Pachyrhinus californicus ( Horn 1876 )

Benzel, Joseph & Bright, Donald E., 2021, A revision of the genus Pachyrhinus Schӧnherr 1823 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae Entiminae) in the Nearctic Region, Zootaxa 4999 (6), pp. 501-533 : 516-523

Pachyrhinus californicus ( Horn 1876)

Scythropus californicus Horn 1876 , 117. Fall 1901:309; Hatch 1971:2750; Furniss & Carolin 1977:335.

Pachyrhinus californicus: O’Brien & Wibmer and Wibmer 1982:43 ; McNamara 1991: 330; Bright and Bouchard 2008:159. Scythropus ferrugineus Casey 1888: 276 . Fall 1901:309; Hatch 1971:275.

Pachyrhinus ferrugineus: O’Brien & Wibmer 1982:43 .

Diagnosis. Pachyrhinus californicus is characterized by the presence of orange, gold or grey scales about 2× long as wide or longer ( Fig. 67–72 ). On the elytra, these are placed in a mottled pattern with grey or white scales 2× long as wide. This species can be differentiated from the morphologically similar P. cinereus by more elongate and tapered scales ( Figs. 73–74 ) as opposed to the blunt teardrop shaped scales of P. cinereus , and by the intermittent greatly lengthened scales or long setae found at intervals along the elytral striae as opposed to the smaller recumbent scales found intermittently on the elytra of P. cinereus . Pachyrhinus californicus can be distinguished from P. elegans by the mottled scale pattern on the elytra contrasting with the ordered scale coloration of P. elegans with each stria containing scales of a uniform color. The aedeagus of P. californicus ( Figs. 75–77 ) is more curved than in P. elegans and has a blunt tip rather than the tapered tip of P. elegans . The spermatheca of P. californicus ( Fig. 78 ) is C-shaped rather than comma-shaped as in P. cinereus .

Description (male). Length 5.0–8.0 mm, average 6.33 mm ( Fig. 67 ); color uniformly orange ( Fig. 68 ); scales 4.0× long as wide ( Fig. 7 ), setiform, ribbed with ribs terminating in spines at end of scale, orange; mottled patches of white scales, 2.0× long as wide on elytra; pearlescent scales on ventral and lateral portions of body ( Fig. 69 ), 2.0× long as wide. Funicular antennomers III to VII conical, subequal in length. Elytra covered in nonuniform patches of scales ( Fig. 73 ); scales elongate ( Fig. 74 ), setiform, 4.0× as long as wide, tapered, densely packed, orange, arranged in a mottled pattern with patches of stout white scales interspaced with primary scale type; white scales most common along 1 st and 7 th –10 th stria; long appressed setae arranged in rows along mid region of stria, longitudinally placed at every third interstrial puncture. Aedeagus mesally curved ( Fig. 75 ); lateral margins curved, ending in lengthened point covered by long fine setae ( Fig. 76–77 ); ostium elongate, ovate, highly arcuate, laterally emarginate, terminating in abrupt narrow point with slight ventral curvature.

Description (female). Length 5.0–9.0 mm, average 6.9 mm. Spermatheca C-shaped ( Fig. 78 ), apically sclerotized with small projection perpendicular to ramus; ramus short, subconical; cornu short, recurved, subcylindrical.

Variation ( Figs. 79–82 ). Scale coloration is variable, ranging from ash grey ( Fig. 79 ) to gold ( Fig. 80 ) and reddish orange ( Fig. 81-82 ). Scale morphology is similarly variable and dependant on local population but with considerable individual variation. Specimens from Coastal and Klamath mountains ( Fig. 81 ) have patches of setiform scales around elytral humeri; specimens from Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains have wider scales ( Figs. 81- 82 ), 3.0X long as wide. Scales may be missing, resulting in rubbed appearance. Funicular antennomeres are either subequal in size or decreasing in size to 5 th antennomer, then increasing in size.

Distribution ( Fig. 83 ). This species occurs in conifer forests in British Columbia, California, Oregon, and Washington.

Material Examined ( 736 specimens). HOLOTYPE: USA, California, El Dorado Co. G. H. Horn (male) ( MCZC).). Pachyrhinus ferruginus holotype, USA, California, county not listed ( USNM).

CANADA, British Columbia, Agassiz. IV-5-1927 / B. F. & J. L. Carr ( CNCI: 1 male) . Vernon. IV-17-1934 / ponderosa pine, H. B. Leech ( USNM: 5 males, 12 females) ; Vancouver I., Naniamo. IV-12/ Taylor ( USNM: 2 males) ; Nanoose Bay . VI-6/ B. F. & J. L. Carr ( CNCI: 1 male) ; Cowichan. VII-9-1975 / J. M. & B. A. Campbell

( CNCI: 1 female). Keremus. IV-22-1979 / B. F. & J. L. Carr ( CNCI: 1 female) ; Gabriola. IV-10-1988 / B. F. & J. L. Carr ( CNCI: 1 male) .

California, Alameda Co., Hills back of Oakland. IV-13-1927 / E. C. Zimmerman. ( USNM: 1 female) ; IV-26- 1930, ( USNM: 1 male, 3 females) ; II-1-1933 / E. J. Blum ( CNCI: 2 male) . II-4-1933 / W. H. Nutting ( CNCI: 3 males, 2 females) ; Berkeley. V-26-1924 / ( CNCI: 2 male, 2 female) ; II-26-1932 / E. C. Zimmerman ( USNM: 2 females) ; II-2-1934 / ( CNCI: 24 males, 2 females) ; II-11-1934 / M. Cazier ( CNCI: 2 males, 1 female) ; II-18-1934 / Monterey pine, F. R. Platt ( UCRC: 1 male, 4 females) ; III-12-1939 / F. D. Horn ( UCRC: 1 female) ; III-20-1934 / M. Cozier ( UCRC: 1 female) ; Oakland. I-12-1940 / R. Dahl ( EMEC: 4 males) ; I-20-1944 / R. Schuster ( EMEC: 1 female) III- 9-1952 / Monterey pine ( EMEC: 7 males, 7 females) ; I-21-1958 / Monterey pine, D. J. Burdick ( CWOB: 2 males) ; I-29-1959 / Monterey pine, C. W. O’Brien & Wibmer ( CWOB: 2 males) ; Berkeley Hills NE Oakland. II-4-1964 / J. Powell ( EMEC: 2 males) ; Redwood Regional pk. II-14-1965 / M. J. Tauber and C. A. Toschi ( EMEC: 6 males, 6 females) ; San Pablo dam. II-15-1966 / Monterey pine/ R. W. Browne ( EMEC: 1 male, 4 females) ; Alpine Co., Bear Lake . VI-8-1924 / E. C. Van Dyke ( CNCI: 2 females) ; Cleaveland. III-5-1983 / A. Smetana ( CNCI: 1 male, 1 female) ; Calaveras Co., nr. Dorrington. V-29-1957 / H. Ruckes Jr. ( CWOB: 1 female) ; Contra Costa Co., Mt. Diablo. IV-1934 / L. W. Saylor ( USNM: 2 females) ; Walnut Cr. V-24-1952 / pine/ J. J. Menn ( EMEC: 1 male) ; IV-9-1958 / D. J. Burdick ( CWOB: 2 males, 3 females) ; V-12-1962 / C. W. O’Brien & Wibmer ( CWOB: 2 males) ; San Pablo Reservoir. IV-1966 / Monterey pine, G. L. Jensen (6 males, 5 females) ; Mt. Diablo. IV-28-1974 / D. S. Green. ( EMEC: 1 female) ; El Dorado Co., Placerville. III-16-1915 / ponderosa pine, F. B. Herbert ( USNM: 4 females) ; II-8-1916 / incense cedar, ( USNM: 1 female) ; Georgetown . IV-5-1960 / sugar pine, R. W. Stark ( CWOB: 1 female) ; 1 mi. E Pollock pines. V-28-1989 / R. D. Gordon ( UCRC: 2 males, 4 females) ; 1 mi E of Pacific House. VI-29-1991 / C. B. Barr ( EMEC: 2 females) ; 2 mi. SE of Pacific House. IV-21-1996 / Douglas fir, L. G. Bezark ( CWOB: 4 females) ; Blodgett Forest Rest Sta., 12 mi E of Georgetown, El Dorado Conduit. VI-5/ VI-6-2004 / C. B. Barr, C. S. Chaboo & K. W. Will ( UCRC: 1 female) ; Humboldt Co., Forest Home. II-10-1966 / M. W. Stone ( UCRC: 1 female) ; Bair’s Ranch , Redwood Cr. VI-19-1903 / H. S. Barber. ( USNM: 5 females) ; VI-19-1903 ( USNM: 2 female) ; V-15-1911 / H. M. Nunemacher. ( USNM: 2 females) ; Eureka. VI-2/ H. S. Barber. ( USNM: 1 male, 1 female) ; VI-3 ( USNM: 1 male) ; VI-4 ( USNM: 1 male, 7 females) ; Bair’s Ranch , Redwood Cr. VI-6/ H. S. Barber. ( USNM: 1 female) ; VI-13/ yellow pine ( USNM: 4 males, 9 females) ; Butte Cr. Hwy 36. V-2-2011 / B. C. Kondratieff. ( CSUC: 5 males, 8 females, 1 undetermined) ; Inyo Co., Lone Pine. V-9-1937 / W. C. Reeves ( EMEC: 1 male, 1 female) ; Lake Co., Cow Mountain . II-12-1955 / D. J. Burdick ( EMEC: 6 males, 5 females) ; Los Angelis Co., Los Angelis. VII-11-1930 / E. C. Zimmerman ( USNM: 1 female) ; Marin Co., Mt. Alpine. VI-25-1971 / D. D. Munroe. ( CNCI: 1 female) . Laurel Dell camp. IV-1-1961 / G. W. Frankie. ( EMEC: 9 males, 10 females) ; 7 mi. S of Olema. II-22-1965 / Douglas fir, C. W. O’Brien & Wibmer ( CWOB: 1 male, 1 female) ; Mt. Tamalpais. III-15-1969 / Douglas fir, C. W. O’Brien & Wibmer ( CWOB: 4 male, 5 female) ; Alpine L. Liberty Gulch. IV-1-1971 / R. Hilsop ( EMEC: 1 female) ; IV-16-1971 / R. Coville ( EMEC: 1 female) ; IV-20-1974 / Douglas fir, J. Powell. ( EMEC: 5 males, 6 females) ; IV-20-1974 / M. Kirby. ( EMEC: 1 male) ; IV-20-1974 / C. Magowin. ( EMEC: 1 female) ; IV-20-1974 / L. Rhudy ( EMEC: 1 female) ; IV-19- 1975 / C. Kellner ( EMEC: 1 female) ; IV-17-1976 / A. Thayer ( EMEC: 1 female) ; IV-17-1976 / K. L. Collingene ( EMEC: 1 female) ; IV-30-1976 / E. Giesbert ( EMEC: 1 female) ; IV-16-1978 / Douglas fir, J. Powell. ( EMEC: 7 males, 7 females) ; Five Brooks , N37°59’48 W122°45’31. V-18-2015 / Douglas fir, J. S. Benzel. ( CSUC: 2 males, 2 females) ; Mariposa Co., Yosemite Valley . V-26/ VI-21-1921 / E. C. Zimmerman ( USNM: 9 males, 12 females) ; VI- 7-1928 / A. T. McClay ( CNCI: 1 female) ; IV-3-1960 / D. M. Fanara ( USNM: 1 male) ; Mendocino Co., Willits. IV-1- 1946 / E. E. Johnston ( USNM: 1 male) ; IV-17-1957 / yellow pine, C. B. Eaton ( USNM: 1 male, 5 females) ; Mendocino. V-22-1957 / J. R. Helfer ( CWOB: 1 male, 1 female) ; XII-2-1957 / J. R. Helfer ( CWOB: 1 female) ; Caspar. II-27-1958 / J. H. Helfer ( CWOB: 1 male, 1 female) ; Cleone. III-18-1958 / J. Helfer ( CWOB: 1 male) ; Ham pass Rd. 2.5 mi. NW of Eel R. VI-13-1972 / J. Doven. ( EMEC: 1 male, 4 females) ; NCCRP 3 mi. N of Branscomb. V-8 -1976 / G. Hunter ( EMEC: 1 female) ; V-12/ V-14 -1978 / R. J. Dare ( EMEC: 1 male) ; IV-18/ IV-20 -1980 / S. E. Ludwig ( EMEC: 2 females) ; IV-18/ IV-20 -1980 / S. Meridith ( EMEC: 2 females) ; V-30/ VI-1 -1980 / C. Monteller ( EMEC: 1 female) ; V-30/ VI-1 -1980 / C. Parisek ( EMEC: 1 female) ; V-30/ VI-1 -1980 / W. C. Schaupp ( EMEC: 1 female) ; Masonite rd. 11.65 mi W of Ukiah. IV-4-1981 / Douglas fir, W. J. A. Volney et al. ( EMEC: 1 female) ; Masonite rd. 11.1 mi W of Ukiah. IV-16-1981 / W. J. A. Volney et al. ( EMEC: 1 male, 3 females) ; Angelo Reserve 8 km N of Branscomb, Walker Meadow. V-29/ 2-VI-2003 / S. Lew ( EMEC: 2 females) ; Wilderness Lodge. V-31-2003 / Douglas fir, J. Powell ( EMEC: 1 female) ; Modoc Co., Jackson St. Pk. , N41. 3757° W120.9536°. V-15-2015 / J. S. Benzel ( CSUC: 3 males, 5 females) ; Mono Co., Mammoth. V-1-1919 / Jeffery pine, Shoemaker ( USNM: 4 males, 2 females) V-9-1919 / Jeffery pine, R. Hopping ( CNCI: 5 males, 3 females) ; Monterey Co., Chews Rdg. nr White Oak Camp. V-8-1975 / R. Warton ( EMEC: 3 females) ; Carmel. III-13-1915 / Wickham ( USNM: 2 females) ; 1918/ Shoemaker ( USNM: 1 male, 1 female) ; III-24-1919 / Wickham ( USNM: 6 female) ; V-14-1921 / A. Nicolay ( USNM: 1 male, 5 females) ; Cyprus Ridge. V-10-1921 / ( CNCI: 2 male, 4 female) . Nevada Co., Nevada City. V-14-1971 / ( UCRC: 1 female) ; Placer Co., III-6-1913 / E. J. B. ( USNM: 1 female) ; Flume , Meadow vista, Placer hills road. V- 27-1989 / R. D. Gordon ( UCRC: 3 males) ; Greenhorn Cr. , Hwy 70 SE Quincy. IV-25-2010 / B. C. Kondratieff, R. W. Baumann ( CSUC: 1 male, 2 females) ; Rio Blanco Co., Pied-Jous, S slope site #83BB47. V-1976 / pinyon pine, B. E. King ( CWOB: 1 male, 2 females) ; Sacramento Co., Sacramento. II / A. Koebele ( USNM: 5 males, 2 females) ; San Bernardino Co., San Bernardino NF, Barton Flat. V-24-1956 / Jeffery Pine, B. J. Adelson ( CWOB: 1 female) ; Lake Arrowhead. IV-April-1962/ Jeffery Pine, C. O. Eads ( UCRC: 1 male) ; Seven Oaks. V-12-1962 / M. Kajiyama ( UCRC: 1 female) ; Barton Flats. IV-28-1965 / M. W. Stone ( UCRC: 1 female) ; III-18-1971 / M. W. Stone ( UCRC: 1 female) ; San Mateo Co., Lake Pilarcitos. III-20-1965 / C. W. O’Brien & Wibmer ( CWOB: 1 male) ; San Diego Co., Cuyamaca. IV-25-1921 / W. R. Richards ( CNCI: 1 female) ; Little Laguna L. III-5-1983 / A. Smetana ( CNCI: 1 male, 1 female) . San Bernardino Mtns. III-13-1933 / A. Smetana ( CNCI: 1 female) ; San Luis Obispo Co., 1 mi. NE of Cambria. III-24/ III-25-1980 / J. A. Powell ( EMEC: 2 females) ; San Mateo Co., Ano Nuevo St. Reserve. IV-27-2002 / Monterey pine, J. Powell ( EMEC: 1 female) ; Santa Clara Co., Loma Prieta. III-9-1965 / Douglas fir, R. E. Browne. ( EMEC: 1 male) ; IV-16-1964 / Douglas fir, ( EMEC: 1 male) ; IV-26-1966 / Douglas fir, ( EMEC: 1 female) ; Los Gatos. Hubbard & Schwartz. ( USNM: 1 female) ; Santa Cruz Co., Ben Lomond. IV-6-1931 / L. W. Saylor ( USNM: 3 males, 5 females) ; V-4-1931 / J. F. Brimley ( CNCI: 1 female) ; IV-1-1932 ( USNM: 1 male, 1 female) ; Santa Cruz. IV-3-1932 / L. W. Saylor ( USNM: 1 female) ; Big Basin St. Pk. III-26-1966 / B. Tilden ( CWOB: 2 males, 1 female) ; Shasta Co., Shasta. V-11-1913 / F. W. Nunamancher ( CNCI: 2 female) ; Siskiyou Co., 5 mi. S of Mt. Hebron. VI-7- 1960 / Yellow pine, J. Schuh ( USNM: 2 females) ; Sonoma Co., Alexander Valley , IV-29-1935 / ( CNCI: 3 female) . 4 mi. W of Plantation. IV-4-1956 / D. J. Burnick ( EMEC: 1 female) ; Mt . St. Helena. V/ L. Saylor ( USNM: 8 males, 9 females) ; Del Puerto Cyn. , 20 mi W of Patterson. II-18-1961 / knobcone pine, W. Gagne ( CWOB: 1 female) ; Trinity Co., Ruth L. IX-1-164/ Spadoni ( EMEC: 1 female) ; East side Rd., Trinity R. V-3-2011 / B. C. Kondratieff ( CSUC: 2 females, 1 undetermined) ; Tulare Co., Johnsondale. IV-27-1964 / W. Turner ( EMEC: 5 males, 10 females, 1 undermined) ; Sequoia NF, N36. 0912° W118.3600°. V-18-2015 / J. S. Benzel ( CSUC: 1 male) ; Yuba Co., 4 mi. NE of Dobbins. IV-7-1956 / K. S. Hagen ( EMEC: 1 male) .

Oregon, Jackson Co., Butte Falls . IV-25-1913 / ponderosa pine, W. D. Edmonston ( USNM: 2 males, 1 female) ; Klamath Co., 20 mi. W of Klamath Falls. V-18-1955 / F. P. Larson ( USNM: 1 female) ; Upr. Klamath marsh, Military Crossing. V-11-1956 / J. D. Vertroes ( USNM: 1 female) ; Kobele Co. From Dept. of Agriculture ( USNM: 1 female) ; Lane Co., Egypt Forest , 6 mi E of Eugene. XI-13/VI-13/ Douglas fir, H. J. Andrews ( USNM: 11 males, 4 females) ; Andrews Exp. Forest , 11 mi NE of Blue R. IV-11-1979 / Douglas fir, G. M. Cooper ( USNM: 1 male, 1 female) ; Washington Co., Forest Grove. III-28-1919 / M. C. Lane ( USNM: 1 male) ; Yamhill Co., McMinnville. III-15/ III- 20-1940 / C. A Frost ( USNM: 4 males, 1 female) .

Washington, Asotin Co., Anatone. V-25-1984 / B. F. & J. L. Carr ( CNCI: 1 male) ; Walla Walla Co., Kooskooskie. IV-6-1949 / ( USNM: 3 males, 3 females) ; Yakima Co., Tieton Dam. V-13-1927 / M. C. Lane ( USNM: 1 female) .

Biology. Pachyrhinus californicus has been recorded feeding on several species of Pinus including ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Laws. ), Jeffery pine ( P. jefferyi Balf. ), and Monterey pine ( P. raddata D. Don ) as well as Douglas fir.

Remarks. The holotype of P. californicus ( Figs. 67-73 ) has an orange elytral integument rather than the more typical black integument common among members of P. californicus at the type locality in the Sierra Nevadas. However, this lighter coloration occurs in other parts of the range of P. californicus and was found in multiple series collected at the type locality.

Bright and Bouchard (2008) synonymized P. ferrugineus ( Figs. 84-89 ) with this species after examination of the holotype of P. ferrugineus . In the original description, P. ferrugineus was distinguished from P. californicus by more sparse, setiform scales 4.0X long as wide or longer ( Fig. 88 ) and a longer fifth ventrite ( Fig. 86 ). The setiform scales are common on specimens collected at the type locality, Muir Woods, Marin County, California and the Coastal and Klamath Mountains ( Fig. 82 ). The longer fifth ventrite is indicative of a female specimen in all the Nearctic members of the genus and bears no value as a specific character ( Fig. 23 ). Sparse scales regularly occur as individual variation within a series among all Nearctic members of Pachyrhinus . Bright and Bouchard (2008) found the holotype of P. ferrugineus to be rubbed and found no differences in the genitalia of specimens attributed to both P. californicus and P. ferrugineus . Further comparisons and dissections confirmed the synonymy proposed by Bright and Bouchard (2008).

Figures

FIGURE 83. P. californicus distribution map. Black circles represent examined specimens. Red shading delimits approximate range.

FIGURES 67–72. Pachyrhinus californicus holotype, female. 67. Dorsal view. 68. Lateral view. 69. Ventral view. 70. Frontal view. 71. Elytral vestiture. 72. Labels.

FIGURES 73–78. 73. Pachyrhinus californicus left elytron. 74. Stria. 75. Aedeagus, lateral view. 76. Dorsal view. 77. Ventral view. 78. Spermatheca.

FIGURES 6–9. Elytral Scales. 6. Pachyrhinus elegans. 7. Pachyrhinus californicus. 8. Pachyrhinus cinereus scale. 9. Polydrusus impressifrons Gyllenhall 1834.

FIGURES 79–82. Pachyrhinus californicus vestiture variation. 79. Stanislaus Co., California. 80. Mendocino Co., California. 81. Monterey Co., California. 82. Marin Co., California.

FIGURES 84–89. Pachyrhinus ferrugineus, holotype, female. 84. Dorsal view. 85. Lateral view. 86. Ventral view. 87. Frontal view. 88. Elytral vestiture. 89. Labels.

FIGURES 22–25. 22. Elytra. 23. Puncture in elytral interstria. 24. Scales on elytral stria. 25. Wing.