Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glassman (1968b: 386)

Noblick, Larry R., 2017, A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae), Phytotaxa 294 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

57. Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glassman (1968b: 386) . Cocos schizophylla Martius (1826: 119) . Calappa schizophylla (Mart.) Kuntze (1891: 982) . Arikury schizophylla (Mart.) Beccari (1916: 445) . Arikuryroba schizophylla (Mart.) Bailey (1930: 196) . Lectotype (designated by Dahlgren 1959, plate 7):— BRAZIL. Martius 1924 (M!)

Arikuryroba capanemae Barbosa Rodrigues (1891: 6). Cocos capanemae (Barb.Rodr.) Drude in Engler & Prantl (1897: 56). Lectotype (designated by Glassman [1972b: 13]):— BRAZIL. Bahia: Barbosa Rodrigues (1891) t. 3, fig. 1, 1891.

Cocos arikuryroba Barbosa Rodrigues (1898: 27) (illegitimate name, nomen nudum).

Figure 79 plate, Figure 77 map.

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NOBLICK A REVISION OF THE GENUS SYAGRUS

Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 199 Small moderate, solitary, armed, palms. Stem (0–) 1.5–4 m × 10–15 cm, usually erect, with persistent spiny leaf bases, with leaf scar intervals ca. 1–5 cm long when visible. Leaves 8–25 in crown, spirally arranged, spreading; sheathing leaf base 19–25 cm long, short, narrow, glabrous, woody with spine-like or dentate serrate margins, often persisting on the trunk; pseudopetiole 50–200 cm long; petiole short 0–11 × 1.2–2.5 cm, glabrous; rachis 67–180(– 190) cm long; leaflets medium green above, paler below, 18–48 along one side, usually regularly distributed but sometimes in pairs in one plane; no ramenta scales or tomentum present where the leaflets are inserted on the rachis, but a few to several along the abaxial midvein; basal leaflets 23–50 × 0.2–1.2 cm, middle leaflets 29–65(– 79) × 1.5–3.5(–4) cm, apical leaflets 24–36 × 0.7–1.5 cm mostly with asymmetric tips. Inflorescence erect to pendulous, spirally branched; prophyll 22–35 × 1.8–2.5 cm; peduncular bract ca. 48–130 cm long, expanded portion 22–70 × (1.5–) 2–6.5 cm, bearing a 0–4 cm beak, woody, deeply sulcate, light orange, peduncle ca. (20–) 45–200 cm × 4–8 mm; inflorescence axis 18–60 cm long; rachis 10–29 cm long; rachillae (8–)14–32, 5–24 cm long at the apex, 11–37 cm long at the base, rachillae bracts usually absent; staminate flowers 3–5 mm long at the tip, 5–8 × 2.5–3(–4) mm at the base, yellow, sepals 1–2 × 1–2 mm, glabrous, no visible nerves, petals 3–5 mm long at the tip, 5–7.5 × 1.5–3 mm at the base, with brown, acute to acuminate tips, glabrous, nerves rarely visible, usually indistinct, stamens 3–5.5 mm long, anthers (2–) 2.5–4.5 mm long, filaments 1–3 mm long, pistillode 1–1.5 mm long; pistillate flowers rounded or conical, 5–8 × 3–5(–6.5) mm, dark orangish, sepals 4.5–7(–8) × 3–6 mm, glabrous, veins visible at the tip and the margins, not keeled, petals 4–6 × 3–5 mm, valvate tips 2/5 the length of the petal, ca. 1.5–2.5 mm long, glabrous, veins distinctly visible, pistil 4–6 × 2–3 mm, glabrous, stigmas 1–2 mm long, staminodal ring ca. 1 mm high. Fruit ellipsoid, 2–3.5 × 1.5–2.5(–3) cm, persistent perianth (cupule) beige to light brown, 10–12 mm wide, 4–5 mm deep, ring 3 mm in height, epicarp less than 0.5 mm thick, smooth, reddishorange when mature, mesocarp ca. 1 mm thick, sweet, succulent, fibrous, and mucilaginous; endocarp 2.4–3 × 1.8– 2.1 cm, 1–2 mm thick on the sides, 2–3 mm thick at its ends, bony to woody, hard, smooth, brown to yellowish brown, trivittate, with no clusters of fibers; seed nearly globose, (1.0–)1.4–1.7 × 1.2–1.5 cm, endosperm ruminate. Germination remote-tubular.

Common name:— arikuriroba, uricuriroba, nicuri, nicuriroba, aricuri, ariri, ariri-de-praia, guriri, licuriroba, côco-caboclo, coco-caboclo-do-littoral, licuri-da-praia, guriri, licuri-de-raposa, côco-babão.

Etymology:— The specific epithet, schizophylla , refers to the ease at which the leaflets tend to split at their oblique tips. The common name “arikuryroba ” is a Tupí Indian word translated as long infructescence (arib) with bitter (rob) nuts (kury).

Distribution and habitat:— Brazil, from Pernambuco to the northern portion of Espirito Santo including the states of Alagoas and Sergipe, in open coastal restingas along the beaches as well as in the adjacent restinga forests, generally in sandy soils. This salt tolerant species is found in a narrow band of coastal vegetation, called restinga, reaching as far north as Cabo, Pernambuco (Medeiros-Costa, 1982). This palm grows only in the coastal restinga, usually in the more mesic areas, between dune habitats and in the higher restinga forest zone. It appears to grow best in sandy soils, especially where ample supplies of fresh water are available. It also grows in lateritic clay soils, as it does on the steep hills that abut the shoreline in Ondina, Salvador, Bahia.

Conservation:— This species is widely distributed. It grows near the coast in areas coveted by developers for beachside properties. It commonly produces an abundance of seeds, which germinate easily. It is protected within the boundaries of a few coastal reserves: the national park (Monte Pascoal) near Porto Seguro, one near Una, Bahia and another just north of Salvador, Bahia and yet another just south of Maceio, Alagoas (Santa Rita). However most of its populations are not protected from the threat of developers. It is not expected to go extinct, but it is expected that there will be some serious reductions in its populations, especially close to large municipal centers. This species is classified as vulnerable, VU A4c.

Phenology:— Fruiting and flowering year around with the greatest flowering and fruiting in the summer months, December to March. This species fruits abundantly in summer. Germination of the seeds occurs 3–6 months after sowing.

Uses:— The plant is ornamental and is occasionally cultivated in the landscaping of beach properties, due to its salt tolerance. It has a succulent, sweet-tasting mesocarp eaten by children and domestic animals ( Bondar 1964); however, the seed is invaded by the seed coat (ruminate) giving it a very bitter taste.

Notes:— This is a short palm with a slightly flattened crown, armed with large teeth along its petiole margins, a long peduncle, and ruminate endosperm resulting in a bitter tasting nut. Syagrus schizophylla is distinguished from other Syagrus by its unusual petioles armed on their margins with broad serrate teeth ( Fig. 79C ). The only

200 • Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press

NOBLICK other Syagrus that has similarly armed petioles is Syagrus santosii , but it has homogeneous endosperm and a different habit. Other distinguishing characters are its unusually long peduncle, attractive bright red-orange fruit, persistent leaf petiole bases and leaf sheaths on an otherwise very narrow stem (15 cm diameter with the leaf sheaths). Glassman (1987) described the species as “frequently caespitose [clustering],” but the author cannot remember ever seeing one with a clustering stem.

Barbosa Rodrigues (1891, 1898) distinguished three similar palm species, Cocos schizophylla , Arikuryroba capanemae and Cocos arikuryroba . He considered their distribution as C. schizophylla (Bahia, adding Sergipe later), Arikuryroba capanemae (Bahia and Sergipe) and Cocos arikuryroba (Pernambuco). Only the first two names were formally described ( Cocos schizophylla and Arikuryroba capanemae ). Cocos arikuryroba has no description; it appears in a list of common names with their accompanying scientific names. It is a nomen nudum. In Pernambuco, this species is smaller than usual, so it is understandable why Barbosa Rodrigues thought that it was something different, but he never formally described it. Barbosa Rodrigues (1891) initially created the genus Arikuryroba because, like Barbosa and Rhyticocos , this palm has ruminate endosperm. However, he failed to connect Cocos schizophylla and Arikuryroba capanemae as the same species, even though their distribution is identical.

Representative specimens:— BRAZIL. Alagoas: Barra de São Miguel [–9.80, –35.87], 4 km após o entroncamento da Al-101/Al-215, 28 June 1982, R.P. de Lyra-Lemos 557 (MAC!); Barra de São Miguel , Al-101, 19 October 1984, R.P. de Lyra-Lemos & M.N.R. Staviski 874 (MAC!); Barra de São Miguel , 3 km depois do entroncamento da Al-101/Al-201, 1 August 1985, R.P. de Lyra-Lemos & A.I.L. Pinheiro 976 (MAC!); Barra de São Miguel , 4 km depois do entroncamento da Al-101/Al-215, 3 August 1985, R.P. de Lyra-Lemos 1199 (MAC!); Japatinga, 16 August 1985, R.P. de Lyra-Lemos & A.I.L. Pinheiro 999 (MAC!, PEUPR!); São José da Lage , 29 October 1982, R.P. de Lyra Lemos 870 (MAC!); Bahia: M. Blanchet 4 (G!); M. Blanchet 40 (P! P01797760); M. Blanchet 162 (P! P11794929); M. Blanchet s.n. (P! P01878568); Martius 1853 (P); Alcobaça, white coastal sand, restinga margin, sea level, –17.50, –39.22, 8 December 1981, G.P. Lewis & A.M. de Carvalho 820 (CEPEC!, K!); Alcobaça, Rod. BA-001, a 5 km ao Sul de Alcobaça, 10–20 m, Folha SE-24 (18-39a), 17 March 1978, S.A. Mori et al. 9624 (CEPEC!, NY!); Belmonte, a 3 km S da cidade, –15.86, –38.88, 7 January 1981, A.M. de Carvalho & Gatti 463 (CEPEC!); Belmonte, 13 April 1967, Lanna Sob. 1378 & Castellanos 26356 (CEPEC!); Belmonte, 23 September 1970, T. S. dos Santos 1131 (ALCB!, CEPEC!); Camaçari, Guarijuba, 0–5 m, –12.63, –38.08, 21 January 1986, L.R. Noblick & I. Britto 4514 (BH!, CEN!, CEPEC!, F!, HUEFS!, K!, MBM!, MO!, NY!, RB!, SP!, US!); Canavieiras, 29 January 1965, Lanna & Castellanos 2552 (GUA!, BH photo!); Camamu, Litoral Sul, 17 m, – 13.94, –38.93, 24 May 2009, M.L. Guedes 15147 (ALCB); Caravelas, 16 km estr. Caravelas/Alcobaca, –17.73, – 39.27, 5 September 1989, A.M. de Carvalho 2474 (CEPEC!); Conde, 5 km W of Conde, 10–20 m, –11.82, –37.62, 1 December 1988, L.R. Noblick & R. Soeiro 4703 (AAU!, CEPEC!, F!, HRB!); Entre Rios, 2 km W of the coastal village of Subaúma, 10–20 m, –12.23, –37.79, 29 November 1988, L.R. Noblick & R. Soeiro 4698 (CEPEC!, F!, FTG!, GH!, HRB!); Ilhéus, restinga da Olivença, 15 September 1970, A.L. Costa s.n. (ALCB!); Ilhéus, 15 July 1918, H.M. Curran 437 (F!); Ilhéus, 7 km S of Ilhéus, 1969, 7 July 1969, S.F. Glassman & J.T. Medeiros-Costa 8741 (CEPEC!, F!); Ilhéus, Col. along oceanside of road Ilhéus to Olivença; also observed farther south at Santa Cruz, 14 January 1975, R. Read & Daniels 3415 ( US!); Ilhéus, Fazenda Barra do Manguinho, 11 km da Rodovia Ilhéus/Olivença/Una (BA-001), –14.78, –39.03, 10 m, 23 August 1984, R.A. Voeks 42 (CEPEC!); Itacaré, a 3 km ao S de Itacaré, 8 December 1979, S.A. Mori et al. 13085 (CEPEC!, NY!); Itacimirim, 12 February 1980, A.P. de Araujo 193 (HRB!); Jandaira, Mangue Seco caminho para coqueiros, 10 March 1988, Felix 40 (BAH!); Maraú, Coastal Zone ca. 11 km North from turning to Maraú along the road to Campinho, –14.02, –38.92, 18 May 1980, R.M. Harley 22214 (CEPEC!, K!, SP, SPF!); Nova Viçosa, a 9 km de N. Viçosa (Sítio Natura), 27 May 1987, H.Q. Boudet Fernandes 2089 (CEPEC!, MBML!); Porto Seguro, –16.45, –39.07, January 1980, R. Barreto et al. s.n. (IPA!); Porto Seguro, 23 August 1961, A.P. Duarte 5977 (RB!); Porto Seguro, Trancoso, Ponto no. 1, 4 October 1997, M.L. Guedes 5282 (ALCB); Porto Seguro, 21 November 1985, J.L. de S. Lima s.n. (HTSA!); Porto Seguro, January 1980, Roxanna et al. s.n. (IPA!); Porto Seguro, 3 km ao Sul, no ramal para os povoados do N.S. D’Ajuda e Trancoso, 25 August 1988, L.A. Mattos Silva et al. 2510 (CEPEC!, MBM!); Salvador, litoral da Bahia, G. Bondar s.n. (F-404610!); Salvador, G. Bondar s.n (F-620750!, 620774!); Salvador, between Amaralina and Pituba, 1940, B.E. Dahlgren s.n. (F-620690!); Pituba, suburb of Salvador, 3 July 1969, S.F. Glassman & J.T. Medeiros-Costa 8721, 8722 (F!, IPA!, K!); Salvador, Região Metropolitana Salvador, –13.00, –38.50, 10 February 1996, M. Campos 02 (ALCB!); Salvador, Região Metropolitana Salvador, –13.00, –38.50, 13 September 1959, A.L. Costa

A REVISION OF THE GENUS SYAGRUS

Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 201 544 (ALCB!); Salvador, Região Metropolitana Salvador, –13.00, –38.50, 1 February 1975, A.L. Costa s.n. (ALCB!); Salvador, Região Metropolitana Salvador, –13.00, –38.50, 23 February 2011, M.L. Guedes 18009 (ALCB); Salvador, Região Metropolitana Salvador, –13.00, –38.50, 18 April 2011, M.L. Guedes 18452 (ALCB); Salvador, Região Metropolitana Salvador, –12.69, –38.11, 5 June 2011, M.L. Guedes 18139 (ALCB); Salvador, Dunas de Itapuã, –12.93, –38.35, 30 August 1985, L.R. Noblick & Nishida 4378 (ALCB!, F!, HUEFS!); Salvador, Av. Centen Rio, 2 October 1996, M.C. Peso 2 (ALCB); Santa Cruz Cabrália, restinga de Santa Cruz Cabrália a Coroa Vermelho-próximo a Porto Seguro, juntamente com Diplothemium [ Allagoptera ], 27 November 1970, L.E. de Mello Filho 2970 & Emmerich 3508 (CEPEC!); Santo Amaro Brotas, Município de Santo Amaro Brotas, 8 km após o terminal Portuário de Aracajú, 18 November 1991, C. Farney 2883 (RB!); Una, Estrada para o Distrito de Pedras, ca. 7 km a partir da BA-001 que liga Ilhéus/Una, –15.29, –39.08, 13 April 1993, A.M. Amorim 1191 (NY); Valença, estrada Guaibim praia do Taquarri, 3 km ao N de Guaibim, 11 August 1980, A.M. de Carvalho et al. 320 (CEPEC!); Valença, Litoral Sul, –13.40, –38.90, 25 October 1996, M.L. Guedes 4765 (ALCB!); Valença, Rodovia Valença/Guaibim, km 12, –13.37, –39.07, 25 February 1986, J.L. Hage et al. 1946 (CEPEC!, US); Valença, – 13.37, –39.07, 13 October 1998, G. Hatschbach 68508 (MBM!); Valença, Ponta do Curral, –13.24, –38.98, 6 November 2011, E.N. de Matos 757 (HUEFS!); Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra, Área 135 da Aracruz Celulose S.A, –18.59, –39.73, 10 June 1992, O.J. Pereira et al. 3478 (VIES); Linhares, Palmeto L. E, –19.39, – 40.07, 11 April 2000, D.A. Folli 3598 (CVRD); Pernambuco: Cabo de Santo Agustinho, 6 January 1953, D.A. Lima 53-1655 (IPA!); Cabo de Santo Agustinho, 22 September 1977, D.A. Lima & J.T. Medeiros-Costa 25 (IPA!); Cabo de Santo Agustinho, 18 km E of Cabo near the Porto de Suape, 40–50 m, –8.36, –34.93, 4 July 1997, L.R. Noblick & J.T. Medeiros-Costa 5134 (IPA!); Igarassu, –7.83, –34.91, 16 March 1970, O. Lima 1992 (UFP); Ipojuca, Porto de Galinhas, Estação Experimental de Litoral Ipa, 6 December 1967, P. Ferreira 67-35 (IPA); Porto de Galinhas, Estação Experimental de Litoral Ipa, 1969, S.F. Glassman & J.T. de Medeiros-Costa 8708 (F); Rio Formoso, Tamandaré, –8.76, –35.11, December 1991, M. Guerra 851 (UFP); Rio Formoso, Tamandaré, –9.12, – 35.25, 8 February 1985, J.L. de S. Lima 10, 11 (HTSA!); Sergipe: Aracajú, Lado direito da BR 101 num baixo mais ou menos 10 km. São Cristovão , –10.91, –37.07, 23 May 1984, J.L. de S. Lima (HTSA-Carpoteca); Areia Branca, PARNA, Serra de Itabaiana , topo da Serra Comprida , –10.76, –37.32, 1 August 2007, J.E. Nascimento-Júnior 146 (ASE); Areia Branca, Parque Nacional da Serra de Itabaiana , –10.76, –37.32, 13 January 2010, L.A.S. Santos 539 (ASE); Barra dos Coqueiros , –10.91, –37.04, 18 December 2008, J.E. Nascimento-Júnior 452 (ASE); Barra dos Coqueiros , –10.93, –37.03, 10 August 2011, A.P. Prata 2736 (ASE); Barra dos Coqueiros , margem esquerda da BR 101, 19 m, 2 July 2010, J.A. Siqueira Filho 2350 (HVASF); Estância, –11.27, –37.44, 2 July 2011, A.P. Prata 2690 (ASE); Estância, 1 km a Oeste estr. Abais/BR-101, 10 m, –11.32, –37.29, 15 June 1994, L.A. Mattos Silva 3043 (CEPEC); Pirambu, Reserva Biológica de Santa Isabel of Peru 11 km da praia, na direção da ponta do mangue, –10.74, –36.86, 28 January 1992, C. Farney 2953 (RB); Pirambu, Assentamento Sao Sebastião , –10.74, –36.86, 1 April 2011, D.M. Oliveira 38 (ASE); São Cristóvão , 47 m, –11.02, –37.21, 27 June 2009, C.R.P. Franco, 8 (ASE); São Cristóvão, Campus Universitário , 23 September 1986, R.P. de Lyra-Lemos 1233 (MAC!); Umbaubau, 97 km na estrada de Aracajú p/ Esplanada, –11.64, –38.08, without date, J.L. de S. Lima 9 (HTSA); Without specific locality: 1848, Mercier s.n. (P! [P-01878570, P-01878571, P-01878572, P-01878573, P-01878574]);

Figures

FIGURE 77. Distribution maps of Syagrus sancona, S. santosii, S. schizophylla, S. smithii, S. stenopetala, S. stratincola and S. vagans.

FIGURE 79. Syagrus schizophylla. A. Habit, note flat topped canopy. B. Pseudopetioles heavily armed with spines. C. Older stem with leaf sheath remains. D. Habit at Jardim Botânica Plantarum. E. Inflorescence. F. Infructescence with long peduncle. G. Mature fruit.