Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (1968b: 382)

Noblick, Larry R., 2017, A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae), Phytotaxa 294 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

52. Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (1968b: 382) . Cocos romanzoffiana Chamisso (1822: 5) . Calappa romanzoffiana (Cham.) Kuntze (1891: 982) . Arecastrum romanzoffianum (Cham.) Beccari (1916: 447) . Type:— BRAZIL. Santa Catarina : without date, L.K.A. von Chamisso s.n. (holotype LE, destroyed). Lectotype (designated by Glassman [1972b: 94]):— Chamisso (1822) t. 5 & 6, 1822 Cocos australis Martius (1844: 955) . Calappa australis

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(Mart.) Kuntze (1891: 982). Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. australe (Mart.) Beccari (1916: 459) . Lectotype (designated by Glassman [1987: 99]):— PARAGUAY. Bonaire: Martius (1844) t. 30C, 1844.

Cocos plumosa Hooker f. (1860: 86) . Calappa plumosa (Hook.) Kuntze (1891: 982) .

Neotype (designated by Glassman [1987: 99]), collection made from same plant as the illustration and description, but 2 years after the original description):— ENGLAND. cult. Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew , Palm House , from the Spadix in the Museum, March 1862, without collector, without number (holotype K! [K-000697836, original Royal Botanic Gardens accession number 22 44/64]).

Cocos geriba Barbosa Rodrigues (1879: 43). Lectotype (designated by Glassman [1987: 99]):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Barbosa Rodrigues (1882) t. 3, figs. 4–6, 1882.

Cocos datil Griseb. & Drude in Grisebach (1879: 283). Calappa datil (Drude & Griseb.) Kuntze (1891: 982) . Lectotype (designated by Glassman [1987: 99]:— URUGUAY. Concepcion: Drude (1881) t. 93, 1881.

Cocos acrocomioides Drude in Martius (1881: 40). Calappa acrocomioides (Drude ex Mart.) Kuntze (1891: 982) . Type:— BRAZIL. Mato Grosso [do Sul]: Rio Paraguay , Frontiére au bord du Rio de Miranda , affluente du Rio Paraguay , April– May 1845, H.A. Weddell 3251 (holotype P!).

Cocos martiana Drude & Glaz. ex Drude in Martius (1881: 418). Calappa martiana (Drude & Glaz. ex Mart.) Kuntze (1891: 982) . Lectotype (designated by Glassman, 1987, p. 99):— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: cult. Passeio Publico, Rio de Janeiro, A.F.M. Glaziou 8056 (lectotype P!, isolectotype C! [F neg. 21134]).

Cocos sapida Barbosa Rodrigues (1899: 12) Lectotype (designated by Stauffer et al. 2016, p. 110 ):— PARAGUAY: Barbosa Rodrigues (1899) t. 3, 1899.

Cocos arechavaletana Barbosa Rodrigues (1901: 43) Lectotype (designated by Glassman [1987: 99]):— URUGUAY. Montevideo, J. Arechavaleta s.n. (FI).

Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. genuinum Beccari (1916: 455) . (invalid name)

Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. genuinum minus Beccari (1916: 456). Type :— FRANCE. cult. Hyeres , France, 1909, Chabaud s.n. (holotype FI).

Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. botryophorum (Mart.) Beccari (1916: 456) . (misapplication of the name. See notes)

Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. micropindo Beccari (1916: 462) . Type :— PARAGUAY. Rio Ibicuy, 1913, Spegazzini s.n. (holotype FI).

Figure 73 plate, Figure 65 map.

Large, solitary, unarmed, palms. Stem erect, columnar, 7–17 m × (14–)20–40(–50) cm, dark to light gray, with leaf scar intervals indistinct on older trunks. Leaves 7–25 in crown, spirally arranged, spreading; sheathing leaf base 50–84 cm long, fibrous; pseudopetiole 110–167 cm long with smooth to fibrous margins; petiole 0–10 × 3–4 cm; rachis 167–440 cm long; leaflets dark green above, paler beneath, 147–250(–340) along one side, irregularly distributed in clusters of 2–5(–7) in divergent planes; no ramenta scales or tomentum present where the leaflets are inserted on the rachis, and none along the abaxial midvein; basal leaflets 24–96 × 0.2–1.3 cm, middle leaflets 60– 116 × 1.9–4.3 cm, apical leaflets 20–80 × 0.1–2.5 cm, mostly with acuminate to asymmetrical tips. Inflorescence erect to pendulous, spirally branched; prophyll ca. 51 × ca. 10 cm; peduncular bract ca. 133–223 cm long, expanded portion 100–164 × 7–21(–28) cm, bearing a 6–10(–30) cm beak, perimeter 10–29 cm, 4–8 mm thickness, woody, sulcate; peduncle ca. 50–75 × 1.5–2 cm; inflorescence axis 81–167 cm long; rachis 40–110 cm long; rachillae 44–328, 34–77 cm long at the base, 15–45 cm long at the apex, rachillae bracts absent or up to 3 mm long; staminate flowers 6–10 mm long at the apex, 11–16 × 3–7 mm at the base, pale yellow, sepals 1–3.5 × 1–2.5 mm, glabrous, no visible nerves, petals 6.7–10 mm long at the tip, 8.5–13(–16) × 1.8–4 mm at the base with acute to acuminate tips, glabrous, no visible nerves but frequently with visible resinous punctate dots, stamens 4–9.5 mm long, anthers 3.4–8.8 mm long, filaments 2–3 mm long, pistillode ca. 1 mm long; pistillate flowers rounded to conical, 4.5–7 × 4–6 mm, yellow, sepals 4.2–6 × 4–5.4 mm, glabrous, not nerved to obscurely nerved, not keeled, petals 4 × 3 mm, valvate tips 1/3–1/2 the length of the petal, ca. 2 mm long, glabrous, distinctly veined, pistil 3–4 × 3–5 mm, white wooly tomentose, stigmas 1–2 mm long, staminodal ring less than 1 mm to 1.5 mm high. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 2–3(–4) × 1.2–1.8(–2.4) cm, persistent perianth (cupule) dark brown, 8–12 mm wide, 4– 5 mm deep, ring 2–3 mm in height, epicarp smooth fibrous with small white wooly apex becoming glabrous, orange to reddish orange (or at times yellow) when mature, less than 1 mm thick, mesocarp 1–3 mm thick, white turning orange, fibrous mucilaginous; endocarp 1.9–2.5 × 1.5–1.8 cm, bony, cavity very irregular in shape, 2.5–5 mm on the sides, 5–8 mm thick at the ends, with no clusters of fibers; seed 0.8–1.2 × 0.6–1.1 cm, endosperm homogeneous, but intruded by the endocarpal wall, not easily separating from the endocarp cavity. Germination remote-tubular.

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Common name:— jeribá, jerivá, coqueiro, coqueiro-jerivá, geriba, gerivá, guariroba, baba-de-boi, côco-de-cachorro, brejauba, palmito-amargoso, coco-de-catarro, coco-babão, coco-de-sapo, imbury-de-cachorro ( Brazil); pindó, pindó-de-missiones, palma del monte, palma chiriva, cheribau, datil ( Argentina, Uruguay), queen palm ( USA).

Etymology:— The specific epithet, romanzoffiana , is named for Prince Nicholas Romanzoff, who financed an around-the-world expedition in 1816–1817 on which Chamisso was a participant.

Distribution and habitat:— In Atlantic and semideciduous forests of the Paraná basin. Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina, and probably Bolivia where it was misidentified as S. botryophora by Martius ( Glassman, 1987). In Brazil, it is found from Rio Grande do Sul to Bahia, which also includes the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Paraná, Santa Catarina , São Paulo , and Rio de Janeiro. In Bahia, found south of the Rio das Contas and in the mesophytic forests east of the high plateau area of the Municipio da Vitória da Conquista but not found in the wetter southern Bahian coastal rain forests. Growing in mesophytic forests in lateritic soils in Bahia, but in other states can be found in a variety of habitats that are swampy and within or at the margins of rain forest to restingas with rocky shorelines ( Reitz 1974).

Conservation:— This is one of the most widely distributed palms in South America, many specimens are preserved within national parks, and many are cultivated. It also grows in a large variety of habitats. This species is classified as least concern, LC.

Phenology:— Flowering and fruiting year around with a flowering peak in spring and summer months, September to January with fruits maturing January to April. It fruits abundantly in summer. The seeds germinate in 3–6 months.

Uses:— Widely cultivated in landscapes in Brazil and throughout the world. It is one of the most common palms growing wild and in cultivation. Its fruit is edible. Leaves and mucilaginous pulp of the fruit provides forage for livestock ( Bondar 1964). Smashed and broken seeds serve as poultry feed. The palm heart, palmito, is edible. The large peduncular bracts are utilized by artists and in decorations. The trees are also used to construct salt water piers because its wood is not attacked by destructive bore worms ( Reitz 1974).

Notes:— This palm has plumose leaves with pendulous leaflets, a long inflorescence and is distinguished by the irregular (not smooth) endocarp cavity (or nut wall) that often penetrates deeply into the seed. This palm is easily identified by its large size with trunks up to 25 m high and up to 35–40 cm in diameter, large peduncular bracts (ca. 1.5 m long and to 28 cm wide), long inflorescences and infructescences (to ca. 1.7 m), small pistillate flowers (3–4 × 4–5 mm) and abundant small fruits (usually less than 2.5 cm long), the tips of which have a patch of white tomentum, a remnant of the tomentose ovary. Like S. coronata , this species hybridizes with a number of other Syagrus species including S. coronata , S. flexuosa , S. oleracea , and S. glaucescens .

Syagrus romanzoffiana is a polymorphic species. Barbosa Rodrigues (1903), Beccari (1916), and Glassman (1987) have discussed its variations. Barbosa Rodrigues (1879) described a “new” species, Cocos geriba , but then began to wonder how such a common palm could have gone undescribed for so long. He studied the living plants and their fruits throughout many of the Brazilian states and adjacent countries and decided that they were all one in the same species ( Barbosa Rodrigues 1903). He concluded that it had already been described by Chamisso in 1822 from the island of Santa Catarina , but the description only applied to that morphotype found on the island and did not easily match the other more typical morphotypes found in Brazil and elsewhere. Barbosa Rodrigues made the first effort to synonymize the morphotypes under one species, S. romanzoffiana , including his own C. geriba . However, he failed to synonymize his C. arechavaletana , but Glassman did (1972b, 1987). Barbosa Rodrigues wrote that the polymorphism was due to differences in soils and elevation, among other factors for which he continued to search. He noted that the morphotypes of S. romanzoffiana go by various common names: geriba (Minas Gerais, São Paulo , and Mato Grosso), baba de boi (Rio de Janeiro), coco de cachorro (Santa Catarina ), pindo (Rio Grande do Sul, Buenos Aries) and datil ( Argentina). They varied in size from dwarfs to giants, small crowns to large, thin stems to very thick stems, and swollen trunks: at the base, in the middle or just below the crown. Swollen bases were observed in humid wetlands near Nioac, Mato Grosso. Ones with very tall, swollen trunks near the crown were observed in the sandy fields of Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo ( Uruguay), Buenos Aires ( Argentina), Corrientes ( Argentina) and Concepcion ( Paraguay). Straight and tall stems that were uniformly thick throughout were found along the coast of São Paulo and Paranagua (Parana). On the coast of the Island of Santa Catarina , the stems were found to be swollen or bulging in the middle. In the mountains growing in rocky soils, the stems were thin and tortuous. Barbosa Rodrigues noted many other differences that included differences

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Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 183 in the texture of the leaflets, the lengths of the inflorescences, differences in the flowers, and in the size, shape and number of fruits. He also noted the irregular interior of the endocarp that is present in all of the morphotypes.

Based on some of Barbosa Rodrigues differences, Beccari (1916) attempted to describe several varieties (austale, genuinum, genuinum minus, micropindo, botryophorum, ensifolium). His varieties were mainly based on differences in size and shape of the fruits. Glassman (1987) dismissed these as falling within the range of species variation and placed them into synonymy with Syagrus romanzoffiana . Glassman interpreted Beccari’s Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. botryophorum as an attempt to transfer Syagrus botryophora to Arecastrum . However, the author has concluded that Beccari just made a mistake when he included Cocos botryophora as a synonym under his variety botryophorum , because his description clearly described a morphotype of Syagrus romanzoffiana from Rio de Janeiro, which lies well outside the natural distribution of Syagrus botryophora . In other words, Beccari treated C. botryophora Mart. as a variety of Arecastrum romanzoffianum (now Syagrus romanzoffiana .). In doing so, Beccari (1916) excluded some elements of Martius’ original description. It is clear that the taxon to which Beccari referred was a local morph of S. romanzoffianum known from Rio de Janeiro as baba de boi. Beccari misapplied C. botryophora , which is not a variety of S. romanzoffianum , but a species in its own right, now known as S. botryophora . This is simply a misapplication of a name. Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. botryophorum (Mart.) Becc. should be listed as a nomenclatural synonym of S. romanzoffianum , while Cocos botryophora remains the basionym for S. botryophora .

Glassman correctly synonymized Beccari’s Arecastrum romanzoffiana var. ensifolium under S. coronata and the author has confirmed that a Paris specimen identified by Drude as Cocos botryophora var. ensifolia is definitely Syagrus coronata .

The internet is awash with names created by enthusiasts and nurserymen to designate certain morphotypes of Syagrus romanzoffiana . One of these is ‘Litoralis’ or ‘Littoralis,’ otherwise known as the silver queen, a name given to some that survived a major freeze in Florida by Carter Seeds. It is also available from the rarepalmseeds.com website under the same name. It is said to be a robust queen palm from Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil that will survive subfreezing temperatures to –9° C with no cold damage. This name has also been used to describe seeds believed to come from Santa Catarina and often referred to as the Santa Catarina queen. The name Syagrus ‘Litoralis’ also refers to this same morphotype for palms near the coast or shoreline of the Rio de la Plata between Argentina and Uruguay.

The name ‘Stricta’ refers to a particular morphotype located in a strip mall in Sunnyvale, California growing in a group of about a dozen queen palms. Whereas the leaves of the typical queen palm are gracefully spreading, in this one the leaves are erect, strongly ascending and cling tightly to the trunk ( Tomsky 2008). The name ‘Pendula’ refers to a morphotype that is just the opposite of ‘Stricta’ observed in the south of Spain with long pendulous leaves and large pendulous infructescences ( Padilla Lopez 2008).

Syagrus ‘Abreojos’ is believed to be a genetic mutation of S. romanzoffiana . This palm resembles a massive queen palm with a huge trunk, large petioles and with spectacular, dark green, plumose leaves. It was discovered in the 1970’s by Robert ‘Pogo’ Bob de Jong as he was vacationing in Ponta Abreojos in Baja California, Mexico ( Jong 2008), and about two hundred seeds from his tree in San Clemente, California were distributed, and some are believed to have been sent to Hawaii to become known as Syagrus sp. ‘Ho’omaluhia’ ( Ouer 2013).

In summary, the author choses to follow Barbosa Rodrigues (1903) and Glassman (1987) in recognizing S. romanzoffiana as a polymorphic species, resulting from differences in soils and in elevation; but also from occasional hybridization and genetic integration with other Syagrus species.

Representative specimens:— ARGENTINA, Corrientes: Ituzaingo, San Carlos, 13 November 1971, A. Krapovickas et al. 17946 (F!, P!); Ituzaingo , Ituzaingo , without date, T. Meyer 6647 (U); Mburucuya , Estancia Santa Teresa , 29 September 1954, T.M. Pederson 2817 ( CTES!, G, P!, S) ; Misiones: 20 December 1970, M.M. Arbo 252 ( MBM) ; Guarani Traval Bacia el ayo. Paraíso , –26.92, –54.21, 16 March 1994, S.G. Tressens et al. 4940 ( CTES, UB!) ; Leandro N. Alem, Ruta Nac. 14.2 km de Cerro Azul , –27.57, –55.25, 9 April 1971, V.R.I. Maruñak 185 ( IAC!, MBM!, P!); Posada, 1907, Spegazzini s.n. ( FI) ; Puerto Leon, 1914, H.M. Curran 711 ( US) ; Santo Tomé, Ea. Berttán ( Infrán Cué ), 23 km SW de Virasoro, 8 April 1992, S.G. Tressens et al. 4017 ( CTES!, MBM, UB!) ; BRAZIL. Bahia: 1940, G. Bondar s.n. (F-619773!); Barra da Choça, estrada que liga Barra da Choça à Faz. Roda d'Agua ( Rio Catolé ), 3–6 km E of Barra da Choça. Folha SD-24 (15-41b), ca. –14.90, –40.57, 22 November 1978, S.A. Mori et al. 11324 ( BH!, CEPEC!); Itapetinga, a 28 km a esquerda da Itapetinga /Itambé numa matinha, – 15.45, –40.48, 17 October 1985, J.L. de S. Lima & Sá 166 (F), 167–170 ( HTSA!) ; Distrito Federal: Brasília,

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Jardim Botânico de Brasília, JBB Viveiro 102 m, –15.87, –47.85, 7 January 1997, R.C. Martins 202 (UB!); Brasília, Próximo a Brazlândia, –15.78, –47.93, 16 April 1999, R.C. Martins 235 (FUEL, UB!); Brasília; Mata do Açudinho, cabeceira da mata, Fazenda Sucup, 1080 m, –15.92, –48.03, 8 August 1996, A.B. Sampaio et al. 43 (UB!); Brasília; Fazenda Água Limpa-UnB. Mata de galeria do Córre, Mata de galeria do Córrego da Onça, 1050 m, –15.93, –47.90, 18 November 1994, B.M.T. Walter & N.R. de Oliveira, 2291 (CEN); Espírito Santo: Itapemirim, Praia do Pontal, –19.80, –40.86, 29 January 1994, H.Q. Boudet Fernandes 3121 (MBML); Linhares, Área do palmeto L.D Pl 25, –19.39, –40.07, 10 August 2000, D.A. Folli 3666 (CVRD); São Mateus , campo, 9 July 1969, S.F. Glassman & J.T. Medeiros-Costa 8742 (F!); São Roque do Canaã, (Santa Teresa) São Roque , arredores de São Dalmácio , –19.80, –40.66, 30 April 1986, H.Q. Boudet Fernandes 1951 (MBML!); São Roque do Canaã, (Santa Teresa) Barra de Santa Júlia, –19.66, –40.67, 14 May 1986, H.Q. Boudet Fernandes 1980 (MBML!); Goiás: Alto Paraiso de Goiás, Chapada dos Veadeiros, 1164 m, –14.17, –47.61, 13 December 2001, L.H. Soares-Silva et al. 1158 (CESJ, UB!); Goiânia, no km 14 da rodovia Goiânia para Nerópolis a margem direita, 3 December 1968, J.A. Rizzo & A. Barbosa 1675 (UFG!); Sitio de Buracão, 1894, A.F.M. Glaziou 22258 (P!); Mato Grosso do Sul: Bonito, –21.12, –56.48, without date, V.R.B. Maria s.n. (ESA!); Campo Grande, Apa do Guariroba, margem do córrego Saltinho, 530 m, –20.56, –54.40, 27 November 2012, H.C. Vinci-Carlos 411 (CGMS); Corumbá, Faz. Rancharia Nhecolandia Pantanal, –19.07, –56.78, 13 September 1988, A. Pott 4389 (CPAP!); Ilha Mutum, Rio Paraná, 233 m, –22.76, –53.30, 29 March 2012, M. Parolin (HCF); Nhecolandia, Fazenda Ipanema, Pantanal, 7 December 1986, C.N. da Cunha et al. 2036 (CPAP!); Paranaúa, 28 Apr1892, A.F.M. Glaziou s.n (NY!); Minas Gerais: Alegria, 1893, A.F.M. Glaziou 20027 (K, P!); Alpinópolis, –20.86, –46.39, 1 January 1997, L.V.B. Bufo et al. 210 (ESA!); Antônio Dias, 720 m, –19.65, –42.87, 18 July 1997, L.R. Noblick 5149 (BHCB!); Barão de Cocais, Brucutu, –19.94, –43.48, 28 April 1994, J.M.L. Gomes 2017 (MBML); Brasília, Caldas, March 1774, A. Regnell (paratypes of Cocos martiana F, NY, P! [P-01794939], U, US, S,); Descoberto, Reserva Biológica do Grama, – 21.46, –42.97, 2 September 2001, L.F.A. Fazza et al. 07 (CESJ); Juiz de Fora, Museu Mariano Procópio, –21.76, – 43.35, 3 April 1987, B.B.S. Coelho & L. Krieger 22691 (CESJ); Monte Belo, Fazenda Lagoa, 800 m, –21.42, – 46.25, 8 September 1987, A.H. Gentry, et al. 59183 (MO, UEC); Padre Paraíso, 600–800 m, –17.07, –41.48, 23 July 1997, L.R. Noblick 5155 (BHCB!); Uberlândia, Sobradinho-Quintal, –18.92, –48.28, 3 August 2004, J.M. Barbosa 99 (HUFU); Paraná: Antonina, 1879, P. Schwacke 6510, 44588 (R); Adrianópolis, Parque Estadual das Lauráceas, 900 m, –24.86, –48.72, 10 February 2009, M.L. Brotto 289 (UPCB); Água Amarela, 17 April 1973, G. Hatschbach 31820 (MBM); Bocaiúva do Sul, –25.21, –49.12, 28 December 1994, G. Hatschbach 61406 (MBM); Campo Mourão, Parque Estadual Lago Azul (PELA), 605 m, –24.11, –52.31, 16 February 2007, M.G. Caxambu s.n. (HCF); Campo Mourão, Capela do Calvário, –24.05, –52.38, 10 September 2005, H.C.L. Geraldino (HCF); Cerro Azul, Garaipos, –24.82, –49.26, 23 January 1980, G. Hatschbach 42738 (MBM, NY, US!); Colombo, – 25.28, –49.22, 9 November 2005, R.F.S. Possette 666 (UPCB); Cornélio Procópio, Mata São Francisco , 526 m, – 23.15, –50.57, 25 July 2012, C.M.V. Cardoso 1998 (FUEL); Curitiba, Bairro Ahú, –25.43, –49.27, 16 December 2000, Dunaiski Jr, A. 1643 (UPCB); Curitiba, –25.43, –49.27, 18 November 2002, F. Mariano Neto 86 (MBM); Fênix, Parque Estadual de Vila Rica do Espírito Santo, –23.92, –51.98, 28 September 1998, S.B. Mikich s.n. (UPCB); Goioerê, Parque Municipal Antônio Sestak, –24.18, –53.03, 18 September 2007, E.M. Silva s.n. (HCF); Guarapuava, –25.40, –51.46, 11 November 2009, F. Bone s.n. (MBM); Ibiporã, Fazenda Doralice, –23.27, –51.05, 5 June 2007, G.A.S.D. Santos 3 (FUEL); Jaguariaíva, Jacarehý, –24.25, –49.71, 11 August 1914, P.K.H. Dusén 15359 (NY!, U); Londrina, Pq. Estadual Mata dos Godoy Margem esq. do rio, no pasto, –23.31, –51.16, 26 October 1994, F. Chagas & Silva 1769 (FUEL); Londrina, Parque Municipal Arthur Thomas, –23.31, –51.16, 4 August 2007, V.M. Cotarelli 9 (FUEL); Londrina, Fazenda Figueira Paiquerê, –23.54, –50.98, 27 June 2003, M.C. Lovato 69 (FUEL); Luiziana, Estação Ecológica Luiziana, 666 m, –24.52, –52.46, 18 April 2012, M.G. Caxambu s.n. (HCF); Luiziana, RPPN Depositozinho-Propriedade da, 592 m, –24.21, –52.32, 16 March 2009, E.L. Siqueira (HCF); Paranaguá, –25.52, –48.51, 26 April 1996, F. Prado 4 (ESA!); Tamarana, Recanto do Pinhão, –23.90, – 51.17, 9 October 2009, M. Ferreira Jr. 108 (FUEL); Telêmaco Borba, Fazenda Monte Alegre à beira do ribeirão Varanal, –24.33, –50.56, 2 June 2006, T.I.N. de Azevedo 340 (FUEL); Tuneiras do Oeste, Fazenda Água do Índio, – 23.87, –52.88, 26 February 2004, M.G. Caxambu (HCF); Turvo, Propriedade da família Rickli , 1025 m, –25.07, – 51.57, 26 January 2011, M.G. Caxambu 3379 (HCF, HUEFS!); Rio de Janeiro: A.F.M. Glaziou 13294 (C, F, FI, K, P!, U); Apr 1884, A.F.M. Glaziou 15560 (FI, K, P!); Quinta, 9 September 1885, A.F.M. Glaziou 16482 (P!); 9 September 1889, Simard ( US); Itaipuaçú. Pico Alto Moirão, 23 May 1983, R.H.P. Andreata 553 (RB); Maricá e Niteroi Itaipuaçu, Alto Moirão, –22.90, –43.21, 23 May 1985, R.H.P. Andreata 687, 690, 692, 693, 695, 699 (RB);

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Phytotaxa 294 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press • 185 Maricá e Niterói, Itaipuaçu Alto Moirão, –22.90, –43.21, 20 September 1989, R.H.P. Andreata 945 ( RB!) ; Niteroi e Maricá , Itaipuaçu, Pico Alto do Moirão, –22.90, –43.21, 8 November 1985, R.H.P. Andreata 729 ( RB!) ; Niterói , Bairro de Itacoatiara, Parque Estadual da Serra da Tirirca, Pedra de Itacoatiara , –22.88, –43.10, 19 February 1999, R.S. Oliveira 22 ( RB) ; Porciúncula , cerca 2 km da cidade, a beira da estrada para a Fazenda da Angola, –20.96, – 42.04 to –20.96, –42.04, 10 January 1984, J.P.P. Carauta & H.Q.B. Fernandes 4540 ( HBR!, MBML!, NY) ; Rio de Janeiro , Larangeiras , –22.90, –43.21, 18 July 1887, A.F.M. Glaziou 17339 ( NY!, P!, U); Rio de Janeiro , Parque Natural Municipal da Prainha, começo da trilha do Boa Vista, junto ao paredão rochoso, –22.90, –43.21, 23 February 2005, P. Leitman s.n. ( RB) ; Rio Grande do Sul : Abdon Batista , Área de supressão para construção da UHE Garibaldi, –27.61, –51.02, 5 July 2011, F.B. Guimarães 1392 ( FLOR) ; Barra do Ribeiro , Área da Riocell, – 30.29, –51.30, 26 April 2002, R.A.G. Viani et al. s.n. ( ESA!) ; Blumenau , Nova Rússia, –26.92, –49.07, 18 December 2003, F. Bosio ( FURB) ; Brusque , Azambuja , 10 m, 20 September 1947, P.R. Reitz 1878 ( HBR!, MO, US); Canoas para P. Alegre, B. Rambo SJ s.n. ( PACA 41812 !) ; Erechim, Parque Munic. Longines Malinowski, – 27.63, –52.27, without date, A. Bbutzke et al. s.n. ( HPBR) ; Farroupilha , Sub Est. Exp. Fruticaultural, 12 April 1957, O.R. Camargo 1263 ( PACA!) ; Gramado Xavier , –29.27, –52.58, 14 June 2001, M. Rossato 85 ( MBM) ; Guaíba , Fazenda São Maximiano –30.18, –51.39, 23 August 2009, L.F. Lima & G.A. Dettke 634 ( ICN) ; Kappesberg p. Montenegro, 25 August 1945, E. Friderichs SJ s.n. ( PACA 29869 !) ; Kappesberg p. Montenegro, 18 October 1945, E. Friderichs SJ s.n. ( PACA 30702 !) ; Nova Petrópolis , –29.36, –51.06, 24 February 1999, M. Rossato & R. Wassum 1 ( NY!) ; Porto Alegre , Maria da Gloria, 19 May 1932, L. Rambo s.n. ( PACA!) ; Porto Belo, Ilha João da Cunha, –27.16, –48.55, without date, Equipe de Campo ( MPUC) ; Santa Maria , Est. Exp. Silvicultura, 28 February 1956, O.R. Camargo 6 ( PACA!) ; Santa Cruz do Sul , Trombudo, 16 November 1985, J.L. Waechter 2135, 2139 ( ICN!) ; Santa Rosa , 360 m, 1 August 1970, P.R. Reitz 7380, 7386, 7388, 7389, 7391 ( HBR!) ; São Leopoldo , August 1942, P.R. Reitz s.n. ( HBR!) ; Torrente Portela , no Parque Estadual do Turvo, 26 June 1977, J.R. Mattos 17294 ( HAS) ; Treviso , Cirenaica, 197 m, –28.51, –49.50, 27 January 2010, M. Verdi 4019 ( FURB) ; Turvo , –28.93, –49.68, 30 January 2008, J.G. Cemin s.n. ( CRI) ; Vila Manresa p. P. Alegre, 19 May 1932 B. Rambo SJ s.n. ( PACA 240 !) ; Santa Catarina : 1884, P. Schwacke 5022 ( FI) ; Brusque , Azambuja, 40 m, 10 September 1947, P.R. Reitz 1878 ( HBR!) ; Capinzal , perto de campinzal, 21 December 1962, P.R. Reitz & Klein 14358 ( HBR!) ; Chapecó , perto da cidade, 450 m, 31 December 1963, P.R. Reitz & Klein 16655 ( HBR!) ; Itapiranga , São Ludgero , 250 m, 10 January 1964, P.R. Reitz & Klein 16811 ( HBR!) ; São Paulo : Agudos , Duratex, próximo a porteira de acesso a AMBEV, –22.46, –48.98, 15 November 2006, P.R. Genovez 71 ( BOTU) ; Analândia, Fazenda Pedra Vermelha, – 22.12, –47.66, without date, D.C. Cavalcanti 429 ( HRCB) ; Angatuba, Estação Ecológica de Angatuba ( IF) , – 23.42, –48.35, 21 August 1987, R.B. Torres et al. 269 ( IAC, UEC) ; Angatuba, Estação Ecológica de Angatuba ( IF) , – 23.42, –48.35, 1 January 1988, R.B. Torres & N. Figueiredo s.n. ( IAC) ; Antonina , Paraná ad Antonina, Serra de Santarem 14 December 1879, P. Schwacke 2513 ( RB!) ; Assis , –22.66, –50.41, 1 January 2002, A.P. Savassi-Coutinho 663 ( ESA!) ; Barretos , Fazenda Nelore , indo para Olímpia, a 8 km da entrada para Barretos, 600 m, – 20.56, –48.57, 22 May 1997, H.Q. Boudet Fernandez 3209 ( MBML, NY) ; Bauru , Fazenda Monte Alegre, mata da Copaíba, –22.31, –49.06, 9 January 2002, M.E.S Phaschoa 2749 ( BOTU) ; Bauru, Jardim Botânico de Bauru , – 22.31, –49.06, without date, M.H.O. Pinheiro 581 ( HRCB) ; Bauru , Jardim Botânico Municipal de Bauru, –22.31, – 49.06, 27 January 1998, M.H.O. Pinheiro 682 ( IAC) ; Bofete , Fazenda Santa Terezinha (Eucatex). Remanescente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, –23.03, –48.18, 12 July 2004, R.A.G. Viani et al. 363 ( ESA!) ; Cajuru , Fazenda Santa Carlota, –21.27, –47.30, 12 October 1985, L.C. Bernacci 111 ( UEC) ; Campinas , Reserva Santa Genebra, –22.91, –47.06, 3 July 1996, L.C. Bernacci 2678, 2680 ( IAC) ; Campinas , Praça João Lech Junior (Bosque dos Alemães ), –22.90, –47.06, 18 August 2000, R. Cielo Filho 182 ( UEC) ; Campinas , Distrito de Sousas-Mata Ribeirão Cachoeira (Condomínio Colinas do Atibaia), –22.90, –47.06, 20 October 2000, R. Cielo Filho 267 ( UEC) ; Campinas , Bosque dos Jequitibás , –22.80, –47.04, 15 December 2005, J.A.M.A. Gomes & J. Pena Filho 162 ( IAC) ; Campinas , Parque do IAC, –22.91, –47.06, 1 October 1942, J. Santoro s.n. ( MBML!) ; Campinas , Parque do IAC, –22.91, –47.06, 28 February 1945, J. Santoro s.n. ( MBML!) ; Campinas , IAC, Avenida Barão de Itapura, Parque, –22.91, –47.06, 1 October 1942, J. Santoro s.n. ( IAC) ; Campinas , Parque do IAC, –22.91, –47.06, 14 November 1945, J. Santoro s.n. ( IAC) ; Campinas , EMEF Padre Francisco Silva , –22.90, –47.06, 20 March 2000, T. Spinelli 263 ( UEC) ; Campinas , IAC, AV. Barão de Itapura, parque, –22.91, –47.06, 28 February 1943, J.M.F. Toledo s.n. ( IAC) ; Cananéia , Ilha Comprida. a ca. 100 m da praia, 3 m, –25.02, –47.95, 24 July 1997, H.Q. Boudet Fernandes 3221 ( MBML, SP) ; Cananéia , ao lado do Rod. que dá acesso á ilha, –25.01, –47.92, 21 April 1998, M.G.C. Gondim Jr. 36 ( ESA!) ; Cananéia , Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso-Perto do laboratório, –25.01 , –

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47.92, 22 June 1989, M. Kirizawa 2259 ( SP!); Cananéia, Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso-Restinga do Pereirinha. Árvore n o 981, –25.01, –47.92 , 6 November 1990, M. Sugiyama 926 ( SP!); Caraguatatuba, Swampy forest behind beach, 10 m , –23.58, –45.47, 9 January 1985, A.H. Gentry & E.M. Zardini 49363 ( MO, NY); Charqueada , –22.51, –47.77 , 12 May 1993, K.D. Barreto et al. 461 ( ESA!); Corumbataí , –22.22, –47.62 , 28 October 1993, K.D. Barreto et al. 1521 ( ESA!); Dracena, Fazenda Rancho Alegre , –21.48, –51.53 , 6 September 1995, L.C. Bernacci et al. 2053 ( IAC, SP); Gália , –22.29, –49.55 , June 1999, M.R. Gorenstein 5002 ( ESA!); Guarei, Sarandi , –23.37, –48.18 , August 1980, Neves IPH-USP18 ( UEC); Iguape, Estação Ecológica Juréia- Itatins-Serra da Juréia , margem do Rio Verde , –24.70, –47.55 , 13 June 1991, E.A. Anunciação 85 ( SP!, SPF!); Itanhaém , –24.18, –46.78 , 7 September 1996, G.O. Joaquim et al. 26 ( ESA!); Jandira, In precincts of the Oomoto Hakko-en , Fernando Pessoa , Jandira , 750 m , –23.53, –46.90, 6 July 1987, S. Tsugaru B50 ( NY!); Mogi das Cruzes, Parque Municipal da Serra do Itapeti-Coletada na beira de estrada na zona de uso intensivo, –23.52, –46.19 , 9 January 1994, P.L.B. Tomasulo 353 ( SP); Natividade da Serra, Bairro rural Puruba , –23.37, –45.44 , 29 June 2005, M.A.C. Pilla ( BOTU); Nazaré Paulista, ca. 21 km W of Igaratá off Dom Pedro highway between Campinas and Jararei. Forest at camping facility, Represa Atabainha Lake , 700 m , –23.42, –46.08, 5 January 1985, A.H. Gentry & E.M. Zardini 49236 ( MO!, NY, RB!); Nova Odessa, H. Lorenzi et al. 5047 ( HPL!); Pariquera-Açu , –24.71, –47.88 , 20 April 1998, M.G.C. Gondim Jr. 27 ( ESA!); Pariquera-Açu , –24.71, –47.88 , 2 June 1996, N.M. Ivanauskas & F.F. Mazine 825 ( ESA!); Pedreira, Fazenda Bela Vista , –22.74, –46.90 , 20 August 1998, L.F. Yamamoto 252 ( UEC); Piracicaba , –22.72, –47.64 , 5 November 1993, Cirlene et al. 14 ( ESA!); Piracicaba , –22.72, –47.64 , 28 March 1998, M.G.C. Gondim Jr. 19 ( ESA!); Piracicaba , –22.7253, –47.6492 , 11 December 1938, Paolieri s.n. ( IAC); Rio Claro, Fazenda dos Caeures. 12 km E of Rio Claro. Prop. Jorge Ferguson, –22.41, –47.56 , 2 July 1965, S.F. Glassman 8000 ( SP!); São Paulo, Instituto de Botânca. Árvore derrubada do Setor de Mudas. SPw, –23.54, –46.63 , 22 August 1990, E.S. Alves 5 ( SP!); São Paulo, Instituto de Botânica, Jardim de Ornamentais. Em solo argiloso, – 23.54, –46.63 , 11 March 1996, M.P. Botânico 1 ( SP); São Paulo, Jardim Botânico. Nativa. Planta viva n o 42, – 23.54, –46.63 , 3 February 1934, O. Handro s.n. ( SP!); São Paulo, Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga-Reserva Biológica. Atrás do prédio da Divisão da Fitotaxonomia. Fotografada a planta, –23.54, –46.63 , 5 July 1983, M. Kirizawa 897 ( SP!); São Paulo, Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga-Reserva Biológica, área do Jardim Botânico. Frequente na reserva, –23.54, –46.63 , 17 April 1991, M. Kirizawa 2437 ( SP!); São Paulo, Ypiranga , – 23.54, –46.63 , January 1917, H. Luederwaldt, s.n. ( SP! SP-24152 ); São Paulo , 19 September 2000, G.O. Romão & A.R. Duarte 162 ( ESA!); São Paulo, Parque Estadual do Jaraguá , 929 m , –23.45, –46.77, 26 February 2008, F.M. Souza et al. 178 ( SPSF); Tupã, 20 km N of Tupa, Fazenda Vanuir , 5 July 1965, S.F. Glassman & J.C. Gomes Jr. 8008 (F!, MO, RB, SP!); Vera Cruz , 18 km E of Marilia, Fazenda Pedro Felipe , –22.22, –49.81 , 4 July 1965, S. F. Glassman & J.C. Gomes 8010 (F!, MBM, NY, SP!); PARAGUAY. Near Paraguay, 1874, B. Balansa 2714 (P); du Cerro-Hu, prés de Paraguari , 24 April 1874, B. Balansa 2715 (P!); 1881–1890, Morong 233a ( NY); Alto Paraná: 60 km N de Pto. Pte. Stroessner , 6 February 1984, E.L. Little Jr. 40158 ( NY, PY, P!, US); Alto Paraná, Estancia Río Bonito, Forest 1 (along the entrance), 240 m , –25.65, –54.81, 29 August 1994, E.M. Zardini & M. Vera 40709 ( MO, P!, PY!); Amambay: Estancia Errante , ca. 52 km SW de Bella Vista , 24 August 1980, A. Schinini & E. Bordas 20720 ( CTES, MBM!, MO); Amambay: Parque Nacional de Cerro Cora , –22.65, –56.05 , February 1982, J.S. Solomon et al. 6839, 6870 ( MO, PY); Canindeyu: 5 km N of the Rio Ytambey (border between the Departments of Canindeyu and Alto Parana ) along the Super Carateira highway ( Ciudad del Este \ Salto del Guaira ), ca. 348 m , –24.59, –54.86, 27 November 2002, L.R. Noblick 5284 et al. ( FCQ!, FTG!, PY!); Cordillera: Corrilleira de Altos , August 1885 –1895, E. Hassler 704 (G, K, P!); Guaira: Villarica , August 1918, P. Jorgensen 4183, 4184 (A, C, F, NY, S); Valenzuela, Estancia R.D. (formerly Cabana “ El Aguila ”), ca. 5 km from town, 155– 186 m , –25.63, –56.91, 21 November 2002, L.R. Noblick et al. 5269 ( FCQ!, FTG!, PY!); Paraguari: Parque Nacional Ybycui, Arroyo Minas , –26.00, –56.50 , October 1985, A.H. Gentry et al. 51852 ( MO, PY); Paraguari, Parque Nacional de Ybycui , ca. 4 km from the central administration buildings, 360 m , –26.05, –56.87, 13 February 1996, L.R. Noblick et al. 5116 ( FCQ!, FTG!, PY!); Presidente Hayes: Estancia Laura Maria, 21 km SE of the Rio Negro along the Trans-Chaco Highway ( Asuncion \ Poso Colorado), 90 m , –24.33, –58.90, 23 November 2002, L.R. Noblick et al. 5272 ( FCQ!, FTG!, PY!); URUGUAY. Maldonado: Sierra de Caripe, Sierra de Coronilla, Pousada de Laguna , Rt. 39 N to Kilometer marker ca. km 67.5 then E ca. 8 km towards Cerro Catedral to Pousada de La Laguna , ca. 272 m , –34.34, –54.71, 17 March 2006, L.R. Noblick & E. Beare 5464 ( FTG!, MVFA!); Montevideo: Atahualpa, W.G.F. Herter 345 (U); Rocha: Palmares de Castillos , 1944, H.H. Bartlett 21397 ( GH) .

A REVISION OF THE GENUS SYAGRUS

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Figures

FIGURE 65. Distribution maps of Syagrus pimentae, pleioclada, S. pleiocladoides, S. pompeoi, S. procumbens, S. pseudococos, S. romanzoffiana, S. rupicola, and S. ruschiana.

FIGURE 73. Syagrus romanzoffiana. A. Habit near Iguaçu Falls in Paraná. B. Habit near Padre Paraíso, Minas Gerais (Noblick & Cline 5155). C. Habit in Paraguay. D. Inflorescence. E. Pistillate flowers. F. Infructescence. G. Infructescence with reddish fruit. H. Immature fruits, note the white tomentose covered apices. I. Mature orange fruits.