Chrysophyllum paranaense T.D. Pennington (1990: 578)

Völtz, Rafael R., Alves-Araújo, Anderson & Goldenberg, Renato, 2020, Native Species of Sapotaceae Juss. in Paraná, Brazil, Phytotaxa 430 (4), pp. 224-276 : 238-239

1.4 Chrysophyllum paranaense T.D. Pennington (1990: 578) . Figure 8

Understory tree. Trunk section cylindrical, unbuttressed; bark light yellowish-brown, fissured-scaly, fissure shallow, short, V-shaped, parallel, ridges flattened, scales papyraceous, rectangular; slash light yellow-orange or light-red, tangential section with longitudinal streaks, not discoloured, abundant white latex. Stems with young shoots ochre to golden, soon light yellowish-brown, not lenticellate, angled or slightly fissured at first, becoming rounded when older, young shoots sericeous-tomentose, soon glabrous. Leaves distichous, spaced. Petiole 3.5–10.5 mm long, grooved, sericeous-tomentose. Leaf blade chartaceous, (3.5–)4.0–17.0(–19.0) × (2.0–)3.0–7.0 cm, oblong, elliptic or rarely narrow-obovate, apex short-acuminate, rarely obtuse or long-acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, adaxial surface sericeous-tomentose or pubescent at first, soon glabrescent or glabrous, abaxial surface sericeous-tomentose or pubescent, but sericeous-tomentose on the midrib and secondaries, venation eucampto-brochidodromous, midrib sunken on the adaxial surface, raised on the abaxial surface, secondaries 8–15 pairs, slightly convergent and arcuate near the margin, slightly sunken or flat on the adaxial surface, raised on the abaxial surface, intersecondaries long, short or absent, tertiary veins loosely reticulate, inconspicuous or rarely flat on the adaxial surface, slightly raised on the abaxial surface, quaternary veins loosely reticulate. Inflorescences axillary, 2–7-flowered. Pedicel 7.5–19.0 mm long, sericeous-tomentose. Flowers androgynous, greenish-cream in vivo; sepals quincuncial, 3.0–4.0 mm long, ovate to suborbiculate, apex obtuse or rounded, margin entire, abaxial surface sericeous-tomentose, adaxial surface glabrous or pubescent at apex, with a broad glabrous marginal stripe; corolla cyathiform, glabrous, 6.0– 7.5 mm long, tube longer than the lobes, 3.5–4.5 mm long, lobes 2.0– 2.5 mm long, oblong, apex rounded; stamens fixed on half or on the lower third of the corolla tube, filaments 1.8–2.6 mm long, glabrous, anthers 1.0– 1.5 mm long, sparsely long-haired; ovary 1.2–1.6 mm long, conical, style 3.5–5.0 mm long, pubescent at base, stigma slightly lobed. Fruit ripening dark-red (wine), ca. 3.1 × 1.7 cm, lanceolate, glabrescent, exocarp membranaceous, mesocarp fleshy and endocarp membranaceous, calyx and style persistent, 1-seeded. Seed ca. 1.8 × 0.8 cm, ellipsoid-fusiform, not laterally compressed, testa rugulose; scar basi-ventral, 13 mm long, broad, covering about two-thirds of the seed length, cordate.

Selected material: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Guaraqueçaba, 02 December 1998, A.C. Cervi 6497 ( UPCB). Guaraqueçaba, 05 May 2017, R.R. Völtz 1483 ( UPCB). Guaraqueçaba, 9 July 2017, R.R. Völtz 1511 ( EFC). Guaratuba, 02 April 2016, R.R. Völtz 1526 ( EFC, UPCB). Matinhos, without date, S.R. Ziller 1425 ( HFC, MBM). Paranaguá, 26 January 1963, G.G. Hatschbach 9709 ( MBM). Paranaguá, 31 January 1966, G.G. Hatschbach 13630 ( MBM, NY, UPCB).

In Paraná Chrysophyllum paranaense occurs in the coastal lowland on alluvial plains and in the mountainous region of the Atlantic coast on the base of the hill slopes, near sea level to 120 m elev., in Alluvial and Submontane Atlantic Rain Forest. Collected with flowers in January, February, November and December, and fruit in April, May and July. It can be recognized by the distichous leaves with the abaxial surface sericeous-tomentose or pubescent with hyaline to golden appressed hairs. The leaves are bicolored, green on the adaxial surface and light yellowishgreen on the abaxial surface (in vivo), with eucampto-brochidodromous venation, and the tertiary and quaternary veins are loosely reticulate. This species shares similar morphology with C. flexuosum , and they are usually confused ( Pennington, 1990). The morphology of the specimens collected in Paraná is similar to the one described by Pennington (1990) for C. paranaense . According to this autor, C. paranaense differs from C. flexuosum by the stem not lenticellate (vs. lenticellate or not in C. flexuosum ), the base usually obtuse or rounded (vs. narrowly attenuate), the abaxial surface of the leaves sericeous-tomentose or pubescent with hyaline to golden hairs (vs. subglabrous with silvery appressed hairs), the tertiary veins loosely reticulate (vs. parallel to secondaries or reticulate), the corolla tube longer than the lobes (vs. tube equalling the lobes).

Conservation Status: —This species was listed as “Data Deficient” ( DD) by CNCFlora (2018) and as “Vulnerable” ( VU) by IUCN (2018). In Paraná C. paranaense is irregularly distributed along the Atlantic Rain Forest and few populations are in the protected areas. The loss of habitat to agriculture or urbanization is the main problem to its conservation.

Figures

FIGURE 8. Chrysophyllum paranaense. A. Habit. B. Bark. C. Slash. D. Abaxial surface of the leaf. E. Flower, longitudinal section. F. Adaxial surface of the corolla. G. Lateral and frontal view of the seed.H. Fruit. I. Stem with flower. J. Detail of the indumentum. K. Flower in vivo. (A–D from R.R. Völtz 1511; E–F, J, K from R.R. Völtz 1526; G from R.R. Völtz 1483; H from R.R. Völtz 1534; I from A.C. Cervi 6459) (ov: ovary; sc: seed scar; st: stamen).