Kyphosus cinerascens ( Forsskål, 1775 )

Knudsen, Steen Wilhelm & Clements, Kendall D., 2013, Revision of the fish family Kyphosidae (Teleostei: Perciformes), Zootaxa 3751 (1), pp. 1-101 : 28-30

Kyphosus cinerascens ( Forsskål, 1775)

(Common name: highfin chub, blue chub, topsail chub, high fin rudderfish)

( Figure 7 , 9 , 10, Table 3, 8–18)

Sciaena cinerascens Forsskål 1775: p. 53 , xii, (type locality: Red Sea), neotype: MNHN A-1993, designated by Sakai and Nakabo 2004; Fowler 1928: p. 221 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Weber and de Beaufort 1936: p. 224 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Hoese and Bray 2006: p. 1322 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Pimelepterus cinerascens Day 1870: p. 684 ( India) ; Bleeker 1877: 15, pl. 364, fig. 4 ( Indonesia); Klunzinger 1880: p. 34 (comparison with Pimelepterus indicus ); Klunzinger 1884: p. 64; Day 1888: p. 788; Day 1889: p. 48; Thurston 1894: p. 135; Steindachner 1901: p. 421; Jordan and Richardson 1908: p. 260 (Calayan, Philippines) (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); McCulloch 1920: p. 59 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Fowler 1928: p. 221 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Weber and de Beaufort 1936: p. 224 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Pimelopterus tahmel Klunzinger 1870: p. 795 ; Weber and de Beaufort 1936: p. 224 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Opisthistius tahmel Gill 1862: p. 245 ; Weber and de Beaufort 1936: p. 224 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Cantharus maculatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1830: p. 343; (type locality: Indian Ocean), holotype: MNHN 0000-8814; Bauchot and Daget 1972: p. 82 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Pimelepterus raynaldi Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1831: p. 274 (type locality: Sunda Strait, Indonesia), holotype: MNHN 0000-4784; Weber and de Beaufort 1936: p. 224 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Bauchot 1963: p. 173 – 174 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Pimelepterus indicus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1831: p. 270 (no locality, but likely: Java, Indonesia), holotype: RMNH 1221; Temminck and Schlegel 1844: p. 86 (Nagasaki, Japan); Klunzinger 1880: p. 357, (not K. cinerascens ); Steindachner and Döderlein 1883: p. 21 (Tokyo, Japan); Fowler 1933: p. 206 (erroneously regarded as synonym of K. bigibbus ); Weber and de Beaufort 1936: p. 224 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Bauchot 1963: p. 172 (followed Cuvier 1831); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Pimelepterus indicus Fowler 1933: p. 206 (erroneously regarded as synonym of K. bigibbus ).

Pimelepterus dussumieri Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1831: p. 273, (type locality: Bay of Bengal), syntypes: MNHN 0000-9659 (1) [previously, two specimens were assigned to MNHN 0000-9659], at present only a single specimen is associated with MNHN 0000-9659, the second specimen was identified as a specimen of K. vaigiensis by Sakai and Nakabo (2006), and this specimen has been re-registered as MNHN 2004-1293 and is missing; Bleeker 1853: p. 40; Gill 1862: p. 245; Weber and de Beaufort 1936: p. 224 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Bauchot 1963: p. 172 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Pimelepterus altipinnis Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1831: p. 270, (type locality: Réunion Island and Papua New Guinea), syntypes: MNHN 0000-0838 (1) Réunion Island, MNHN 0000-9603 (1) Papua New Guinea; Weber and de Beaufort 1936: p. 224 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Bauchot 1963, p. 171 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Fricke 1999: p. 323, (designated invalid lectotype); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Pimelepterus tahmel Rüppell 1835: p. 35 , table 10, fig. 4, type specimen is lost ( Klausewitz & Nielsen 1965), (type locality: Red Sea) [ Forsskål (1775) described “ Sciaena cinerascens , tahmel ”, and specimens have therefore been identified as either Pimelepterus cinerascens or Pimelepterus tahmel . However, Sakai and Nakabo (2006) pointed out that “ tahmel ” is neither a species name nor a subspecies name and should not be used]; Günther 1859: p. 499 (Red Sea, Philippines, Amboyna, Indonesia); Bleeker 1860: p. 29; Gill 1862: p. 245; Playfair in Playfair and Günther 1867: p. 46; Sauvage 1891: p. 516; Weber and de Beaufort 1936: p. 224 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Pimelepterus altipinnoides Guichenot 1863: p. 7 , (type locality: Réunion Island), holotype: MNHN 0000-1313; Sauvage 1891: p. 271 pl. 49a, fig. 4 ( Madagascar); Bauchot 1963, p. 171 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Fricke 1999: p. 323 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Scorpis vinosa Alleyne and Macleay 1877: p. 277 , pl. 9, fig. 2, (type locality: Darnley [Erub] Island, 9°35'S, 143°46'E, Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia), holotype: AMS I.16349-001; McCulloch 1920: p. 59 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Stanbury 1969: p. 207; Hoese and Bray 2006: p. 1322 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens based on McCulloch 1930); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Cyphosus cinerascens Gilchrist and Thompson 1914: p. 70 ; Fowler 1933: p. 207 (erroneously regarded a synonym of K. bigibbus ).

Pachymetopon squamosum Alleyne and Macleay 1877: p. 275 , pl. 9, fig. 1, holotype: AMS.I 16342-001, (type locality: Hall Sound, New Guinea); Macleay 1879: p. 62 (Solomon Island); Macleay 1883: p. 246 (New Guinea); McCulloch 1920: p. 59 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Fowler 1928: p. 221 (regarded as synonym of K. cinerascens ); Hoese and Bray 2006: p. 1322 (regarded a synonym of K. cinerascens ); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Kyphosus indicus Jordan and Snyder 1901: p. 80 (Yokohama, listed); Fowler 1933: p. 206 (erroneously regarded as synonym of K. bigibbus ); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338 (recognised as synonym of K. cinerascens ).

Kyphosus cinerascens Seale 1906: p. 47 (Shortland Island); Jordan and Richardson 1908: p. 260 (Calayan, Philippines); Weber 1911: p. 194; Kendall and Radcliffe 1912: p. 120 (Easter Island); Jordan and Thompson 1912: p. 596 (Tokyo, Japan, after Steindachner & Döderlein 1883); Jordan and Starks 1917: p. 452 (Colombo, Ceylon); McCulloch 1920: p. 59 (Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia); Herre and Montalban 1927: p. 436, pl. 7, fig. 3 ( Philippines); Fowler 1928: p. 221 ( Ponape, Micronesia, Shortland Island, Solomon Island, Society Island, Easter Island); Fowler 1929: p. 645; Fowler 1933: p. 206 (key, Philippines, Shortland Island, Red Sea, Solomon Island, Samoa); Weber and de Beaufort 1936: p. 224 (Indo- Australian Archipelago); Boeseman 1947: p. 85 (in part) (Nagasaki, Japan); Smith 1949: p. 246, fig. 638 ( South Africa); Schultz 1953: p. 563 (Bikini Atoll, Marshall Island, Guam, Mariana Island); Matsubara 1955: 647 (key, Southern Japan); Mito 1958: p. 65, pl. 66, fig. 4 (in part) (Goto Island, Nagasaki, Japan); Smith 1961: p. 246, fig. 638 ( South Africa); Munro 1967: p. 352, pl. 47, fig. 660 (New Guinea); Bagnis et al. 1972: p. 276 (Tahiti); Zama 1976: p. 100 (Ryukyu and Izu Island, Japan) (not K. bigibbus , both appear to be K. sectatrix ); Harmelin-Vivien 1977 p. 291; Zama and Fujita 1977: p. 110 (Ogasawara Island, Japan, listed); Wang 1979: p. 222, fig. 142 (South China Sea); Jones and Kumaran 1980: p. 358, fig. 305 ( Laccadive); Randall 1983: p. 82 (Red Sea); Araga 1984: p. 166; Dor 1984: p. 167; Jones and Kumaran 1980: p. 358, fig. 305 ( Laccadive); Randall 1983: p. 82 (Red Sea); Dor 1984: p. 167; Gloerfelt-Tarp and Kailola 1984: p. 217, pl. 216 (Java Sea, Indonesia); Maugé and Heemstra 1984: p. 3 (Western Indian Ocean); Russel 1983a: p. 66; Randall 1985: p. 22 (Hawaii); Smith 1986: p. 603; Pequeño 1989: p. 62; Winterbottom et al. 1989: p. 41; Myers 1989: p. 151, pl. 60–C, D ( Indonesia, Guam, Mariana Island); Allen 1990: p. 215 (Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea, Australia); Talwar and Jhingran 1991: p. 873; Francis 1991: p. 206 (Lord Howe Island, Australia) and p. 213, fig. 26 (Nepean Island, Norfolk Island, Australia); Iwatsuki et al. 1992: p. 102 (Miyazaki, Japan); Kuiter 1992: p. 89 (Bali, Indonesia); Indian Ocean); Francis 1993: p. 162; Lee 1993: p. 392, pl. 114–117 (Keelung, Taiwan); Masuda and Allen 1993: p. 176; Nakabo 1993: p. 772 (key, southern Japan); Kuiter 1993: p. 212 (south eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island); Goren and Dor 1994: p. 46; Randall 1995: p. 246; Mohsin and Ambak 1996: p. 389; Carpenter et al. 1997: p. 195; Chen et al. 1997: p. 107; Kuiter 1997: p. 202 (northern and north eastern Australia); Randall et al. 1997: p. 215; Eschmeyer 1998: p. 379; Kuiter 1998: p. 120 ( Maldives); Khan 1998: p. 231; Myers 1999: p. 173; Fricke 1999: p. 323; Johnson 1999: p. 738; Kuiter 2000: p. 212 (south eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island); Nakabo 2000: p. 957; Pequeño and Lamilla 2000: p. 434; Pereira 2000: p. 11 ( Mozambique); Randall and Lim 2000: p. 623; Sadovy and Cornish 2000: p. 179; Randall and Earle 2000: p. 15; Iwatsuki et al. 2000: p. 102; Savinykh and Shevtsov 2001: p. 132; Hutchins 2001a: p. 264, app. 1; Hutchins 2001b: p. 36; Sakai 2001: p. 3293; Nakabo 2002: p. 957; Youn 2002: p. 356, 626; Senou et al. 2002: p. 212 (Hachijo Island, Izu Island, Japan); Yagishita et al. 2002: p. 107, fig. 3; Allen and Adrim 2003: p. 41; Allen et al. 2003: p. 132; Manilo and Bogorodsky 2003: p. S111; Myers and Donaldson 2003: p. 631; Shibukawa et al. 2003: p. 124; Parin 2003: p. S14; Letourneur et al. 2004: p. 212 ( Reunion Island); Lobel and Lobel 2004: p. 72; Sakai and Nakabo 2004: p. 20 (not K. cinerascens ); Randall et al. 2004: p. 18; Adrim et al. 2004: p. 122; Heemstra et al. 2004: p. 3321, table 1; Heemstra and Heemstra 2004: p. 251; Randall 2005: p. 306 (Halmahera, Indonesia); Mundy 2005: p. 409 (Indo-Pacific Ocean, Red Sea, Hawaii, Japan, Australia); Hoese and Bray 2006: p. 1322 (Indo-Pacific Ocean); Sakai and Nakabo 2006: p. 338, fig. 1–7, table 1–3; Randall 2007: p. 270 (Hawaii); van der Elst and King 2006: p. 73 (eastern South Africa); Fricke et al. 2009: p. 71; Yagishita et al. 2009: p. 261, fig. 3; Golani and Bogorodsky 2010: p. 36 (Red Sea); Motomura et al. 2010: p. 133; Beets et al. 2010: p. 41; Allen and Erdmann 2012: p. 515; Davis et al. 2012: p.1166; Near et al. 2012: p. 390; Knudsen and Clements 2013: p. 1 ; Near et al. 2013: fig. S1E and S2E.

Opisthistius squamosus Whitley 1931: p. 320 (type as designated by Alleyne and Macleay 1877, holotype: AMS.I 16342-001); Whitley 1964: p. 47.

Figures

FIGURE 7. Museum material and freshly caught specimens of Kyphosus cinerascens, all photos by SWK, all lengths are in mm SL, scale bars equal 10 mm: A) AMS I.16349-001, 86 mm, holotype of Scorpis vinosa, B) AMS I.16342-001, 278 mm, holotype of Pachymetopon squamosum, C) MNHN 0000-9603, 131 mm, holotype of Pimelepterus altipinnoides, D) MNHN 0000-4784, 77 mm, holotype of Pimelepterus raynaldi, E) MNHN 0000-9659, 101 mm, holotype of Pimelepterus dussumieri, F) MNHN 0000-0838, 252 mm, paratype of Pimelepterus altipinnoides, G) MNHN 0000-1313, 231 mm, holotype of Pimelepterus altipinnoides, H) MNHN 0000-8814, 31 mm, holotype of Cantharus maculatus, I) MNHN A-1993, 237 mm, neotype of Kyphosus cinerascens, J) WAM P. 33449-001, 382 mm, non-type.

FIGURE 9. Underwater photographs of three species of Kyphosus, photos by KDC unless specified otherwise: A) Kyphosus cinerascens, September 2009, B) Kyphosus cinerascens, Tulum, Yucatan Peninsula, August 2011 (photo by SWK), C) Kyphosus elegans (spotted phase), near Piñas Perlas, Panama, November 2011, D) Kyphosus elegans (brown phase), near Piñas Perlas, Panama, November 2011, E) Kyphosus gladius, Rockingham, Perth, July 2011, F) Kyphosus gladius, Rottnest Island, Perth, July 2011.