Adicophasma, ENGEL & GRIMALDI, 2004

ENGEL, MICHAEL S. & GRIMALDI, DAVID A., 2004, A New Rock Crawler in Baltic Amber, with Comments on the Order (Mantophasmatodea: Mantophasmatidae), American Museum Novitates 3431 (1), pp. 1-12 : 2-8

Adicophasma , new genus

TYPE SPECIES: Adicophasma spinosa , new species.

DIAGNOSIS: The new species is immediately recognizable by the strong spination of the fore­ and midlegs. In this respect A. spinosa is apparently more closely related to the living genera Mantophasma and Praedatophasma than it is to the other ‘‘African’’ rock crawler in Baltic amber, that is, R. kerneggeri . However, unlike Mantophasma , A. spinosa has the plesiomorphic retention of enlarged compound eyes which occupy most of the lateral surface of the head, lacks stout spines on the nota, and lacks a row of elongate setae on the ventral surface of the arolium (the latter character erroneously considered an apomorphy for the entire order by Klass et al., 2002). The new genus has spines of the legs more stoutly developed than those seen in Praedatophasma , the vertex relatively flattened between the compound eyes (convex in Praedatophasma ), a transverse head (rounded in Praedatophasma ), and lacks the spine between the antennae. Adi­

TABLE 1 Hierarchical Classification of ‘‘African’’ Rock Crawlers ( Mantophasmatodea )

cophasma further differs from Raptophasma by the broad abdomen and absence of dorsal carinae on the profemur. As in the living genera, the course of the subgenal sulcus is unique and arches from the posterior mandibular articulation to the anterior tentorial pit (positioned near the compound eye in Adicophasma ) before curving back to the an­ terior mandibular articulation (unobserved but presumed present in Raptophasma ).

ETYMOLOGY: The new genus­group name is a combination of the Greek words adikos (meaning ‘‘injurious’’) and phasma (meaning ‘‘spirit’’). We have chosen not to base the name on Raptophasma or Praedatophasma since these names are an incorrect combina­ tion of Latin (raptus, meaning ‘‘seize’’, or praedatus, meaning ‘‘pillage’’) and Greek. The new name is feminine.

Adicophasma spinosa , new species

Figures 1–4

Raptophasma kerneggeri Zompro, 2001: 257 . [misidentification of paratype]

DIAGNOSIS: As for the genus (see above).

DESCRIPTION: Female: Total body length (excluding antennae) 5.80 mm. Coloration uniformly light brown (figs. 1–2). Maxilla of plesiomorphic orthopteroid form; maxillary palpus five­segmented, basalmost segment smallest, slightly shorter than second segment; third, fourth, and fifth maxillary palpal segments elongate and progressively more slender from base to apex, fifth segment longest; third and fourth segments subequal in length; fifth segment slightly longer than fourth segment, with distinct setae scattered over surfaces; stipes broad, with a few setae; galea apparently with minute fringe of setae at apex, with some short ventral setae; lacinia strongly sclerotized and toothed; two strong spines at apex of cardo (fig. 3). Labium of plesiomorphic orthopteroid construction; labial palpus four­segmented, basalmost segment quadrate and robust; second segment elongate; third segment slightly shorter than second; fourth segment slightly longer than second, with minute fringe of setae at apex, otherwise with scattered, short, simple setae; paraglossa large, with numerous setae; glossa not evident, apparently shorter and hidden by paraglossae. Labrum impunctate, with extensive, faint imbrications, without setae over most of surface; those few setae present simple, sparse, and generally restricted to or near margins; labrum rectangular (width slightly greater than length), apical margin gently convex over entire border except with broad, medioapical extension. Malar space exceedingly short (fig. 4). Clypeus transverse, approximately 2.5 times wider than long, separated from remainder of head by exceedingly shallow depressed line (remnant of vestigial epistomal sulcus: fig. 4). Antennal socket just below facial midlength and near compound eye; sockets separated by about 3 times socket diameter; scape shorter than elongate pedicel; flagellomeres elongate and with sparse setae (16 flagellomeres); F1 about as long as pedicel but distinctly more slender; distal five flagellomeres with setae that are distinctly less stiff, dense, and short­ er than on more proximal flagellomeres. Face with sparse, simple setae; integument faintly imbricate, impunctate. Compound eyes large, extending entire length of head, encompassing almost entire lateral area of head; inner orbits converging below and weakly concave (fig. 4); compound eyes separated dorsally by distance approximately equal to compound eye length, separated ventrally by slightly more than one­half compound eye length; compound eye with a few, simple, short setae. Vertex straight as seen in facial view, with faint scarlike marks perhaps representing vestigial ocelli (fig. 4). Gena impunctate and faintly imbricate. Head transverse (fig. 4).

All podites with scattered long, simple setae except setae of coxae shorter. Procoxae with at least three stout, ventroanterior spines (fig. 3); protrochanter short; profemur noticeably swollen, without dorsal carinae, with two longitudinal rows of stout spines ventrally (distinct ventral surface formed between rows of spines: fig. 3), inner row with spines shorter and more numerous than those spines of outer row; inner surface of protibia with similar stiff, elongate, simple spines as well as more numerous, stout setae on outer surface; tarsus pentamerous, basal four tarsomeres with euplantulae, third tarsomere very weakly bilobed; fourth tarsomere somewhat bilobed so that origin of fifth tarsomere is slightly recessed, fifth tarsomere elongate and slender, bearing simple pretarsal claws and large, broad arolium, without rows of elongate setae (such setae present on arolium in living genera). Midlegs as described for forelegs except mesofemur not as swollen and with fewer stiff setae and spines. Hind legs relatively normal by comparison to pro­ and mesothoracic legs (fig. 3), with scattered, simple, stout setae. Coxae elongate; pro­ and mesotibiae slightly longer than respective femora; metatibia longer than tibiae of preceding segments.

Pronotum only slightly longer than wide, without setae; integument faintly imbricate and impunctate, narrower than head, about as wide as compound eye length; pronotum only slightly longer than mesonotum. Meso­ and metanotum about equal in dimensions, each ca. 1. 25 times wider than long; integument faintly imbricate and impunctate.

Abdomen ovoid, with short segments; width of first abdominal segment ca. 6 times length; width of second abdominal segment ca. 7 times length; width of third abdominal segment ca. 7. 5 times length; widths of fourth and fifth abdominal segments each ca. 8. 5 times length; width of sixth abdominal segment ca. 7 times length; margins of seventh abdominal segment obscured; integument (where observable) faintly imbricate and impunctate. Terga with sparse, erect, simple, setae of moderate length; sterna with such setae more numerous than those on terga. Cerci unsegmented, pointed at apices, longer than wide, with numerous elongate setae (fig. 4). Operculum absent, valvifers exposed (fig. 4).

HOLOTYPE: Female, BALTIC AMBER, Blau Erde (B­1025). Deposited in the Amber Collection , Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History.

ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet refers to the stout spines of the fore­ and midlegs (L. spinosus, meaning ‘‘thorny’’).

KEY TO DESCRIBED MANTOPHASMATODEA IN BALTIC AMBER

1. Pro­ and mesothoracic coxae, femora, and tibiae without spines; profemur with paired, longitudinal carinae dorsally; abdomen elongate and slender (genus Raptophasma )..................... R. kerneggeri Zompro

— Pro­ and mesothoracic coxae, femora, and tibiae with stout spines; profemur without dorsal carinae; abdomen broad (genus Adicophasma )............ A. spinosa , n. sp.

Figures

Figs. 1–2. Holotype female of Adicophasma spinosa, new species (B­1025). 1. Ventral view. 2. Dorsal view.

Fig. 3. Ventral illustration of holotype female of Adicophasma spinosa, new species (B­1025).

Fig. 4. Face and female terminalia of Adicophasma spinosa, new species (B­1025).