Hyposmocoma aumakuawai, Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011

Schmitz, Patrick & Rubinoff, Daniel, 2011, The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (1), pp. 15-42 : 34-35

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10545684
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F87D7-FF82-8408-FC98-FD1823F00494
treatment provided by	Valdenar
scientific name	Hyposmocoma aumakuawai
status	SP. NOV.

Treatment

HYPOSMOCOMA AUMAKUAWAI SCHMITZ & RUBINOFF SP. NOV. ( FIGS 13A View Figure 13 , 14C View Figure 14 , 17 View Figure 17 , 20C View Figure 20 )

Material examined: HOLOTYPE ♂: [1] ‘H[ AWAI]I: Kauai, Kawaikoi stream | N 22.13158°, W 159.62161° | elev[ation]. 3490 f[ee]t, ‘burrito’ case, II-24 -[20]09 | em[ergence]. IV-13-[20]09, #DR09B7D | coll[ectors]. P[atrick]. Schmitz, D [aniel]. Rubinoff, M [ichael]. San Jose’; [2] GoogleMaps ‘ HOLOTYPE | Hyposmocoma | aumakuawai | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in

Etymology: The name H. ipowainui , from the Hawaiian ipo, lover, wai, water, and nui, large, refers to its aquatic lifestyle and the relatively large size of the species.

Biology: All adults were reared from amphibious casemaking larvae. Larvae were collected during the day in February, April, May, and August on rocks in streams of the island of Kauai. The adults of this species are relatively large and easily observed running, courting, and mating in broad daylight on emergent rocks in the streams where they occur. Larvae of this species have frequently been observed crawling underwater, deep in the middle of streams and using the silk ‘safety-line’ to reattach themselves to the underwater substrate when dislodged.

good condition except for broken antennae. Deposited in the UHIM.

PARATYPES: 7 ♂, 5 ♀, from Kauai Island , Hawaii, USA ; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, with same data as holotype GoogleMaps ; 5 ♂, 4 ♀, with same data as holotype except date of emergence: 9.iii.2009 (2 ♂), 20.iii.2009 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, dissected PS203), 25.iii.2009 (2 ♀), 26.iii.2009 (1 ♂, 1 ♀) 6.iv.2009 (1 ♂, dissected PS202). Deposited in UHIM and USNM GoogleMaps .

Diagnosis: Amongst the species of Hyposmocoma , H. aumakuawai is very similar to Hyposmocoma moopalikea sp. nov. and Hyposmocoma parda ( Butler, 1881) , both endemic to the island of Maui, in forewing pattern, but it differs in males by the presence of a sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII.

Description: Male (N = 8) ( Figs 13A View Figure 13 , 17 View Figure 17 ). Wingspan 9.1–11.2 mm (holotype: 9.7 mm). Head mostly dark brown becoming orange on vertex and frons with tuft of orange scales around eye. Haustellum with offwhite scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Recurved labial palpus mostly dark brown dorsally and offwhite ventrally, with off-white to orange ring on second segment apically. Antennal flagellum dark brown; scape dark brown with orange ring apically, antennal pecten present with up to 11 thin setae. Thorax, tegula, and metascutellum dark brown. Foreleg dark brown with orange ring at middle and apex of tibia, and beige rings at apex of tarsomeres I–II. Midleg as foreleg, spurs beige. Hindleg as midleg, but ground colour more silver grey. Forewing with dark brown to dark grey background with scattered off-white blue tinge scales; dark-brown markings more or less conspicuous as pair of spots medially (sometimes fused), disconnected from each other along diagonal, and a small spot postmedially in midline; beige to orange markings as a spot at the joint of the wing, a notch subapically on costal margin and another opposite on inner margin, and as a line of tiny spots along termen. Hindwing uniformly dark grey. Subcostal brush absent. Abdomen dorsally dark grey; ventrally off-white, with tuft of long dark-grey scales on each side of genitalia. Sclerotized hook thin with pointed apex arising from distinct sclerotized ring on the right side of tergum VII, minute sclerotized point on the left side. Genital flaps very large, membranous, rounded, broad and thin.

Male genitalia (N = 1) ( Fig. 17 View Figure 17 ). Uncus-like processes with right process slightly curved downwards, dorsoventrally flattened, about four ¥ length of left stout process. Tegumen wide, heavily sclerotized, dorsoventrally flattened. Valvae symmetrical, spoonshaped with short arms broader distally, slightly upcurved, adorned with dense setae arranged comblike along dorsal margin, with two thin sclerotized spur-like setae of same length on each valva. Phallus heavily sclerotized, bulbous about middle, slightly angled downwards at apex; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical lobes, thin with bulbous apex, both adorned with small setae, with two or more very long setae on apex.

Female (N = 5). Wingspan 9.6–11.2 mm. Frenulum with three acanthae. Antennae slightly thinner than that of male. Otherwise externally like males.

Female genitalia (N = 1) ( Fig. 20C View Figure 20 ). Papillae anales slightly longer than large. Apophyses thin and straight, with posterior apophyses long about three ¥ length of anterior apophyses. Ostium-bearing process heavily sclerotized, snail-shell shaped, curved to the left, with broad base. Ductus bursae long and of small girth. Corpus bursae oval and elongate, and with light scobination; two signa, one on each side of corpus at about one quarter of length from apex, as two little patches adorned uniformly with spines. Inception of ductus seminalis very enlarged, cylindrical, situated behind of corpus bursae. Apical margin of sternum VII with no emargination medially.

Larval case (N = 44) ( Fig. 14C View Figure 14 ). Burrito-shaped structure, 5.5–8.5 mm in length, medium sized and rounded without a curved pointed distal end, decorated with grey and brown bits of sand and pebbles, entangled in silk filaments. Case background colour ranges from grey to brown.

Etymology: The name H. aumakuawai , from the Hawaiian, ‘ au makua, a deified ancestor or spirit who assumes a shape of an animal, refers to the caterpillar of this species, and wai, water, refers to its aquatic lifestyle.

Biology: Adults were reared from amphibious casemaking larvae. Case-bearing larvae were collected during the day on rocks in the Kawaikoi stream on the island of Kauai in February.

Distribution: Known only from the island of Kauai where it is presumed to be endemic.

Remarks: Because the larval case of this species looks very similar to H. ipowainui , it may be that H. aumakuawai occurs in eastern Kauai as well but has gone unnoticed despite our extensive collections. However, at this juncture it is more prudent for us to assume that this species is endemic to western Kauai as are the bugle species H. eepawai and the cone species H. kawaikoi . This is particularly appropriate because we have reared many dozens of burrito-cased larvae from eastern Kauai and H. aumakuawai has not appeared there yet. The reasons for the extremely local endemism of this burrito case but not H. ipowainui bear further study.