Auchenipterinae Bleeker, 1862

Birindelli, José L. O., 2014, Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes), Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (3), pp. 451-564 : 534-536

Auchenipterinae Bleeker, 1862

Euanemini Bleeker, 1858: 39 (see also Bleeker, 1858: 49, 189) [type genus: Euanemus (= Auchenipterus )].

Tracheliopterini Bleeker, 1858: 39 (see also Bleeker, 1858: 49, 250, 257) [type genus: Trachelyopterus ].

Pseudauchenipterini Bleeker, 1862 (in Bleeker, 1862 -1863): 6 [type genus: Pseudauchenipterus ].

Astrophysi (=Asterophysi) Bleeker, 1862 (in Bleeker, 1862 - 1863): 7 [type genus: Asterophysus ].

Auchenipterini Bleeker, 1862 (in Bleeker, 1862 -1863): 14 [type genus: Auchenipterus ].

Ageneiosi Bleeker, 1862 (in Bleeker, 1862 -1863): 14 [type genus: Ageneiosus ].

Trachycorystidae Miranda Ribeiro, 1911: 352 [type genus: Trachycorystes ] .

Included taxa. Ageneiosus , Asterophysus , Auchenipterichthys , Auchenipterus , Entomocorus , Epapterus , Liosomadoras , Pseudauchenipterus , Pseudepapterus , Pseudotatia , Spinipterus , Tetranematichthys , Tocantinsia , Trachelyichthys , Trachelyopterichthys , Trachelyopterus and Trachycorystes . Diagnosis. The subfamily Auchenipterinae is diagnosed by the following characters: urogenital opening at the tip of anterior anal-fin rays in males (#46: 1>2, exclusive), lateral line sinusoidal (#115: 0>1, reversed in Spinipterus , present also in Centromochlus ), accessory cartilage present between third and fourth basibranchials (#190: 0>1, reversed in Asterophysus , present also in some non-Auchenipteridae catfishes), six branched pelvic-fin rays (#276: 0>1, reversed in Entomocorus , and modified in Asterophysus , Auchenipterichthys , Auchenipterus , Epapterus , Pseudauchenipterus , Pseudepapterus , Trachelyichthys , Trachelyopterichthys , Trachelyopterus , Trachycorystes , present also in some non-Auchenipteridae catfishes).

Remarks. The subfamily Auchenipterinae is considered to be composed of Tocantinsia plus four monophyletic clades ( Fig. 68 ). Clade 1: the Asterophysus / Liosomadoras is supported by three characters, including the frontals not participating in the orbital margin (#64: 0>1, also present in Auchenipterichthys , Auchenipterus , Epapterus , Pseudepapterus , Trachelyopterichthys , Trachelyopterus and Trachycorystes ), epiotic not participating in the border of the cephalic shield (#84: 1>0, present also in some specimens of Trachycorystes ) and spines widespread on the posterior cleithral process (#268: 1>0, also present in Trachelyopterus porosus , coded as innaplicable for Asterophysus , which lack spines on the posterior cleithral process). Clade 2: the Pseudachenipterus / Pseudotatia clade is supported by five characters, including a distal vesicle on the distal portion of the anterior anal-fin rays in mature males (#48: 0>1, exclusive, coded as missing data for Pseudotatia ), dorsal face of the lateral ethmoid not participating in the cephalic shield (#59: 1>0, also present in Centromochlus heckelii ), fenestra between the lateral ethmoid and fontral present (#60: 0>1, coded as missing data for Pseudotatia ), fenestra between frontal and orbitosphenoid present (#77: 0>1, also present in Centromochlinae ), and anterior margin of the pectoral girdle elongate with acute tip (#249: 0>2, also present in Asterophysus , Centromochlus , Entomocorus , Gelanoglanis , and Tatia ). Clade 3: the Trachelyopterus clade, also including Auchenipterichthys , Trachelyichthys , Trachelyopterichthys , and Trachycorystes , is supported by two characters, including eight or more branched rays in the pelvic fin (#276: 1>3, also present in Asterophysus , Auchenipterus , Epapterus , Pseudepapterus , and reversed [i.e., rays equal to seven] in Trachelyopterus ), and last unbranched caudal-fin ray in the ventral lobe articulated with hemal spine (#307: 0>1, also present in Tetranematichthys , reversed in Trachycorystes ). Clade 4: the Auchenipterus clade, also including Ageneiosus , Entomocorus , Epapterus , Pseudepapterus , Spinipterus , and Tetranematichthys , is supported by nine characters, including the breeding tubercles on the maxillary barbels (#25: 0>1, reversed in Ageneiosus , character coded as missing data for Spinipterus ), transcapular process at an angle of approximately 45° relative to body axis (#92: 0>1, reversed in Entomocorus , character coded as missing data for Spinipterus ), ventral process of infraorbital 1 present (#98: 0>1, also present in Centromochlus , character coded as missing data for Spinipterus ), ventral rows of neuromasts dorsal to lateral line absent (#117: 1>0, condition also present in Gelanoglanis ), maxilla of mature males elongate (#134: 0>1, also present in some species of Trachelyopterus , character coded as missing data for Spinipterus ), gill-rakers moderate in size (#183: 0>1, also present in Glanidium , Centromochlus , Tatia , Tocantinsia , reversed in Auchenipterus , Epapterus , Pseudepapterus , character coded as missing data for Spinipterus ), dorsal-fin spine capable of rotating anteriorly (#241: 0>1, also present in Liosomadoras , and in some species of Trachelyopterus , character coded as missing data for Spinipterus ), anteromedial process of basipterygium partially or completely united to basipterygium (#283: 0>1, also present Gelanoglanis , reversed in Entomocorus , character coded as missing data for Spinipterus ), lateral process of basipterygium short (#285: 1>0, also present in Auchenipterichthys , Gelanoglanis , Tatia , character coded as missing data for Spinipterus ).

Figures

Fig. 68. Part 2: Consensus tree of phylogenetic relationships inAuchenipteridae. Numbers of nodes indicated above branches and values for Bremer support indicated below branches. Character state changes (i.e., synapomorphies, autapomorphies, and homoplasis) for each branch listed in Appendix.