Syagrus cocoides Martius (1826: 130)

Noblick, Larry R., 2017, A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae), Phytotaxa 294 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

12. Syagrus cocoides Martius (1826: 130) . Cocos syagrus Drude in Martius (1881: 406) (superfluous name). Calappa cocoides (Mart.) Kuntze (1891: 982) . Lectotype (designated by Glassman [1987: 48]):— BRAZIL. Pará: Rio Negro ad Almeirim, without date, C.F.P. von Martius s.n. (M! [F neg. 18564]), cf. Dahlgren 1959, plate 381

Syagrus cocoides var. linearifolia Barbosa Rodrigues (1875: 40). (“Cyagrus”). Type:— BRAZIL. [Pará]: ad fl. Trombetas, Agua Fria, Barbosa Rodrigues 380 (destroyed). Lectotype (designated by Glassman [1972b: 210]):— BRAZIL, Barbosa Rodrigues (1903a) volume 1, t. 73B, 1903a.

Cocos weddellii Drude in Martius (1881: 311). Calappa weddellii (Drude ex Mart.) Kuntze (1891: 982) . Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás: Sertão d’Amaroleite , Weddell 2690 (holotype P!).

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Cocos drudei Beccari (1887: 445) . Syagrus drudei (Becc.) Beccari (1916: 466) . A superfluous name for C. weddellii Drude , not C. weddelliana Wendland (1871: 114) . Type:—not designated.

Syagrus brachyrhyncha Burret (1937: 686) . Type :— BRAZIL. Pará : Rio Maycurú, Huber 112 (holotype B).

Figure 17 plate, Figure 13 map.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS SYAGRUS

Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 49 Medium-sized, solitary, palm 1.5–10 m tall. Stem ca. 1.3–9 m × 6–12 cm. Leaves 14–22; sheathing leaf base ca. 45–55 × 12–22 cm; pseudopetiole 55–90 cm long; petiole (0–)1–14(–24) × 0.6–1.5 cm, 0.6–0.8 cm thick; rachis 80–180 cm long; leaflets slightly lighter on the abaxial surface, 55–95 along one side, in clusters of 2–5(–6), inserted at various angles, giving the leaf a plumose appearance, no ramenta scales present where the leaflets are inserted on the rachis, but a few very small ones along the abaxial midvein along the proximal portion of the leaflets; basal leaflets 23–67 × 0.3–0.9 cm, middle leaflets (27–)34–55 × 1.1–2.1 cm, apical leaflets 20–42 × 0.4– 0.5 cm with an asymmetric tip. Inflorescence erect or pendulous, spirally branched; prophyll 30–40(–60) × 2.5–3 cm; peduncular bract 100–168 cm long, expanded portion (18–)30–70(–85) × (3–) 5–8 cm, including a 1.5–6 cm beak, 4–9(–17) cm perimeter, 1–3 mm thickness, narrow, woody, sulcate, exterior with waxy bloom; peduncle ca. (52–) 85–117 cm × 6–8 mm, 4–6 mm thick, elliptical in cross-section, glabrous; inflorescence axis (15–) 21–58 cm long; rachis 3–25(–28) cm long; rachillae 3–20(–30), glabrous, 14–32 cm long at the apex, 15–45 cm long at the base; staminate flowers 10–15 mm long at the apex, 15–19 × 4–9 mm at the base, green to yellow, sepals 1.5–2 × ca. 1 mm, glabrous, indistinct nerves, petals 10–15 × 2–6 mm at the apex with acute tips, glabrous, nerves indistinct, stamens 6–7(–8.5) mm long, anthers 5.5–6(–8) mm long, filaments ca. 1 mm long, pistillode less than 0.5 mm long; basal pistillate flowers conical, glabrous, 8–14 × 8–10 mm, yellow, sepals 6–8 × 5–8 mm, petals 6.5– 10 × 4–6 mm, glabrous, valvate tips ½–2/3 the length of the petal, ca. 4–5 mm long, pistil 5–7 (8–11) × 3–3.5(–6) mm, white wooly tomentose on at least the lower half, stigmas less than 2–4(–5) mm long, glabrous, staminodal ring 2–3 mm high, 6-dentate. Fruit globose to obpyriform (pear-shaped but attached at the broad end), 3.5–5.8 × 1.5–3.5 cm, yellow-green when mature, glabrous except for the very tip, epicarp less than 1 mm thick, mesocarp ca. 1 mm thick, succulent and fibrous; endocarp ca. 5.5 × 3.3 cm, ca. 2 mm thick on its sides, ca. 4 mm at the base, 6–10 mm thick at its apex; seed ellipsoid to ovoid, ca. 2.0–2.9 × 1.4–2.2 cm, endosperm homogeneous. Germination remote-tubular.

Common name:— lous, jatá-uba, jatá-uva, piririma, ariri, iriri, pati, pupunha-brava, cunham-hen, uapirima.

Etymology:— The specific epithet, cocoides , alludes to the fact that the nut is coconut-like. This was the first species to be put in the genus Syagrus .

Distribution and habitat:— This species is amply distributed throughout eastern Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso, Brazil. It grows in the Amazonian or pre-Amazonian forest (várzea de terra firme), gallery forest and cerrado generally in rocky terrain to 500 m elevation.

Conservation:— This species is under no threat because of its habitat and wide distribution. It is often left behind in fields after the rest of the forest has been cleared. It probably can be found within the boundaries of several national parks. Therefore, this species is classified as least concern, LC.

Phenology:— Flowering around December and fruiting in August and September.

Uses:— Its trunks are used locally in rural construction. The fruits are rich in edible oils. The plant possesses ornamental attributes.

Notes:— This is a small-crowned palm commonly with large pear-shaped fruit (to 6 cm), plumose leaves with closely-spaced, and narrow leaflets. The leaflets are more or less membranaceous in texture, and they lack large fiber bundles or large fibrous strands ( Noblick 2013a). The 6 cm long, ovoid to pear-shaped fruits are fairly large for a Syagrus , and the fibrous mesocarp has sometimes been observed to split irregularly at the apex at maturity.

Representative specimens:— BRAZIL. Amazonas : Estrada Manaus-Porto Velho , Trecho compreendido entre os rios, Castanho e Araça, 12 July 1972, M.F. Silva 533 ( INPA!) ; Almeirim , Prov. Rio Negro, Almeirim, Martius 3244 ( MO) ; Balbina , Vila de Balbina, Estrada da Cachoeira Morena km 20, 1996, Rabelo 42 ( INPA) ; Borda , Rio Madeira, 3 km S of town, –4.39, –59.59, 29 December 1990, A.J. Henderson 1503 ( NY!) ; Borda , Rio Madeira, BR 230 Estrada Transamazonica, 3 km E of Sucunduri, –4.39, –59.59, 6 May 1985, A.J. Henderson 337 ( INPA, NY!) ; Borba , 3 km Sul de Borba, –4.39, –59.59, 15 May 1995, F. Kahn 3588 ( CEN!) ; Itacoatiara , Fazenda do Sr. Manoel Abdon. Mata as margens do Rio Urubu, –3.14, –58.44, 26 January 1983, J.T. Medeiros-Costa & Dionísio Coelho 233 ( IPA!) ; Itacoatiara , a Mil Madereira , km 227, Manaus-Itacoatiara, Platô, –3.14, –58.44, 2002, Souza s.n. ( INPA) ; Itapiranga , Rio Uatuma, atrás do igarapé Catitu, –2.749, –58.02, 19 August 1979, C.A. Cid Ferreira et al. 522 ( INPA, NY!, RB!, US) ; Presidente Figueiredo , Vila de Balbina, –2.03, –60.03, 1983, Barrett 118 ( INPA) ; Goiás : Gurupi , 1963, G. Eiten & L.T. Eiten 5562 (F!); Rio dos Indios , 4 September 1898, A. A.F.M. Glaziou 22264a (P!); Miracema do Norte , 112 km south from city of Guará along the Belém-Brasília highway (BR-14), 250 m, 11 September 1963, G. Eiten & L.T. Eiten 5501 ( SP!) ; Santa Isabel , Parque Nacional do Araguaia- Ilha do Bananal, Lago da Mata, –15.30, –49.43, 25 June 1979, F.C. da Silva et al. 368 ( SP!, UB!); Maranhão :

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Balsas, along road, ca. 25 km west of Balsas, Fazenda of Sr. Damion, –7.53, –46.04, 3 December 1981, M.J. Balick 1343 (NY!); Balsas, Along road, ca. 25 km west of Balsas, Fazenda of Sr. Damion, –7.53, –46.04, 4 December 1981, M.J. Balick 1345,1346 (NY!); Barro do Corda, –5.26, –44.65, 26 February 1983, E.L. Taylor E1049 (NY!); Carolina, ca. 18 km east from city of Carolina along road to Riachão. On second highest plateau along road coming into Carolina from east, –7.38, –47.29 to –47.35, 9 September 1963, G. Eiten & L.T. Eiten 5490 (F, SP!); Carolina, Serra da Madeira , 480, –7.18, –47.43, 4 July 1993, J.A. Ratter et al. 6738 (UB!); Loreto, "Ilha de Balsas" region, between the Rios Balsas and Parnaíba, ca. 5 km N of city or Ribeiro Gonçales along jeep road between "Côco da Aparecida" & Rio Parnaíba, 400–450 m, –7.50, –45.25, 2 September 1963, G. Eiten & L.T. Eiten 5449 (SP!); São Luis , 14 December 1958, W.A. Engler 739 (MG!); São Luis , Island of Sao Luiz. Estrada do Olho d'Agua, –2.53, – 44.30, 2 February 1939, R. de L. Fróes & Krukoff 11622 (A, F!, GH!, MO, NY!); São Luis , Island of São Luiz , ca. 7 km from the center of the city, Reserva Floresta do Sacavem (Parque Estadual do Bacanga) near bus station, 1–30 m, –2.75, –44.25, 27 August 1994, L.R. Noblick & N. Figueiredo 4965 (FTG!, UFMA!); Timom, 30 January 1981, Andrade-Lima 81-9018 (IPA!); Tuntum, Palmeirinhas, on unpaved road S from BR226, without date, B.E. Dahlgren s.n. (F-612366!); Mato Grosso: Aripuanã, Estrada Juruena-Aripuanã, ca. 50 km E (em linha reta) de Aripuanã, Base da Serra Morena , –10.30, –59.02, 8 July 1997, V.C. Souza et al. 18529 (ESA!, UFMT!); Novo Mundo, Parque Estadual Cristalino, –9.95, –55.20, 21 July 2006, P.F.C. et al. 267 (HERBAM); Rio Teles Pires, Cachoeira Cachoeirão, –11.86, –55.50, 25 September 1985, C.A. Cid Ferreira 6240 (NY!); Sinop, Estr. para Porto dos Gaúchos a 25 km da BR 163. Faz. Missionária, Rio Teles Sta. Terezinha, Faz. Codeara. Serra da Viúva , a 12 km S da cidade, 10 October 1985, C.A. Cid Ferreira 6413 (NY!); Tangará, da Serra próximo à Progresso, 29 October 1995, M. Macedo & R. Godinho 4446 (UFMT); Pará: Altamira, Igarpé Ipixuna, affluent of Rio Xingu; 5 m S of settlement, Araweté Indian Reserve, –4.82, –52.52, 6 November 1985, W.L. Balée & B.G. Ribeiro 1920 (MO!, NY!); Barra do R. São Manoel , 14 January 1952, J.M. Pires 3933 (IAN!); Belterra, 17 July 1947, G.H. Black 47-1051 (IAC!); Belterra, –2.64, –54.94, 20 July 1947, G.A. Black s.n. (IAC!); Belterra, FLONA Tapajós km 67, 190 m, –2.84, –54.97, 9 September 2010, J.Z. Shimbo 2 (UB!); Belterra, FLONA Tapajós km 67, 200 m, –2.86, – 54.90, 29 July 2010, J.Z. Shimbo 4 (UB!); Bôa Vista on Tapajos R., 1929, B.E. Dahlgren & Stella 138 (F!); Cachimbo, 1955, W. Brockerman 240 (SP!); Canaã dos Carajás, Serra do Sossego, –6.50, –49.88, 21 January 2003, H. Lorenzi et al. 3619 (HPL!); Curuatinga, Planalto de Santarém, 18 February 1955, R. de L. Fróes 31559 (IAN!); Faro (Rio Yamanda, 1907, A. Ducke 8348 (FI, MG); Iguapé da Lama, planalto de Santarém, 25 June 1954, R. de L. Fróes 30967 (IAN!); Itaituba, Farias, –4.28, –55.98, 7 October 1977, M.F. da Silva & Coêlho 2310 (INPA); Jatobá, a 60 km do 1st acampamento ( Ilha do Belo Horizonte), 19 October 1986, R.T.P Vasconcelos et al. 377 (MG!); Jurutí, Mineração Alcoa, Rio Juruti, afluente do Rio Amazonas, –2.15, –56.09, 2002, Ramos et al. 2858 (INPA); Jurutí, Ramal da comunidade Santa Terezinha, –2.15, –56.09, 2007, A. Jr. Amaral et al. 3141 (INPA); Mineração Rio do Norte, Porto Trombetas-Mina Saracá, 1999, Barbosa et al. 333 (INPA); Monte Alegre, Serra do Irecé, 15 December 1908, A. Ducke 9146 (MG!); Monte Dourado, Rio Jari, 27 November 1967, E. Oliveira 3885 (IAN!, NY!); Monte Dourado, Região do Rio Jari. Rio Jarí, Margem da estrada que liga Monte Dourado a Caracurú, 11 November 1967, E. Oliveira 3590 (IAN!, NY!); Monte Dourado, Rio Jari, ao lado da estrada que liga ao Planalto, atrás do aviario, 9 June 1968, E. Oliveira 4463 (IAN!, NY!); Oriximiná, caminho para os campos de Ariramba, Serra da Preciosa , –1.77, –55.87, 9 June 1980, G. Martinelli 6819 (RB!); Pombal, Porto Agronomico, Paraná do Tapará, 7 July 1952, G.A. Black 52-15480 (IAN!); Repartição, Cuminá, Afluente do Trombetas, 20 March 1924, Kuhlmann 1699 (RB!); Rio Jarí, Monte Dourado, 27 November 1967, E. Oliveira 3885 (NY!); Santarém, Vila de Alter-do-Chão, –2.44306, –54.7083, 1996, Miranda et al. 04 (INPA); Santarém, Rio Tapajôs, Villa de Alter do Châo, –2.44, –54.71, 27 December 1991, R. Pardini 69 (INPA, NY); Santarém, Alter-do-Chão, –2.447, –54.71, 1996, Rabelo 32 (INPA); Santarém, Alter do Chão, on the Santarém road, –2.48, –54.92, 4 October 1993, J.A. Ratter et al. 6930 (UB!); Santarém, Serra de Santarém, 1877 , P. Schwacke 236 (RB!); Basin of Rio Trombetas. 20 km up Rio Mapueira from Cachoeira Porteira on east bank, 31 May 1974, D.G. Campbell et al. 22409 (NY!); 3 Ponto 13, – 9.55, –52.98 [coordinates are within Para, ca. 11.5 km N of the Mato Grosso border], 27 October 1977, J.G. Guimarães [B. C. dos Passos ]1065 (HBR!, RB); km 1305, Cuiabá-Santarém Highway (from Santarem), 22 November 1977, Balick 941 (NY!); without a specific locality, Martius s.n. (P! [P-00726046]); Piauí: 30 May 1973, Andrade-Lima 73-7371 (IPA!); Itaueira, –8.00, –43.04, 18 November 1986, J.L. de S. Lima 61 (HTSA); Teresina, between Campo Major and Theresina [sic], 1935, B.E. Dahlgren s.n. (F-620827!); Teresina, A mais ou menos 15 km de Teresina para Monsenhor Gil, –5.42, –43.20, 18 November 1985, J.L. de S. Lima 59, 60a (HTSA!); Teresina, 2 km S of the rodoviaria policial on BR-316 E of the road, 100–200 m elevation, –5.17, –42.75, 16 August 1994, L.R.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS SYAGRUS

Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 51 Noblick & A.S. Lopes 4954 (FTG!, TEPB!); Tocantins: Aguiarnópolis, margem esquerda do Rio Tocantins, área do canteiro de obras, –6.58, –47.47, 150 m, 18 February 2005, P. Pereira-Silva et al. 9340 (CEN, UFMT); Colinas do Tocantins, Parcela de Monitoramento C5 do empreendimento da Linha de Transmissão LT 500 Kv Colinas, São João do Piauí, –7.90, –48.05, 13 March 2010, Saddi 360 (RB); Palmas, Serra do Lageado, –10.25, –48.10, March 1994, F. Bucci 185 (HEPH); Paranã; Canteiro de obras do UHE São Salvador, – 12.78, –48.23, 280 m, 2 June 2006, G.P. Silva et al. 10790 (CEN); Presidente Kennedy, –8.54, –43.04, 400–500 m, 1 February 1980, T.C. Plowman 8267 (NY!); Tocantinópolis, Posto Indígena Sao José , ca 20 km west of Tocantinópolis, (FUNAI Reservation-Apinajé Tribe), –6.50, –47.50, 11 September 1983, M.J. Balick 1616 (CEN!, NY!).

Figures

FIGURE 13. Distribution maps of Syagrus cataphracta, S. cearensis, S. cerqueirana, S. cocoides and S. comosa.

FIGURE 17. Syagrus cocoides. A. Palms in a forested cerrado in southern Piauí. B. Population in a more open habitat near Teresina, Piauí. C. Habit. D. Narrow stem. E. Infructescence. F. Infructescence from Piauí (Noblick & Lopes 4954). G. Characteristic “pearshaped” fruits from Goiás (Balick et al. 1616). All grids are in centimeters.