Chrysophyllum viride Martius & Eichler (1863: 102)

Völtz, Rafael R., Alves-Araújo, Anderson & Goldenberg, Renato, 2020, Native Species of Sapotaceae Juss. in Paraná, Brazil, Phytotaxa 430 (4), pp. 224-276 : 239-241

1.5 Chrysophyllum viride Martius & Eichler (1863: 102) . Figure 9

Canopy tree. Trunk section cylindrical, slightly buttressed or unbutressed; bark grayish to grayish-brown, rough; slash whitish or yellowish-white, tangential section with longitudinal streaks, not discoloured, with scanty white latex or absent. Stems with apical buds and young shoots ochre or grayish-yellowish-brown, soon grayish, not lenticellate, slightly rough, rounded, young shoots tomentose or pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves spirally arranged, spaced. Petiole 10.0–26.0 mm long., grooved, tomentose, glabrescent or glabrous. Leaf blade chartaceous, 5.0–14.5 × 1.5– 4.5 cm, narrow-elliptic, oblanceolate, narrow-obovate or elliptic, apex short-acuminate or acute, rarely rounded or emarginated, base acute to cuneate, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface pubescent or glabrous, but sometimes with sparse hairs on the midrib, venation brochidodromous, midrib sunken on the adaxial surface, raised on the abaxial surface, secondaries 14–28 pairs, straight and arcuate near the margin, slightly raised on both sides, intersecondaries long, tertiary veins ramified, slightly raised on both sides, quaternary veins incospicuous. Inflorescences axillary, 3–12-flowered. Pedicel 5.5–9.5 mm long, pubescent. Flowers androgynous, whitish to greenish-cream in vivo; sepals quincuncial, ca. 2.6 mm long, wide-ovate or suborbiculate, apex rounded or obtuse, margin entire, abaxial surface pubescent, adaxial surface glabrous, sometimes with a broad glabrous marginal stripe; corolla cyathiform, glabrous, ca. 3.5 mm long, tube shorter than the lobes, ca. 1.4 mm long, lobes ca. 2.1 mm long, wide-ovate, apex obtuse, sometimes auriculate at the base; stamens fixed in the lower third of the corolla tube, filaments ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous, anthers 1.0 mm long, glabrous; ovary ca. 1.1 mm long, ovoid, style ca. 1.4 mm long, glabrous, stigma slightly lobed. Fruit ripening yellowish or yellowish-orange, 2.5 × 2.2 cm, globose or suborbiculate, glabrous, exocarp membranaceous, mesocarp and endocarp fleshy, calyx persistent, 1–4-seeded. Seed 2.3 × 1.1 cm, ellipsoid, laterally compressed, testa smooth; scar adaxial, ca. 1.8 mm long, narrow, covering most of the whole seed length, linear.

Selected material: — BRAZIL. Paraná: Adrianópolis, 23 November 2004, J.M. Silva 4234 ( MBM). Campina Grande do Sul, 26 May 1969, G.G. Hatschbach 22224 ( MBM). Guaraqueçaba, 21 November 1968, G.G. Hatschbach 20357 ( MBM, NY). Guaratuba, 13 June 2017, R.R. Völtz 1262 ( EFC, MBM, RB, UPCB). Morretes, 01 November 1968, G.G. Hatschbach 20181 ( MBM). Morretes, 13 May 2017, R.R. Völtz 502 ( MBM, UPCB). Morretes, 22 October 1968, G.G. Hatschbach 20086 ( MBM). Rio Branco do Sul, 23 August 1961, R.M. Klein 2484 ( MBM).

In Paraná Chrysophyllum viride occurs in the mountainous region of the Atlantic coast and Serra do Mar at the base of hill slopes and valleys until 1100 m elev., in Submontane and Montane Atlantic Rain Forest. It can reach the First Plateau along to the tributaries of the Ribeira river and Serra do Mar until the contact with the Araucaria Forest. Collected with flower buds in September and October, flowers in November, immature fruits in January and April and ripening fruits in April, May, June and August. It can be recognized by the rough bark, usually covered by mosses and liverworts, the slash whitish or yellowish-white with scanty or absent latex, the leaves spaced and spirally arranged, and a venation pattern that gives the leaves a striate appearance. The ripening fruit is yellowish and usually sulcate between the seeds. During the fruiting period, abundant fruits can be observed on the ground around the tree. It shares similar leaf morphology with C. gonocarpum , and the differences between them are discussed under the latter species.

Conservation Status: —This species was listed as “Near threatened” ( NT) by CNCFlora (2018). In Paraná C. viride is widespread along the Atlantic Rain Forest and most of its populations are in protected areas. The loss of habitat to agriculture or urbanization is the main problem to its conservation.

Figures

FIGURE 9. Chrysophyllum viride. A. Habit. B. Bark. C. Slash. D. Abaxial surface of the leaf. E. Flower, longitudinal section. F.Adaxial surface of the corolla. G. Lateral and frontal view of the seed. H. Fruit. I. Stem with flower. J. Detail of the tertiary veins. K. Detail of the young stem. (A–D, G–H, K from R.R. Völtz 1218; E from G.G. Hatschbach 20357; F, I–J from G.G. Hatschbach 20181) (ov: ovary; sc: seed scar; st: stamen).