GYRINOCHEILIDAE AND

Conway, Kevin W., 2011, Osteology of the South Asian Genus Psilorhynchus McClelland, 1839 (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Psilorhynchidae), with investigation of its phylogenetic relationships within the order Cypriniformes, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (5), pp. 50-154 : 131

THE FAMILIES GYRINOCHEILIDAE AND CATOSTOMIDAE

The monophyly of this clade is supported by the following list of characters.

Character 7, 0> 1: presence of an anterolateral process on the lateral ethmoid. Independently gained in Vaillantella euepiptera , Yasuhikotakia modesta, Mesonemacheilus triangularis , at the level of the clade containing Lefua costata and members of the Balitoridae, and in the out-group taxon Elops cf. senegalensis .

Character 18, 0> 1: presence of pterotic fossa at origin of levatator operculi. A pterotic fossa is also present in the outgroup characiform taxon Distichodus antonii .

Character 46, 1> 0: hyomandibular without large lateral flange, overlapping adjacent edge of preopercle (reversal to plesiomorphic condition).

Character 49, 0> 1: connection between infraorbital canal and preopercular canal. Independently gained in Psilorhynchus and Gastromyzon cranbrooki .

Character 76, 0> 1: absence of hypobranchial 3. Independently lost in P. sucatio .

Character 83, 2> 0: presence of pharyngobranchial 1 (reversal to plesiomorphic condition).

Character 100, 0> 1: fifth vertebral centrum with zygapophysis contacting neural complex. Independently gained at the level of clade N.