Stevardiinae Gill, 1858

Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J & Oliveira, Claudio, 2024, Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1), pp. 1-37 : 10

Stevardiinae Gill, 1858 , new usage

Type genus: Steoardia Gill, 1858.

Included genera: Chrysobrycon , Corynopoma , Gephyrocharax Eigenmann, 1912 , Pseudocorynopoma Perugia, 1891 , and Pterobrycon Eigenmann, 1913 . Not sampled: Hysteronotus Eigenmann, 1911 and Varicharax Vanegas-Ríos et al., 2020 .

Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Chrysobrycon hesperus (Böhlke, 1958) , Corynopoma riisei Gill, 1858 , Hysteronotus megalostomus Eigenmann, 1911 , and Varicharax nigrolineatus Vanegas-Ríos et al., 2020 . This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Stevardiinae . Although not included in the reference phylogeny, Hysteronotus megalostomus resolves in a clade with species of Pseudocorynopoma and Varicharax nigrolineatus is placed as the sister-lineage of all other species of Stevardiinae in phylogenetic analyses of combined molecular and morphological characters ( Vanegas-Ríos et al. 2020, Ferreira et al. 2021).

Etymology: Steroardia Gill, 1858 is a patronym of D. Jackson Steward (1816–1898).

Remarks: Weitzman and Menezes (1998) proposed a rearrangement in the Glandulocaudinae and defined the tribe Corynopomini with Corynopoma , Gephyrocharax , and Pterobrycon , and the tribe Hysteronotini with Hysteronotus and Pseudocorynopoma . Thomaz et al. (2015) included Corynopomini , Hysteronotini , and Chrysobrycon in what they delimited as Stevardiini , a result corroborated by Ferreira et al. (2021) who identified three morphological synapomorphies supporting the clade. The phylogenies inferred from the UCE loci resolve Stevardiinae as a monophyletic group that includes the subclades Corynopomini ( Corynopoma , Gephyrocharax , and Pterobrycon ) and Hysteronotini ( Chrysobrycon , Pseudocorynopoma , and tentatively Hysteronotus ) ( Fig. 3). The UCE phylogeny also suggests Gephyrocharax is paraphyletic with G. oalencia Eigenmann, 1920 more closely related to Corynopoma riisei Gill, 1858 than to G. oenezuelae Schultz, 1944 , and G. machadoi Ferreira et al., 2018 and Pseudocorynopoma stanleyi Malabarba et al., 2020 are sister-species ( Fig. 3).