Glandulocaudinae Eigenmann, 1914

Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J & Oliveira, Claudio, 2024, Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1), pp. 1-37 : 9

Glandulocaudinae Eigenmann, 1914

Type genus: Glandulocauda Eigenmann, 1911 .

Included genera: Glandulocauda , Lophiobrycon Castro et al., 2003 , and Mimagoniates Regan, 1907 .

Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Glandulocauda melanopleura (Ellis 1911) and Lophiobrycon weitzmani Castro et al., 2003 . This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Glandulocaudinae .

Etymology: From Latin glandulae (ɡlˈaenduːlˌe͡ɪ) meaning glands of the throat or swollen tonsils and cauda (kˈɔːdə) meaning the tail of animals.

Remarks: Menezes and Weitzman (2009) reviewed the systematics of the Glandulocaudinae, providing an overview of the long taxonomic history and persistent nomenclatural issues

for taxa in the clade. In previous classifications, the clade has been treated as the family Glandulocaudidae (Fernández-Yépez and Anton 1966) , the subfamily Glandulocaudinae (e.g. Menezes and Weitzman 2009), and the tribe Glandulocaudini (e.g. Eigenmann 1914, Myers and Böhlke 1956, Menezes and Weitzman 1990, Mirande 2010). The group’s composition among previous classifications varied until Weitzman et al. (2005) restricted Glandulocaudinae to Glandulocauda , Lophiobrycon , and Mimagoniates .

Several phylogenetic analyses using molecular data or combinations of molecular and morphological datasets resolved Glandulocauda , Lophiobrycon , and Mimagoniates as a monophyletic group, with Mimagoniates as the sister-lineage of a clade containing Lophiobrycon and Glandulocauda ( Oliveira et al. 2011, Thomaz et al. 2015, Mirande 2019, Ferreira et al. 2021). Alternative hypotheses based on analyses of morphological characters resolved Lophiobrycon as the sister-lineage of a clade containing Glandulocauda and Mimagoniates (Castro et al. 2003, Menezes and Weitzman 2009). Ferreira et al. (2021) identified five morphological synapomorphies for Glandulocaudinae . Phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA sequences resolves Glandulocauda as paraphyletic with G. melanopleura (Ellis, 1911) and L. weitzmani Castro et al., 2003 as sister-taxa, and G. caerulea Menezes and Weitzman, 2009 resolved as the sister-lineage of Mimagoniates (Camelier et al. 2018) . The phylogeny inferred from the UCE loci is consistent with previous studies in resolving Glandulocaudinae as monophyletic and Glandulocauda as paraphyletic ( Fig. 3). The UCE phylogeny indicates that Glandulocaudinae represents a La Plata-derived lineage, and that Mimagoniates diversified into the Atlantic coastal rivers ( Fig. 3).