Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815

Chamorro-Rengifo, Juliana, Silva, Bruno Cansanção, Olivier, Renan Da Silva, Braun, Holger & Araujo, Douglas, 2018, Meadow katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalini) from the Central-West Region of Brazil: Morphological, bioacoustic and cytogenetic study, Zootaxa 4388 (3), pp. 347-372 : 349

Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815

Figs. 1 , 2 , 3A–C , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7A–C , 8A–C , 9 , 10 , 11A–J , 12 , 18 and 19A–C

Conocephalus differs frοm Euxiphidion mainly by smοοth surface οf face and legs; the hind wings are usually present; males have cerci with a spine-like prοjectiοn at inner prοximal regiοn and the phallus has twο sclerοtized titillatοrs plus a pair οf ventral sclerites (see οther characters in Naskrecki 2000).

The three species included in this study are classified in the subgenus Anisoptera based οn the presence οf twο prοsternal spines, the hind tibia with three pairs οf apical spurs, fοre and middle tibiae armed with six spines οn ventral surface and the feebly emarginated male subgenital plate (Rentz 2010).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Identification of species of Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 and Euxiphidion Bruner, 1915 of Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil) studied here.

FIGURE 2. Habitus of Conocephalus goianus Piza, 1977. (a–c) male: a lateral view, b dorsal view, and c head in frontal view; d female, lateral view. Scale bars for a, b and d 5.0 mm; for c 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 3. Tegmina and hind wings of Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 (a–c) and Euxiphidion Bruner, 1915 (d–e) species. a Conocephalus goianus Piza, 1977; b Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859); c Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891); d Euxiphidion caizanum (Giglio-Tos, 1897) comb. nov.; e Euxiphidion veroni Chamorro-Rengifo sp. nov. Scale bars, 2.0 mm.

FIGURE 4. Left and right stridulatory files of Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815. a Conocephalus goianus Piza, 1977; b Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859); c Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891). Scale bars, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 5. Cerci of Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 species. Dorsal and ventral views. a Conocephalus goianus Piza, 1977; b Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859); c Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891). Scale bars, 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 6. Male terminalia and subgenital plates of Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 species. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views. a Conocephalus goianus Piza, 1977; b Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859); c Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891). Scale bars, 1.0 mm

FIGURE 7. Phallus of Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 (a–c) and Euxiphidion Bruner, 1915 (d–e) species. Dorsal and ventral views. a Conocephalus goianus Piza, 1977; b Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859); c Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891); d Euxiphidion caizanum (Giglio-Tos, 1897) comb. nov.; e Euxiphidion veroni Chamorro-Rengifo sp. nov. Scale bars, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 8. Females subgenital plates of Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 (a-c) and Euxiphidion Bruner, 1915 (d-e) species. Ventral view. a Conocephalus goianus Piza, 1977; b Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859); c Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891); d Euxiphidion caizanum (Giglio-Tos, 1897) comb. nov.; e Euxiphidion veroni Chamorro-Rengifo sp. nov. Scale bars, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 9. Habitus of Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859). (a–c) male: a lateral view; b dorsal view, and c head in frontal view; d female, lateral view. Scale bars for a, b and d 5.0 mm; for c 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 10. Live individuals of Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 species. (a–d) Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859) and (e–f), Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891). a micropterous female, dorso-lateral view; b micropterous male, dorsolateral view; c micropterous male, frontal view; d macropterous female, dorso-lateral view; e male, lateral view; f female, lateral view.

FIGURE 11. Songs of three species of Conocephalini. Upper oscillograms for each species represent 13-second fragments of continuous calling. (a–e) Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859), (f–j) Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891), (k–m) Euxiphidion veroni Chamorro-Rengifo sp. nov. a male in cage, 27.5ºC (specimen ZUFMSORT00532); b field recording, same time scale, 27.5 ºC (Pantanal, male photographed, but not collected); c last three syllables of first calling bout in b; d linear spectrogram of faint first hemisyllable; e the same of long second hemisyllable (from cage recording); f male calling in cage, 27.6ºC (ZUFMSORT00530); g first short isolated syllable from f; h last three syllables from first calling bout in f; i and j spectrograms of first and second hemisyllable; k male in plastic container, 26ºC (ZUFMSORT00686); l in finer scale; m spectrogram (1-kHz high-pass filtered, ultrasound portion missing).

FIGURE 12. Habitus of Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891). (a–c) male: a lateral view; b dorsal view; c head in frontal view. d female, lateral view. Scale bars for a, b and d 5.0 mm; for c 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 18. Spermatogonial and oogonial metaphases of Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 species, exhibiting 2n♂ = 33 (a, d and f) and 2n♀ = 34 (b–c, e, g–h). (a–c) Conocephalus goianus Piza, 1977, (d–e) Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859), (f– h) Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891). a–b and e–g Giemsa staining; c, d and h telomeric fluorescent in situ hybridization. Scale bars, 5.0 µm.

FIGURE 19. Diplotenes of Conocephalini. a Conocephalus goianus Piza, 1977, b Conocephalus saltator (Saussure, 1859), c Conocephalus versicolor (Redtenbacher, 1891), d Euxiphidion caizanum (Giglio-Tos, 1897) comb. nov., e Euxiphidion veroni Chamorro-Rengifo sp. nov.. a–c 16 autosomal bivalents and one sex univalent (16II + X); d and e 15 autosomal bivalents and one sex univalent (15II + X); a, d and e Giemsa staining; b and c telomeric fluorescent in situ hybridization. Scale bars, 5.0 µm.