 1♀, 1♀ (AMNH); Tolhuaca, 15–23.III.1986, L. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH); Tolhuaca, Laguna Malleco, 4.III.1978, T. Cekalovic, 5♀ (AMNH). Cautín: Estero Molco, 24.II.1988, T. Cekalovic 1♀ (AMNH); Volcán Villarrica, FIT in ‘‘tundra’’, 8.XI–3.XII.1989, S. Marshall, 1♀ (AMNH); Volcán Villarrica, FIT nr. edge of old lava flow, 10.XI–3.XII.1989, S. Marshall, 23 (AMNH); Pucón, 15.XI– 2.XII.1980, Malaise trap in peninsula, S.A. Marshall, 13, 13 (AMNH); Pucón, lakeshore FIT, 15.XI–2.XII.1989, 13, FIT nr. lake, 8–13.XI.1989, 13, S.A. Marshall (AMNH); Fundo La Selva, W Temuco, NW Nueva Imperial, 700 m, 9–12.XII.1981, L.E. Peña, 2♀ (AMNH); Villarrica, 1–30.I.1965, L. Peña, 3♀ (MCZ); NE Villarrica, 16– 31.XII.1964, L. Peña, 13 1♀ (MCZ); Volcán Llaima, 16.I.1972, R. Ladrón de Guevara, 1♀ (UC). Región X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Corral, dead inside retreat, 17.I.1989, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Las Trancas, 1200 m, 24–27.XI.1994, L. Peña, 1♀, 23 3♀ (AMNH); Peulla, Río Nahuilán, 24 km SE Corral, 16.I.1989, M. Ramírez and E. Maury, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Santo Domingo, en Blechnum magellanicum , 26.X.1984, D. Jackson, 1♀ (MHNS 886); Valdivia, 20 m, 23.IX.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 13 (ZMK); XI–XII.1982, E. Krahmer, 1♀ (MHNS 700); 30 km S Valdivia, Ross and Michelbacher, 1♀ (CAS). Osorno: 2 km E Puente Río Golgol, 14.II.1992, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); Puyehue Natl. Park : Aguas Calientes, 500 m, 2–5.V.1988, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); 600 m, 12–20.II.1979, L.E. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Antillanca rd., 470–720 m, valdivian rainforest, screen­sweeping at dusk, 965 m, trap site 658, window trap, Nothofagus pumilio forest, 18–24.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 13 (AMNH), 18– 25.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 13 (AMNH); 40°46̍30̎S, 72°11̍30̎W, 1050– 1350 m, alpine meadow, pitfall 59T1, 30.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, Alvarez, J. Coddington, G. Hormiga, (USNM); Los Derrumbes road, Aguas Calientes, 480 m, 40°44̍S, 72°18̍W, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 1♀ (AMNH); 10 km E Puyehue , 24.I.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 1♀ (CAS); Volcán Casablanca, 1130–1180 m, site 665, pan traps above tree line, valdivian rainforest, 20–25.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 13 (AMNH); Termas de Puyehue, 260 m, logs, stones, 12.III.1965, H. Levi, 1♀ (MCZ); Osorno, X.1977, 1♀, 1♀, XII.1978, 1♀, A. Tobar (AMNH); II.1967, L. Peña, 1♀ (MCZ); Pucatrihue, II.1967, L. Peña, 1♀ (MCZ). Llanquihue: Los Muermos, S. Chile, forest, 19.I.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 1♀ (CAS); nr. Petrohue´, 200 m, vegetation, 21.III.1965, H. Levi, 1♀ (MCZ); 5 km S Puerto Montt, 17.III.1991, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Puerto Montt, Río Blanco, 24.XI.1995, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 13 (AMNH); 24– 29.I.1983, G. Arriagada, 1♀ (MHNS 718). Chiloe´: Isla de Chiloe´: no date, Skottsberg, 13 (NRS); 15 km S Chepu, beach of round stones, over upper tide line, 3.II.1991, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Pid­Pid, 10 – 12.III.1987, L. Peña, 3♀ (AMNH); Isla Lemuy, Ichuac, 20.II.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH). Palena: Chaitén, XII.1985, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH). Región XI (Ibáñez del Campo): Aisén: Balmaceda, 17–22.I.1961, L. Peña, 9♀ (IRSN IG 23077); Murta, Lago General Carrera, 29–30.I.1990, L. Peña, 1♀ (AMNH); Río Simpson Natl. Park, N margin, 17.II.1991, M. Ramírez, 2♀ (MACNAr); 20 km E Puerto Aisen, 26.I.1961, L. Peña, 1♀ (IRSN IG 23077); Río Cisnes, 1– 28.II.1961, L. Peña, 1♀ (IRSN IG 23077); Río Ibáñez, 27–28.I.1990, L. Peña, 2 ♀ (AMNH). Región XII (Magallanes y Antártica): Ultima Esperanza: Torres del Paine Natl. Park: Lago Sarmiento de Gamboa, 51°2̍0̎S, 72°46̍15̎W, 100 m, steppe, 6– 9.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 1♀ (USNM), same, ground, 3♀ (USNM), near Refugio Chileno, 50°56̍45̎S, 72°55̍0̎W, 400–600 m, 8–9.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 4♀, 1♀, 1♀, 2♀ (USNM), Laguna Larga, 51°1̍30̎S, 72°52̍45̎W, 300 m, under rocks in steppe, 7.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 6♀, 2♀ (USNM). Magallanes: Cañadón Bombalot, 29.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Estancia Gazy Harbour, 10.II.1990, T. Cekalovic, 23 2♀ (AMNH); Estancia La Vicuña, 1956, 1♀, 1♀, 2♀, 2♀, no. 14, 4.III.1957, 1♀, no. 17, 15.II.1959, 1♀, no. 17, monte seco, 400 m, 15.II.1959, 4♀, J. Vellard (MACN­Ar); Estancia La Vicuña, SE Camerón, 1–6.XII.1960, L. Peña, 4♀ (MCZ); 35 km SW Camerón, Nothofagus assoc., 2.XII.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Irwin, 2♀ (CAS); Estancia Virgen de Lourdes (Sector Dinamarquero), 6.II.1990, 1♀, 8.II.1990, 3♀, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Isla Dawson, Puerto Harry, 8.VIII.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Isla Grande, NW Tierra del Fuego, 12–15.XI.1961, L. Peña, 1♀ (MCZ); Isla Navarino, 16.III.1961, B. Malkin, 1♀ (AMNH); Laguna Amarga, 14– 21.XII.1960, L. Peña, 1♀, 2♀, 3♀ (MCZ); 21.IV.1962, T. Cekalovic, 13 (AMNH); 4 km W Laguna Amarga, 8.XII.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Irwin, 10♀, 2♀, 1♀, 3♀ 3♀ (CAS); Magallanes, XI.1960, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Torres del Paine Natl. Park, 150 m, scrub, 10.II.1985, N. Platnick and O. Francke, 2♀ (AMNH); Península Brunswick, Barranco Amarillo, 27.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); Puerto Hambre, 25.III.1991, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ (AMNH); Punta Arenas, 17.IX.1963, 1♀, (La Turba), 27.VIII.1976, 1♀, T. Cekalovic (AMNH), Punta Arenas, Quinta Pittet, 29.II.1969, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); 102.2 km NNW Punta Arenas, 430 m, Nothofagus assoc., 6.XII.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Irwin, 2♀, 3♀, 1♀ (CAS); Punta El Monte, 27.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (MCZ); Cerro Castillo Natl. Res., 500–600 m, dry forest, 7.II.1985, N.I. Platnick and O.F. Francke, 1♀ (AMNH); Cerro Castillo, Natales, 13.XII.1960, L. Peña, 2♀, 13 6♀ (MCZ); Río Chico, 1956, 3♀, 1♀, 17.II.1956, 2♀, J. Vellard (MACNAr); Laguna Parrillar Natl. Res., 53°24̍15̎S, 71°15̍45̎W, beating, 1–10.XII. 2000, 350 m, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 13 3♀ (USNM); Río San Juan, 25.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ (AMNH); Rubens, 22.III.1948, M. Birabén, 4♀ (MLP), 13.XII.1960, L. Peña, 2♀, 13 8♀ (MCZ); Rusffin, no. 11, III.1957, J. Vellard, 1♀, 1♀, 3♀ (MACN­Ar); Rusffin, SE Cameron, 17–20.XI.1960, L. Peña, 9 3 39♀ (MCZ); Tres Vientos, Puerto Arturo, 53°34̍S, 73°23̍W, 25–28.XI.1960, L. Peña, 13 (MCZ); Aserradero Yendegaia, no. 2, 12.II.1957, 10♀, 13 5♀, no. 3, 13.II.1957, 1♀, J. Vellard (MACN­Ar). Mistaken Locality: Santiago Prov., Malleco, XI.1979, L. Peña, 43, 1♀, 1♀, 1♀ (AMNH) (see Ramírez, 1995b: 83).

Sanogasta backhauseni (Simon) ,

new combination

Figures 61D , 77F, G , 84C, D , 85A–E Tomopisthes backhauseni Simon, 1895: 168 , 172 (female holotype from Tierra del Fuego, in MHNP 16093, examined; male allotype from Tierra del Fuego, not paratype, designated subsequently by Simon, 1896a, but in the same vial 16093, examined), 1896a: 142, 144, 1897a: 91, 1902: 32.

Gayenna trilineata Tullgren, 1901: 240 , 259 (four syntypes from Tierra del Fuego: one female from Porvenir, 23.XII.1895, one male from Cordillera 54°S, I.1896, two females from Páramo, 10.I.1897, in NRS, examined). Synonymized by Simon, 1902: 32.

Tomopisthes backhauseni patagonicus Simon, 1905b: 12 (female holotype from Argentina, Santa Cruz, Silvestri coll., in MHNP 12689, examined). I did not attempt to review the status of subspecies in this contribution.

DIAGNOSIS: Resembles S. minuta in genitalia, but distinguished by having three dorsal longitudinal stripes on the abdomen, and by lacking a narrow epigynal posterior notch between the lateral lobes.

FEMALE (holotype, measurements of specimen from Los Glaciares Natl. Park): Total length 6.90. Carapace length 3.07, width 2.17, wider on legs II–III. Length of tibia/ metatarsus: I, 1.70/1.53; II, 1.70/1.57; III, 1.63/1.73; IV, 2.33/2.73. Palpal tarsus length 0.92. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum length 1.60, width 1.20. Spines: leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p 0­ d1–2, r 0­ d1­ d1; tibia v 2–2–2, p 0–1; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur = I; tibia v r1­ r1–2, p 0–1 or 1­ 0­ 1­ 0; metatarsus = I. III, femur = I; patella r d1; tibia v p1–2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ d1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2–2–2, p and r d1–1–1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur d 1–1–1, p 0­ d1­ d1, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia = III; metatarsus = III or d 2ap. Abdomen length 4.25, width 2.25, spiracle–epigastrium 1.57, spiracle– spinnerets 1.00. Color: pale gray with darker pattern. Legs with small dots at bases of lateral and dorsal spines. Femora with ventral longitudinal dark spot. Patellae with dark spots p and r 1­ 0­ 1­ 0. Sternum, labium, and endites pale. Abdomen with dark cardiac area, continued in two dark stripes (fig. 77F), venter with three longitudinal bands from epigastrium to tracheal spiracle. Epigyne and spermathecae (figs. 84C, 85C–E) very similar to those of S. minuta , anterior pouch very close to epigastric furrow, hidden between lateral lobes.

MALE (allotype, measurements of specimen from Calafate): Total length 6.65. Carapace length 2.97, width 2.33. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.33/2.13; II, 2.20/2.10; III, 2.00/1.10; IV, 2.67/3.13. Chelicerae smaller than those of female. Sternum length 1.53, width 1.20. Spines as in female, except: leg I, femur p 2ap; tibia p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0; metatarsus p d1–1–0. r 1. II, femur p 0­ d1–2 or 0­ d1­ d1; tibia v 2–2–2 (the p1bas smaller), p 1­ d1­ 1­ d1 or 1­ d1­ 0­ 1, r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0; metatarsus p and r d1–1–0. IV, femur = II; tibia p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ d1. Abdomen length 3.85, width 2.25, spiracle–epigastrium 1.17, spiracle– spinnerets 1.13. Color similar to female (fig. 77G). Palp (figs. 61D, 84D, 85A, B): tibia short, width/length 0.87, cymbium relatively large. Copulatory bulb very similar to that of S. minuta .

VARIABILITY: Several specimens have supernumerary spines (e.g., a pair where only one is expected). Females spines: II, tibia v r1–2–2. III, IV, tibia v 2–2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0. Specimens from the seashore in Chubut and Buenos Aires provinces are pale yellow, almost lacking any pattern. A male from Ñorquinco, Rio Negro province, has a dark abdomen with pale venter. Some females have epigynal lateral lobes not fused, limiting deep notch with parallel borders, similar to S. minuta .

NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: In Argentina , Neuquén, Río Negro, and Chubut provinces, seashore of Buenos Aires. In Uruguay only known from Montevideo, in Chile only from Magallanes.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: URUGUAY: Departamento Montevideo: Canelones, Marindia, 8.IV.1976, F. Costa, R. Capocasale, 13 ( CAS). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Carmen de Patagones , no date, excursion J.B. Daguerre and Carcelles, 13 ( MACN­Ar 36829 ), 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Mar del Tuyu´, costa atlántica (walking over sand beach), 2.V.1981, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Quequén, no date, J.B. Daguerre, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; San Blas, Patagones, Carcelles, 13 1 immature ( MACN­Ar 36833 ) ; Sierra de la Ventana, 22.XI.1972, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Neuquén: Laguna Blanca Natl. Park, N26, 30.IV.1964, no collector, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Piedra del Aguila, V.1972, Gentili, 23 ( MACN­Ar). Río Negro: San Carlos de Bariloche , II.1954, M.E. Galiano, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar 5412 ), Ñorquinco, 11.X.1961, 1♀, 11.V.1962, 13 8♀, 27.VIII.1962, 1♀ 2 immatures, 3.VII.1966, 33 6♀, VIII.1962, 1♀, A. Kovács ( AMNH). Chubut: El Maitén, 20.VI.1962, A. Kovács, 13 4♀ ( AMNH) ; Leleque , 71°06̍W, 42°28̍W, 12.II.1965, A. Kovács, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Puerto Madryn , V.1975, M. Rumboll, 13 1♀ ( MACN­Ar 6852 ) ; Península de Valdez, Puerto Pirámides , 11.V.1970, M. Rumboll, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; II.1980, P. Goloboff, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; 42°34̍S, 64°17̍W, 12.XI.1988, V. and B. Roth, 13 ( CAS) ; Río Turbio, 28.V.1976, M. Rumboll, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Santa Cruz: Calafate , 23.I.1980, P.A. Goloboff, 13 2♀ (MACNAr) ; Lago Argentino, Estancia La Cristina , 200 m, 17.III.1953, A. Willink, 13 (MACNAr) ; Las Cruces, Tres lagos, 9.III.1948, M. Birabén, 2♀ ( MLP) ; Los Glaciares Natl. Park : 2.II.1973, M. Rumboll, 1♀ (MACNAr) ; Los Glaciares Natl. Park, Estancia La Oriental, 840 m, Y. p. tr., 14–17.II.1998, C. and M. Vardy, 1♀ ( BMNH / MACN­Ar). Tierra del Fuego: Río Grande , 21.I.1960, A. Bachmann, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; 3.II.1965, 1♀ ( MLP). CHILE: Región XII (Magallanes y Antártica): Magallanes: Estancia Virgen de Lourdes ( Sector Dinamarquero ), 6.II.1990, S. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH) ; Isla Riesco, Posomby , 31.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 13 ( AMNH) ; Magallanes, no specific locality, II.1957, 13 ( MHNS 50 ) .

Sanogasta x­signata (Keyserling) , new combination Figures 61E , 84E, F , 85F–H

Gayenna x­signata Keyserling, 1891: 138 (two females syntypes from Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Sul, no specific locality, should be in BMNH, not found). Mello­Leitão, 1925: 457.

Sanogasta sp. : Ramírez, 1995a: 361.

Samuza sp. : Ramírez, 1995a: 382 (lapsus).

IDENTIFICATION: The illustration of the epigyne by Keyserling (1891) is sufficient to identify this distinctive species.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from oth­ er Sanogasta by having the epigynal posterior margin projecting over the epigastric furrow, and by the complex­shaped paramedian apophysis and the secondary conductor.

FEMALE (Atucha, 27.VII.1985): Total length 4.10. Carapace length 1.70, width 1.18, wider on legs II–III. Length of tibia/ metatarsus: I, 0.75/0.65; II, 0.75/0.65; III, 0.50/0.72; IV, 0.92/1.13. Palpal tarsus length 0.47. Chelicerae unmodified, with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum length 0.92, width 0.70. Spines: leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p d1ap; tibia v 2–2­ p1; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur = I; tibia v r1–2­ p1; metatarsus v 2bas. III, femur d 1–1–1, p and r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia v p1­ p1–2, p 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, r d1–1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2–0–2 and an apical group of thick setae, p and r d1–1–1, d p1–2. IV, femur = III; patella r 1; tibia v p1–2–2, p 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, r d1–1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2­ p1–2 and an apical group of thick setae, p and r d1–1–1, d p1–2. Abdomen length 2.43, width 1.50, spiracle–epigastrium 0.92, spiracle–spinnerets 0.42. Color: carapace and legs pale gray with darker pattern. Abdomen cream with dorsal gray pattern, venter with a few dark dots, recurved transverse mark anterior of tracheal spiracle. Epigyne (fig. 85G, H): posterior margin projecting over epigastric furrow, with two contiguous pouches where copulatory openings lie. Insertions of epigastric muscles superficial. Copulatory ducts arising contiguously. Ducts of accessory bulbs very short, ventral.

MALE (Atucha, 10.V.1987): Total length 4.15. Carapace globose, length 2.00, width 1.60. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.52/1.35; II, 1.47/1.37; III, 1.18/1.28; IV, 1.50/1.80. Chelicerae small, vertical. Sternum length 1.02, width 0.80. Spines as in female, except: leg I, femur p 2ap; tibia v 2–2–2. II, tibia v r1–2–2. III, tibia v 0­ p1–2 or p1­ p1–2. IV, metatarsus v 2–2–2. Abdomen length 2.17, width 1.33, spiracle–epigastrium 0.80, spiracle–spinnerets 0.47. Color: similar to female, mark anterior of spiracle diffuse. Palp (figs. 61E, 84E, F, 85F): tibia short, width/ length 0.80, cymbium relatively large. Apical hematodocha rugose, prolonged between margin of tegulum and paramedian apophysis. Embolus thin, basal process triangular. Median apophysis thin, wide at base, narrow at apex. Tip of paramedian apophysis long, sinuous. Secondary conductor wide, thin, not fused to anterior margin of tegulum (fig. 84F); canal conspicuous, arising at base of paramedian apophysis; anterior border projecting, thin; retrolateral portion with rugose external projection, internal, conical projection. Anterior margin of tegulum compressed over base of secondary conductor.

VARIABILITY: Female spines: III, metatarsus v 2–2–2.

NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds retreats under bark or on dry leaves, and has also been collected on epiphytic bromeliads of the genus Tillandsia .

DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, from Buenos Aires to the north; one isolated southern record from Argentina, Río Negro, suggest a wider distribution.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: São Paulo: São José do Barreiro, Serra da Bocaína , 1960 m, XI.1968, M. Alvarenga 1♀ ( AMNH). Rio Grande do Sul: Cachoeira do Sul , Capanézinho , 12.V.1993, R.G. Buss, 1♀ ( MCTP 3613 ) ; Cachoeira do Sul, Cordilheira , 14.X.1992, 13 ( MCTP 3266 ), 12.X.1993, 1♀ ( MCTP 4276 ), R.G. Buss ; Cachoeira do Sul, Porteira Sete , 13.XI.1993, R.G. Buss, 13 ( MCTP 4217 ) ; Pelotas (após a ponte), 9.V.1967, Biasi, 1♀ ( MZUSP 14087 ) ; Pelotas , V.1964, C. Biezanko, 3♀ ( AMNH) ; Quaraı´, 24–28.V.1991, A. Lise, 2♀ ( MCTP 0456 ). URUGUAY: Departamento Río Negro: Arroyo Negro, 15 km S Paysandu´, 3.I.1963, R.G. Van Gelder, 1♀ ( AMNH). ARGENTINA: Salta: El Alisal, 45 km W Salta, 1950 m, cañadón húmedo, MalaiseFIT trap, 1–29.XII.1987, S. and J. Peck, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; El Rey Natl. Park, 880 m, Río Los Puertos , Prosopis forest, Malaise­FIT traps 87–145, 6–16.XII.1987, S. and J. Peck, 1♀ ( AMNH). Jujuy: Las Capillas, XI.1956, Fritz, 13 ( MACN­Ar). Corrientes: Paso de los Libres, II.1971, Bejarano, 1♀ (MACNAr). Catamarca: Estancia El Chorro, 1– 15.II.1953, Partridge, Rodríguez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Córdoba: Alta Gracia, 3er paredón, XI.1985, Galiano, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Calamuchita , III.1954, J.M. Viana, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; III–IV.1958, J.M. Viana, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; II.1959, J.M. Viana, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Horco Molle , 6–13.XI.1966, M.E. Galiano 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; La Cumbre , 8.XI.1991, M. Ramírez, 1♀ 4 immatures ( MACN­Ar) ; Lago San Rafael, 20.XI.1983, M. Galiano, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Santa Fe: Las Gamas, 20 km W Vera , 27–30.X.1994, M. Ramírez and J. Faivovich, 23 1♀ (MACNAr). Entre Ríos: Río Gualeguaychú and Ruta Nac. 14, 10.XII.1982, M. Ramírez and P. Goloboff, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Rosario del Tala, Ruta Prov. 38 and Río Gualeguay , 11.I.1988, P. Goloboff, C. Szumik, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Salto Grande , IV.1977, J.M. Viana, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; no specific locality, 1942, Haedo, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Buenos Aires: Atucha , on Tillandsia sp. , 27.VII.1985, P. Goloboff, M. Ramírez, 4♀ ( MACN­Ar), 10.V.1987, M. Ramírez, 13 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Isla Martín García , 25.V.1990, M. Ramírez, 23 2♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 27.XII.1983, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACNAr) ; La Plata, 22.XII.1978, P. Goloboff, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; San Antonio de Areco , IV.1982, M. Ramírez, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Punta Lara, Ensenada , V.1954, J.M. Viana, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Santa Teresita , II.1984, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Tandil, IV.1963 , Ogueta, 13 ( MACN­Ar) ; Tigre , I.1938, J.M. Viana, 2♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Tigre , VI.1955, J.M. Viana, 133 6♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Zelaya, 22.IX.1968, H. Hepper, 13 ( MACN­Ar). Río Negro: El Bolsón, Cerro Piltriquitrón, 3– 4.II.1985, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) .

Sanogasta minuta (Keyserling) ,

new combination

Figures 84A, B , 86A–D

Samuza minuta Keyserling, 1891: 139 (syntypes in two vials: two females, one male, and one immature male, and five females, two males, and four immatures, from Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Sul, no specific locality, in BMNH, examined).

Gayenna minuta : Petrunkevitch, 1911: 485. Mello­Leitão, 1925: 456.

DIAGNOSIS: Resembles S. backhauseni in genitalia, but distinguished by having almost contiguous epigynal lateral lobes, limiting narrow notch. Males are smaller, their abdomen lacks the three definite dorsal longitudinal stripes.

FEMALE (Huerta Grande): Total length 6.65. Carapace length 2.63, width 1.90, wid­ er on legs II–III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.33/1.15; II, 1.27/1.17; III, 1.10/1.20; IV, 1.53/2.17. Palpal tarsus length 0.77. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum length 2.67, width 1.93. Spines: leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p 2ap; tibia v 2–2–2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur = I; tibia v r1–2–2; metatarsus v 2 bas. III, femur d 1–1–1, p and r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia v p1­ p1–2, p 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, r d1– 1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2–0–2, p and r d1­ 1­ 0­ 1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur = III; patella r 1; tibia v p1–2–2, p 1–1, r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2–2–2, p and r d1–1–1, d 0­ p1– 2. Abdomen length 4.00, width 2.60, spiracle–epigastrium 1.77, spiracle–spinnerets 0.83. Color: pale grayish with dark pattern. Sternum pale. Venter with line of small dots anterior of tracheal spiracle. Epigyne (figs. 84A, B, 86C, D): anterior pouch small, very close to epigastric furrow, reduced between lateral lobes. Copulatory ducts arising contiguously. Ducts of accessory bulbs very short, ventral.

MALE (Huerta Grande): Total length 5.70. Carapace length 2.80, width 2.07. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.70/1.43; II, 1.60/1.37; III, 1.35/1.52; IV, 1.83/2.07. Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of female. Sternum length 1.32, width 0.98. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia p 1­ 0­ 1­ 0. II, tibia = I. III, femur p 0­ d1–2, r 0­ d1­ d1; tibia v 2–2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0; metatarsus v 2­ p1– 2. IV, femur p 0­ d1–2; tibia p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0. Abdomen length 2.90, width 1.40, spiracle–epigastrium 1.00, spiracle–spinnerets 0.50. Color as in female, but darker cardiac area. Palp (fig. 86A, B): tibia short, width/ length 0.93, cymbium relatively large. Embolus thin, basal process small, triangular. Median apophysis very thin, closely associated with paramedian. Apex of paramedian short, sinuous. Secondary conductor not fused to anterior margin of tegulum, canal conspicuous, arising at base of paramedian apophysis; retrolateral portion with external rectangular rugose projection. Anterior margin of tegulum compressed over base of secondary conductor.

VARIABILITY: Female spines: III, tibia v p1–2–2; metatarsus v 2­ p1–2.

NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Brazil and central Argentina. Probably also in northeastern Argentina and Uruguay.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, no date, Mello­Leitão, 13 3♀ ( MNRJ 671 ). São Paulo: Botucatu, Rubião Júnior , 15.VII.1964, V.C. Jesus, A. Montover, 1♀ ( MZUSP 14064 ), 24.V.1978, M. Carneiro, 1♀ ( MZUSP 14.051 ) ; São Paulo, Jabaquara , 20.VI.1943, A. Zoppei, 1♀ ( MZUSP 9845 ) ; Monte Alegre do Sul, Amparo, Fazenda de Santa María , 18–19.XII.1942, B.A.M. Soares, 1♀ ( MZUSP 14077 ) ; São Bernardo, Repressa Nova, 12.X.1041, F. Leme, 33 6♀ 2 immatures ( MZUSP 14075 ) ; Santo Andre´, 19.XI.1941, J. Domingo , 1♀ ( MZUSP 14055 ). Parana´: Guarapuava, ponte do Rio Coutinho, 28.IV.1967, P. Biasi, 1♀ ( MZUSP 7035 ). Rio Grande do Sul: Capaõ Novo, Capaó da Canoa , 17–18.IV.1993, A. Lise, 2♀ ( MCTP 3135 ). ARGENTINA: Catamarca: Ruta 4 km 9–24, road to El Rodeo, IX.1981, A. González, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Córdoba: Calamuchita, XI.1941, J. Viana, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Calamuchita, ‘‘ El Sauce’ ’, XII.1941, 6♀ ( MACN­Ar 1890 ) ; Huerta Grande, II.1943, 13 6♀ ( MACN­Ar). San Luis: Merlo , XI.1985, M.E. Galiano, Miranda, 3♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Papagallos , 9.XI.1982, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Villa Elena, X. 71, J. Viana, 1♀ with embolus inserted ( MACN­Ar). La Pampa: Lihuel Calel Natl. Park , XI.1969, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar). Buenos Aires: La Plata, 1942, 13 ( MLP) ; Rosas, F.C.G.R., 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Sierra de la Ventana, Pque. Prov. E. Tornquist , 18– 20.IX.1982, M. Ramírez, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Tandil, III.1963 , Ogueta, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; IV.1963, Ogueta, 2♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; V.1967, E. Maury, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) ; Tandil, La Cascada , 16.V.1973, C. Cesari, 1♀ ( MACN­Ar) .

Figures

Fig. 61. Tip of cymbium of Gayennini, showing cymbial conductor, ventral view. A. Arachosia praesignis (Keyserling) (Buenos Aires, Hudson). B. Sanogasta maculatipes (Keyserling) (Buenos Aires, Atucha). C. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet) (Chubut, Lago Futalaufquen). D. Sanogasta backhauseni (Simon) (Santa Cruz, Calafate). E. Sanogasta x­signata (Keyserling) (Santa Fe, Las Gamas). F. Oxysoma punctatum Nicolet (Llanquihue, Alerce Andino). G. Tasata parcepunctata Simon (Buenos Aires, Martín García). H. Philisca huapi, n. sp. (Neuquén, Ortiz Basualdo).

Fig. 76. Sanogasta spp. A. S. maculatipes (Keyserling), male (Buenos Aires, Hudson, photo MJR 263). B–D, Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet). B. Female (Choapa, Pichidangui, photo MJR 1256). C. Female (Talca, Vilches, photo MJR 770). D. Male (Talca, Vilches, photo MJR 7). E. Sanogasta puma, sp. n., female (Entre Ríos, Rosario del Tala, photo MJR 62). F. Sanogasta tenuis, sp. n., female holotype (photo MJR 1246).

Fig. 77. Sanogasta spp. A–D. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet). A. Female (Tierra del Fuego, Nueva Herberton). B. Holotype of Tomopisthes taeniatus. C. Lectotype of Tomopisthes injucundus. D. Male (Lago Futalaufquen, II.1985). E. Sanogasta maculatipes (Keyserling), male (Castillos, Arroyo Sarandí del Consejo).

Fig. 78. Sanogasta spp. A, B. S. maculatipes (Keyserling), male copulatory bulb (Buenos Aires, Atucha). A. Ventral view. B. Apical view. C. S. mandibularis, n. sp., median and paramedian apophyses, retrolateral view. D, E. S. maculatipes, epigyne (Buenos Aires, Punta Lara). D. Ventral view. E. Copulatory openings in posterior view. F, G. S. mandibularis, n. sp., epigyne. F. Ventral view. G. Posterior view. (C2 = secondary conductor; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; PBE = process on base of embolus; PMA = paramedian apophysis; T = tegulum.)

Fig. 79. Primordium of epigyne of penultimate females, Sanogasta spp. A. S. maculatipes (Keyserling), ventral­posterior view. B. S. maculosa (Nicolet), posterior view (Chubut, Ñorquinco).

Fig. 80. Epigyne and spermathecae of Sanogasta spp. A–C. Sanogasta maculatipes (Keyserling). A. Ventral view (Buenos Aires, San Isidro). B. Ventral view (Uruguay, Castillos). C. Same, cleared. D, E. S. alticola (Simon). D. Ventral view (Bolivia, La Paz). E. Same, cleared. F, G. S. mandibularis, n. sp. (paratype). F. Ventral view. G. Cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 81. A–C. Sanogasta alticola (Simon). A. Male palp, retrolateral view (La Paz). B. Copulatory bulb, retrolateral view (Perú, Cuzco). C. Secondary conductor and embolus, ventral view (Bolovia, La Paz). D, E. Sanogasta maculatipes (Keyserling) (Castillos, Arroyo Sarandí del Consejo). D. Copulatory bulb, retrolateral view. E. Ventral view of palp. F, G. Sanogasta mandibularis, n. sp. F. Copulatory bulb, retrolateral view (Buenos Aires, San Pedro). G. Chelicerae, ventral view (paratype). Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 14. Details of posterior respiratory system. A. Oxysoma punctatum Nicolet, female tracheal spiracle (Llanquihue, Alerce Andino). B. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet), penultimate female abdomen sectioned through epigastric fold, showing median tracheae (Chubut, Ñorquinco). C, D. Same, detail of median tracheae.

Fig. 82. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet). A. Male copulatory bulb, retrolateral view. B. Same, ventral view. C. Same, apical view (Chubut, Lago Futalaufquen). D. Epigyne, posterior view (Chubut, Lago Verde). (C2 = secondary conductor; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; PMA = paramedian apophysis.)

Fig. 83. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet). A. Male palp, prolateral view (syntype of Gayenna skottsbergi). B. Same, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Epigyne, ventral view (lectoype of Clubiona maculosa). E. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype of Tomopisthes taeniatus). F. Id. (Cautín, Fundo la Selva). G. Id. (lectotype Tomopisthes injucundus). H. Id. (lectotype of Gayenna dubia). I. Same, cleared. J. Id. (Chubut, Epuyén). K. Id. (Chubut, El Hoyo). Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 84. Sanogasta spp. A, B. S. minuta (Keyserling) (Córdoba, Huerta Grande). A. Epigyne, ventral view. B. Same, detail in posterior view. C, D. S. backhauseni (Simon) (Santa Cruz, Calafate). C. Epigyne, posterior­ventral view. D. Male copulatory bulb, apical­ventral view. E, F. S. x­signata (Keyserling), male copulatory bulb (Buenos Aires, Atucha, 27.VII.1985). E. Ventral view: arrow points to extended border of C2. F. Apical view. (C2 = secondary conductor; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; PMA = paramedian apophysis.)

Fig. 86. A–D. Sanogasta minuta (Keyserling) (Córdoba, Huerta Grande). A. Male copulatory bulb, retrolateral view. B. Same, ventral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, cleared. E–H. Sanogasta puma, n. sp. E. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (Buenos Aires, Punta Lara). F. Same, retrolateral view. G. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype). H. Same, cleared. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.