Tyrannidae, Vigors, 1825

Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58, pp. 1-66 : 28-31

Tyrannidae

Elaenia spectabilis (MPR) : breeds from the eastern Andes in Bolivia to southwestern and eastern Brazil, northern Argentina and Uruguay; it overwinters in northeastern Brazil and in the Amazon ( Hosner, 2004a). Museum and sound records show its sparse presence throughout the year in almost the entire national territory. Records for Amazonian states are restricted in the period between April and November and centered between May and August (WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP; MNRJ; MPEG).The records from the South region (PR, SC and RS) are restricted to September and March (WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP; MPEG), which suggests a migratory pattern. However, there is only evidence of breeding activity for the Northeast, Southeast and South regions between September and April (WikiAves, 2016) indicating why this species was classified as partially migratory.

Elaenia parvirostris (MPR) : breeds in eastern and southeastern Bolivia, southeastern and southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina and Uruguay. After breeding, it migrates during winter (April to October) mainly to northern South America, crossing the entire Amazon and flying as far as southern Caribbean ( Netherlands Antilles, Trinidad) ( Fitzpatrick, 2004). Available records, vocal and museum, corroborate this pattern: those for the Amazonian region are restricted to the period between April and October, while those for Southeast and South are centered from August to March (WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP; MPEG). Breeding data for the Southeast and South are between October and February (WikiAves, 2016).

Elaenia chiriquensis (MPR) : occurs from Costa Rica to eastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina. It is considered resident in most of its distribution ( Hosner, 2004b), but some individuals migrate to breed ( Jahn et al., 2004). The coexistence of migratory and resident populations hinders the identification of flyways ( Marini & Cavalcanti, 1990). There seems to be a population quite common in Central Brazil between August and December that also breeds there and fly north during winter ( Hosner, 2004b; Medeiros & Marini, 2007) and west to the Amazonian region ( Sick, 1983, 1997; Marini & Cavalcanti, 1990). This migratory pattern is corroborated by an absence of records south of Brasília/DF and Cuiabá/MT between June and August ( Marini & Cavalcanti, 1990). Nevertheless, a study using stable isotope analysis of tissues of individuals from this population reveals that individuals never leave the Cerrado for molting and wintering ( Guaraldo et al., 2016). In addition, unpublished data from Charles G. Duca reports a quick passage of individuals through the coast of ES in February that were molting flight feathers,which suggests that the southeast coast of Brazil may be a stopover or molting ground for this species.

Myiopagis viridicata (MPR) : occurs from Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador, also in Guyana, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and virtually all of Brazil. It is mainly resident, but populations in extreme southern Brazil migrate north after the breeding season ( Fitzpatrick, 2004). Photographic records restricted to the period between September and May in PR, SC and RS corroborate this, while in other states it is found throughout the year ( Belton, 1985; WikiAves, 2016).

Serpophaga munda (MPR) : breeds in Argentina between October and January and flies to lower elevations, to the north and east of the Chaco and to Patagonian lowlands during austral winter, with some individuals flying to coastal regions in southeastern of Brazil and Uruguay ( Fitzpatrick, 2004). It migrates every year from the Andes to the Pantanal during colder periods (D. Oliveira, pers. comm.), as shown by recaptures in the Pantanal Matogrossense National Park in June 2013 (Cemave, unpublished data). All photographic and sound records available are for RS and are distributed throughout the year (WikiAves, 2016), which suggests a resident population (even though there is no evidence of breeding activity). Because of its migratory behavior in the Pantanal, this species was considered partially migratory.

Legatus leucophaius (MPR) : occurs from Mexico to northern Argentina and in all of Brazil ( Mobley & Kirwan, 2016). It has been considered a migratory species ( Jahn & Cueto, 2012), and records for the northeastern, southeastern and southern regions are centered in the period between September and March ( Belton, 1985; Antunes et al., 2013; WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP; MNRJ). However, the species is recorded all year round for the northern region (WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP; MPEG) and there is evidence of breeding activity for all of Brazil between September and February (WikiAves, 2016), which characterizes it as a partially migratory species.

Myiarchus swainsoni (MPR) : the subspecies M. s. swainsoni occurs in the most meridional regions of South America, breeds in the temperate zones of Argentina and overwinters in northern South America ( Sick, 1997; Joseph, 2004; Cueto et al., 2008). In Brazil, it breeds in RS ( Belton,1985; Maurício et al., 2013),where it is considered an austral migrant ( Accordi & Hartz, 2013). Photographic, museum records and banding data in RS are centered on the period between September and April ( Belton, 1985; SNA, 2016; WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP) as well as for SC and PR (WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP). In SP, it has been regarded as migratory ( Willis, 2004; Silva-e-Silva & Olmos, 2007; Antunes et al., 2013), but photographic records and banding data show its presence in all months of the year (SNA, 2016; WikiAves, 2016). Sedentary populations may be represented by the subspecies M. s. pelzelni in Central Brazil ( Lanyon, 1982), but preliminary data and capture records suggest a migratory pattern for this subspecies around Brasília/DF, as seen as the result of a pilot project with geolocators and isotopic analyses in Brasília and in Chapada dos Guimarães/ MT (A. Guaraldo, pers. obs.).

Casiornis fuscus (MPR) : endemic to Brazil and occurs in the southern Amazon from lower Tapajós River east to PE and south to northeastern MT and central MG, including the entire Caatinga and part of the Cerrado ( Scholes, 2004; Scholes & Boesman,2016). As stated by Sick (1997), it seems to be present in the north of its distribution only as a visitor during winter. This statement was recently confirmed and deepened a space-time analysis of historic records of museum specimens, field observations and digital vouchers at WikiAves and e-bird ( Lees, 2016). In this analysis, a migratory pattern from part of the Caatinga and adjacent ecotones was identified, where records are centered in the period between December and March, expanding west to northern Cerrado and eastern Amazon between June and September. Although it can be recorded throughout the year in the Caatinga, where it also breeds, as corroborated by banding data (SNA, 2016), its occurrence in the Amazon is restricted to the period between April and October, when they use mainly open formations and young secondary forests as wintering areas ( Lees, 2016).

Pitangus sulphuratus (MPR) : occurs from extreme southern USA to Argentina. Its migratory habits are little known and it is resident in most of its distribution. It seems to depart from higher altitudes and colder regions in southern Brazil during austral winter ( Mobley, 2004a). One individual banded in Santiago del Estero, Argentina was recovered in SC in January ( Olrog, 1969). There are large numbers of this species in Serra da Bodoquena in western MS during winter and then it disappears during summer, which suggests a west-east movement through the Argentinian Chaco region to Brazil ( Capllonch et al., 2009). During a banding course in the Pantanal Matogrossense National Park in July 2013, 11 individuals were captured simultaneously in two mist nets (Cemave, unpublished data). However, further studies are necessary to better understand this species movement patterns.

Myiodynastes maculatus (MPR) :occurs from Mexico to Argentina and in all of Brazil ( Mobley,2004b).It is considered migratory ( Jahn & Cueto, 2012) in the extreme north and south of its distribution and seems to move altitudinally ( Mobley, 2004b), but this is yet to be confirmed. It breeds in almost all of Brazil from September to April (SNA,2016; WikiAves, 2016) and, according to Sick (1983), it departs from southern regions in the winter to join the sedentary populations from the north ( Sick, 1983). Photographic records (WikiAves, 2016) and banding data (SNA, 2016) confirm its presence all year round in all of Brazil, but in the southeastern and southern regions they are centered in the period between September and April, which suggests a winter migration that should be better studied. Central-western records are far more numerous in the period of August to December (WikiAves, 2016).

Tyrannus albogularis (MPR) : occurs from Venezuela to the Guianas south to northern Bolivia and Brazil. It has been classified as an austral migrant, but its movement pattern is not fully known and populations further north of the distribution may be resident. During austral winter (approximately from May to August), it migrates west through the Amazon, reaching extreme southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru ( Mobley, 2004c). Photographic records and banding data show that the species breeds in Brazil between October and April in PA, RN, TO, GO, MG and SP. Its occurrence records are sparse throughout the year in the national territory (SNA, 2016; MZUSP; MPEG). However, there are fewer records in GO, MG and SP between May and August than in the rest of the year (SNA, 2016; MZUSP; MPEG), which suggests a reduction in population during winter. Further studies are necessary to understand its migratory pattern.

Tyrannus melancholicus (MPR) : occurs from extreme southwestern USA to central Argentina and in all of Brazil ( Mobley, 2004d). Populations from southern Brazil remain in their breeding area only during the hotter months of the year and depart during winter ( Sick,1997), which classifies it as migratory ( Jahn & Cueto, 2012) in part of its distribution ( Mobley, 2004d). Museum records and banding data are restricted to the period between October and March in PR, SC and RS, and in MG, RJ and SP it is centered on September to March, when there are far more records ( Belton, 1985; Accordi & Hartz, 2013; SNA, 2016; MZUSP; MPEG). However, the species is recorded all year round in the entire national territory and there is an overlap of resident and migrant populations, whose individuals can be morphologically differentiated by their wings ( Jahn et al., 2010). Evidence of breeding activity is available for almost all Brazilian states (SNA, 2016;WikiAves, 2016).

Tyrannus savana (MPR) : occurs from southern Mexico to Argentina and all of Brazil, with both resident and migratory populations, whose movement patterns are not fully understood ( Mobley, 2004e). It breeds in Argentina and southern Brazil from September to February and then flies north in flocks ( Sick, 1983; Belton, 1985; Cueto et al., 2008; Azpiroz et al., 2012). It overwinters in the Amazon, but not always does the entire population migrate. During the non-breeding season (March to September), individuals of meridional populations invade areas of the sedentary septentrional populations. This species migrates in flocks that use different pathways to fly to and from the Amazon Basin, where they gather by the hundreds or even thousands ( Sick, 1997). Three pairs captured in their breeding territory in Argentina and monitored by geolocators bred from late November to mid-January, started fall migration between late January and late February, and then migrated to the northwest, heading to northern South America and using one or two wintering grounds. Five individuals stayed in the western Amazon (mainly in Peru, northwestern Brazil and southern Colombia) for several weeks in April and May before flying to spend the rest of the non-breeding season in central Venezuela and northern Brazil. Fall migration lasted between 7 and 12 weeks and covered a distance of 2,888 to 4,105 km ( Jahn et al., 2013b). According to photographic records and banding data, it occurs in the southeastern and southern regions of Brazil only from September to March, when it breeds ( Belton, 1985; SNA, 2016; WikiAves, 2016). According to the literature, in the Amazonian region, it occurs all year round but it is but it is represented by both resident and migratory individuals (SNA, 2016; WikiAves, 2016). It has been recently discovered through geolocation data that individuals breeding in SP overwinter mainly in Colombia and Venezuela ( Jahn et al., 2016).

Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus (MPR) : breeds in temperate zones in Argentina and migrates during austral winter to hotter,more humid latitudes in South America ( Cueto et al., 2008). Part of its population is migratory and part is resident ( Jahn et al., 2004).The nominotypical subspecies breeds in northern and eastern Bolivia, central-western and southern Brazil, northern and central Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay; is migratory and flies mainly to western Amazonia. During the non-breeding season, it is recorded in northeastern Peru, eastern Ecuador, southeastern Colombia, Brazil – in AC, RO, AM and PA –, extreme southern Venezuela and southern Guyana. The subspecies G. a. pallidiventris occurs from eastern PA to MA and PI and in GO ( Mobley, 2004g) and is sedentary. In Brazil, photographic records showing evidence of breeding activity are scarce and they are restricted to the period between October and December in BA, GO, MG, SP (WikiAves, 2016) and RS ( Belton, 1985). Occurrence records and banding data show its presence in central-western, southeastern and southern regions between September and January, while in the Amazoni- an region it can be observed throughout the year (SNA, 2016;WikiAves, 2016), probably due to the existence of a resident population and a seasonal increment of migratory individuals.

Empidonomus varius (MPR) : occurs in almost the entire continent of South America (except in the Andes and extreme south of the continent), and is migratory in the west and south of its distribution ( Fitzpatrick, 2004). In Brazil, two subspecies occur: E. v. rufino , in Venezuela, Guianas, northern and eastern Brazil; and E. v. varius , in Bolivia, central and southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, which seems to be migratory ( Mobley, 2004h). Photographic records show evidence of breeding activity in the Amazonian region and in the northeastern, southeastern and southern regions from October to February (WikiAves, 2016). This, alongside banding data, shows its presence all year round in the northern region (SNA, 2016). In Caatinga regions in Northeast Brazil, its occurrence may be related to the rainy season, when there is a larger concentration of individuals between December and June. This pattern should be studied further. In the central-western, southeastern and southern regions, the species occurs mainly between September and April (SNA, 2016; WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP), as already stated in the literature for SP ( Aleixo & Galetti, 1997; Willis, 2004; Antunes et al., 2013) and RS ( Belton, 1985). It seems to fly to the northern region during winter ( Sick, 1983), where the resident population receives an increment of migrant individuals.

Myiophobus fasciatus (MPR) : occurs from Costa Rica to northeastern Argentina, and is recorded in all of Brazil. It is resident, but there are migratory populations in the south of its distribution ( Farnsworth & Lebbin, 2004e). In Brazil, it breeds in RS ( Maurício et al., 2013), where it is considered migratory ( Accordi & Hartz, 2013). Banding data and photographic records show its presence in this state between September and April, and only two individuals were banded outside of this period (one in May and another in June). In all other states the species is present all year round (SNA, 2016; WikiAves, 2016).

Sublegatus modestus (MPR) : migratory in the south of its distribution.Populations that breed in Argentina migrate to the Amazon during winter ( Robbins, 2004; Cueto et al., 2008; Capllonch et al., 2009). Records for RS are restricted to the western region and are centered in the summer from October to February with evidence of breeding activity ( Belton, 1985), despite a specific record in June (WikiAves, 2016). Photographic records and banding data are pretty scarce for the Amazon Basin (SNA, 2016; WikiAves, 2016), but they are restricted to the period between April and August in AC, RO, AP and the Amazoni- an region in MT, which confirms the migratory pattern suggested in the literature (WikiAves, 2016). It is still not securely known if the Amazonian populations are exclusively composed of austral migrants ( Sick, 1997) or if there is a resident population in there. Studies with this species in this region are necessary.

Pyrocephalus rubinus (MPR) : occurs from southern USA to south-central South America, and it is migratory in most of its distribution. It breeds in southeastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina, Uruguay and southeastern and southern Brazil, and it overwinters mainly east of the Andes north to as far as southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru and the Brazilian Amazon ( Fitzpatrick, 1980; Sick, 1983; Jahn et al., 2004; Farnsworth & Lebbin, 2004f). In other areas, it moves altitudinally ( Fitzpatrick,2004). Adults from the population that breeds in Argentina depart to Ecuador and Colombia immediately after breeding, while the young remain for three more months and depart only when winter is near, in late April. Populations from southern Brazil migrate during winter and invade areas from resident populations in Central Brazil and in the Amazon ( Sick, 1997). The species breeds in RS ( Belton, 1985; Maurício et al., 2013) and PR (WikiAves, 2016). Photographic records show its presence all year round in almost the entire Brazilian territory, except for the Northeast, where there are records only for BA between May and November (WikiAves, 2016). In RS, records are also distributed in the entire year, but they are scarce from May to July (WikiAves, 2016).

Fluvicola albiventer (MPR) : breeds from northern central and eastern Brazil to eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and western Uruguay. It occurs as a winter migrant in the western Brazilian Amazon, southeastern Peru, northern Bolivia. There are few records for northeastern Peru and is also vagrant in Ecuador ( Farnsworth & Langham, 2004b). In Brazil, according to photographic records (WikiAves, 2016) and banding data (SNA, 2016), the species seems to be resident in the Southeast and Northeast regions. Records are scarce in the south of the country and they seem to be centered in the period between July and December for the Amazonian region, even though in AM it was also recorded in January and February (SNA, 2016; WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP; MPEG). Its seasonality in the Amazon was important for its classification as partially migratory, but moving patterns are not well defined and further studies are necessary.

Lathrotriccus euleri (MPR) : occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and the entire Brazil.It is mainly resident,but populations from the south migrate north during winter ( Farnsworth & Lebbin, 2004g) in July, and return in January ( Joseph, 1996). According to photographic records, the species is present in the Southeast and Central-West regions all year round and records are scattered along the year without an apparent pattern. In the South (PR, SC and RS), the species vanishes during winter, especially in June and July (WikiAves, 2016). In RS, data from band recovery suggests fidelity to site and period ( Belton, 1985).

Hymenops perspicillatus (MPR) :occurs in Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia and Brazil. It is resident in part of southern Brazil, but migratory in the southeast, moving north during winter ( Farnsworth & Lebbin, 2004h) and remaining in the breeding area only in the hotter months of the year ( Sick, 1997). This species is record- ed all year round for RS and SC (WikiAves, 2016), which indicate that it is resident in these states ( Belton, 1985). However, records for PR, SP, RJ, MS and MT are restricted to the period between April and November (WikiAves, 2016).