Trichilia

Pennington, Terence D., 2016, Systematic Treatment Of American Trichilia (Meliaceae), Phytotaxa 259 (1), pp. 18-162 : 28-34

Key to the Species of Trichilia .

1. Leaflets mostly opposite, petals nearly always imbricate or quincuncial, nearly always free, filaments partially or completely fused, rarely free, nectary present or absent (sect. Trichilia , species 1–31).......................................................................................2

-. Leaflets mostly alternate, petals valvate, free or united, filaments completely united in a staminal tube, nectary absent or rarely represented by an obscure swelling around the base of the ovary (sect. Moschoxylum , species 32–81).........................................40

2. Petals united for 1/4–2/3 their length, aestivation quincuncial ................................................................................ 13. T. fasciculata

-. Petals free, aestivation nearly always imbricate.................................................................................................................................3

3. Staminal tube of partially united filaments (rarely filaments free)....................................................................................................4

-. Staminal tube of completely united filaments..................................................................................................................................30

4. Indumentum of stellate hairs or peltate scales....................................................................................................................................5

-. Indumentum not of stellate hairs or peltate scales..............................................................................................................................8

5. Leaflets opposite, stellate or peltate indumentum conspicuous; sepals united, with open aestivation, fruit globose to broadly ovoid, 1–2.2 cm long.....................................................................................................................................................................................6

-. Leaflets alternate or only subopposite, indumentum minute, sepals +/- free, imbricate, fruit narrow, usually ellipsoid or obovoid, 2.5–6.5 cm long..................................................................................................................................................................................7

6. Leaflet base usually truncate or cordate, inflorescence 2–4 cm long, filaments united for one third to half their length, without terminal appendages ..................................................................................................................................... 20. T. stellato-tomentosa

-. Leaflet base attenuate or cuneate, inflorescence 8–25 cm long, filaments +/- free, often with 2 short terminal appendages ......................................................................................................................................................................................................4. T. lepidota

7. Leaflets usually lanceolate, 2.9–5(–7.2) cm broad, glandular-punctate, secondary veins arcuate, convergent, pericarp ca. 0.5 mm thick, seed surrounded by a free arillode................................................................................................................. 16. T. mazanensis

-. Leaflets oblong, broadly elliptic or oblanceolate, (4–) 6–10 cm broad, glandular-punctate and -striate, secondary veins usually straight and parallel, pericarp 1.5–2 mm thick, seed with a sarcotesta.........................................................................15. T. euneura

8. Petal aestivation valvate................................................................................................................................................30. T. obovata

-. Petal aestivation imbricate..................................................................................................................................................................9

9. Ovary locules with 2 superposed ovules..........................................................................................................................................10

-. Ovary locules with 1–2 collateral ovules.........................................................................................................................................11

10. Leaves imparipinnate with (9–)11–17(–21) leaflets, inflorescence (9–)14–25(–36) cm long, a pyramidal thyrse, calyx ciliate, anthers usually 10, nectary in the form of a gynophore................................................................................................25. T. americana

-. Leaflets 1–9, inflorescence 1–3(–6) cm long, usually fasciculate, calyx not ciliate, anthers usually 8, nectary annular or patelliform, fused to the base of the staminal tube............................................................................................................................. 21. T. pallida

11. Ovary locules always 1-ovulate........................................................................................................................................................12

-. At least some ovary locules with 2 collateral ovules.......................................................................................................................16 13. Sepals free, strongly imbricate ...........................................................................................................................19. T. septentrionalis -. Sepals free or united, not or only slightly imbricate at base............................................................................................................14

14. Ovary glabrous, outer surface of filaments pubescent, fruit 1–2.3 cm long ............................................................. 29. T. micrantha -. Ovary pubescent or strigose, outer surface of filaments glabrous, fruit (2–) 2.5–3.5 cm long.........................................................15

15. Young growth, leaflet undersurface, inflorescence and fruit hispid, venation impressed on the upper surface ............ 18. T. hispida -. Plant not hispid, lower leaflet surface usually glabrous, veins not impressed.................................................................17. T.rubra

16. Nectary in the form of a broad gynophore, filaments without terminal lobes or appendages, leaflets not glandular-punctate or-striate, without tufts of hairs in the axils of secondary veins.............................................................................................26. T. stipitata

-. Nectary annular, patelliform or absent, staminal tube or filaments usually with short terminal lobes or appendages, if not then leaflets densely and coarsely glandular-punctate and -striate, or with tufts of hairs in axils of secondary veins............................17

17. Leaflets densely and coarsely glandular-punctate and/or-striate......................................................................................................18 -. Leaflets not or only finely or obscurely glandular-punctate or -striate............................................................................................20

18. Leaves (1–)3-foliolate, without tufts of hairs in axils of secondary veins, filaments free or fused to 2/3 of their length ...................

.....................................................................................................................................................................................22. T. clausseni -. Leaves nearly always imparipinnate................................................................................................................................................19

19. Leaflets (3–)5–7(–9), undersurface with tufts of hairs in axils of secondary veins, calyx usually ciliate, persistent in fruit, filaments fused almost to the apex, fruit usually ellipsoid.............................................................................................................11. T. elegans

-. Leaflets 13–21(–25), without tufts of hair in axils of secondary veins, calyx not ciliate, not persistent in fruit, filaments fused 1/4–3/4 of their length, fruit usually globose or broadly ovoid............................................................................................8. T. hirta

20. Leaflets densely pubescent to tomentose below...............................................................................................................................21 -. Leaflets glabrous or only sparsely pubescent...................................................................................................................................22

21. Bud scales absent, leaflets mostly 3–4 pairs, petals 2.5–4 mm long, arillode covers most or all of seed..................... 3. T. martiana -. Bud scales present, leaflets 5–8 pairs, petals 6–8 mm long, arillode confined to apex of seed.................................. 6. T. tomentosa

22. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, with a truncate to emarginate apex, weakly verruculose, tufts of bearded hair on leaflet undersurface in axils of secondary veins and sometimes scattered across the lamina.............................................................................2. T. casaretti -. Fruit ovoid to globose or oblate, tufts of hair usually absent, if present then confined to vein axils...............................................23

23. Inflorescence fasciculate, mostly 0.2–3 cm long..............................................................................................................................24 -. Inflorescence not fasciculate, longer, usually a panicle or thyrse....................................................................................................25

24. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets usually oblanceolate, apex usually obtuse, rounded or truncate, mean leaflet length (uppermost pair) 7.6 cm, mean breadth 2.9 cm, seed with copious endosperm ....................................................................................1. T. havanensis

-. Leaves unifoliolate, trifoliolate or imparipinnate, leaflets mostly elliptic, nearly always with attenuate, acuminate or cuspidate apex, mean leaflet length (uppermost pair of pinnate leaf) 13.3 cm, mean breadth 5.2 cm, seed without endosperm, or rarely a residual layer .................................................................................................................................................................. 21. T. pallida

25. Tufts of hair present in axils of secondary veins below, inflorescences often clustered at the apex of leafless shoots, anthers glabrous, arillode confined to apex of seed.......................................................................................................................... 10. T. glabra

-. Tufts of axillary hairs absent, inflorescences not clustered at apex of leafless shoots, anthers hairy, arillode confined to apex of seed or completely surrounding it............................................................................................................................................................26

26. Bud scales absent, leaflets 2–4(–5) pairs..........................................................................................................................................27 -. Bud scales present, leaflets 5–11 pairs.............................................................................................................................................28

27. Leaves with 2 pairs of leaflets, secondary veins 8–11 pairs, petals valvate or only slightly imbricate, capsule 1.3–1.5 cm long ......

.......................................................................................................................................................................................30. T. obovata -. Leaves with 3–4(–5) pairs of leaflets, secondary veins 12–18 pairs, petals imbricate, capsule 0.9–1.3 cm long ........ 3. T. martiana

28. Sepals united for ½–3/4 their length, capsule densely granular-papillose and usually with scattered hairs, arillode covering all or most of seed..........................................................................................................................................................................8. T. hirta -. Sepals +/- free, imbricate, capsule glabrous, arillode covers top half of seed only........................................................................29

29. Leaflets 5–6 pairs, lateral leaflets not <8 cm long, leaflets glabrous, petals 7–7.5 mm long, capsule 1.2–1.5 cm long.... 7. T. dazae -. Leaflets 8–11 pairs, lateral leaflets often 4–8 cm long, leaflets with at least some scattered pubescence on midrib and veins, petals

4.5–6 mm long, capsule 0.8–1.1 cm long.................................................................................................................. 5. T. multifoliola 31. Inflorescence a congested panicle less than 1 cm long, petals 3, stamens 6..................................................................14. T. trimera -. Inflorescence longer, petals 4–5, stamens 7–10...............................................................................................................................32

32. Leaves discolorous (glaucous below), margin of staminal tube without appendages, nectary cyathiform..................28. T. discolor -. Leaves not discolorous, margin of staminal tube with appendages, nectary not cyathiform...........................................................33

33. Ovary 2-locular, locules with 2 collateral ovules, nectary annular, torulose, petals 6.5–7 mm long...................27. T. chirriactensis -. Ovary 3-locular, nectary not torulose, petals shorter........................................................................................................................34

34. Ovary locules 1-ovulate, sepals free, strongly imbricate ..................................................................................19. T. septentrionalis -. Ovary locules with 2 collateral ovules, sepals usually partially united, if free, then only slightly imbricate at base or open.........35

35. Leaflets alternate or rarely subopposite, young shoots and leaves with indumentum of erect basifixed and longer appressed medifixed hairs, tertiary vein reticulum prominent on both surfaces, capsule 2.5–4 cm long................................................. 23. T. adolfi

-. Leaflets opposite (except T. surumuensis ), indumentum without medifixed hairs, tertiary vein reticulum not prominent, capsule 1–2.3 cm long...................................................................................................................................................................................36

36. Leaflets densely and coarsely glandular-punctate and -striate, tufts of hair usually present in axils of secondary veins (undersurface)...............................................................................................................................................................................11. T. elegans . -. Leaflets not densely and coarsely glandular-punctate and -striate, axillary hair tufts present or absent.........................................37

37. Fruit oblong, obovoid or ellipsoid....................................................................................................................................................38 -. Fruit ovoid to globose.......................................................................................................................................................................39

38. Petiole with a pair of caducous vestigial scales near the base, leaflets usually alternate, axillary tufts of hair absent, nectary patelliform, fruit smooth, puberulous.............................................................................................................................24. T. surumuensis

-. Petiole without a pair of vestigial scales, leaflets opposite, axillary hair tufts often present, nectary annular, fruit weakly verruculose, +/- glabrous ............................................................................................................................................................2. T. casaretti

39. Evergreen tree, bud scales absent, inflorescence an axillary fascicle, mostly 0.5–2.5 cm long, leaflets usually oblanceolate, seed endospermous, leaflets without hair tufts in axils ...................................................................................................... 1. T. havanensis

-. Deciduous tree, bud scales usually present, inflorescence not fasciculate, leaflets often elliptic or lanceolate, seed without endosperm, hair tufts usually present in axils of secondary veins below ............................................................................... 10. T. glabra

40. Leaflets spinous................................................................................................................................................................................41 -. Leaflets not spinous..........................................................................................................................................................................44

41. Leaf axis 3–5 cm long, leaves trifoliolate or imparipinnate with 3–7 cuneiform 3-spined leaflets ............................ 37. T. aquifolia -. Leaf axis less than 1 cm long...........................................................................................................................................................42

42. Leaflets obovate or oblanceolate with broadly truncated 3-lobed and 3-spined apex .............................................. 63. T. triacantha -. Leaflets linear-lanceolate, elliptic or oblanceolate, 1-spined...........................................................................................................43

43. Leaf axis 1.5–2 mm long, leaves digitate or trifoliolate, leaflets 3–5, linear-lanceoalate, margin entire, base acute to rounded........ ................................................................................................................................................................................. 75. T. stenophylla

-. Leaf axis ca. 5 mm long, leaves digitate or trifoliolate, leaflets 3–5, elliptic to oblanceolate, margin entire, base narrowly attenuate or cuneate................................................................................................................................................................ 76. T. monacantha

-. Leaf axis 1–3 mm long, leaves (1–)3-foliolate, leaflets elliptic or elliptic-oblong, apex acute or obtuse, base acute to rounded or truncate, margin minutely and irregularly crenate........................................................................................................ 77. T. pungens

44. Leaflets dimorphic or heteromorphic, lowest pairs much reduced and often a different shape, sometimes reduced to vestigial scales.................................................................................................................................................................................................45 -. Leaflets not dimorphic or heteromorphic.........................................................................................................................................73

45. Reduced basal leaflets linear or subulate, 3–7 mm long, or represented by a pair of minute caducous scales 1–2 mm long.........46 - At least some of the reduced basal leaflets with an expanded blade................................................................................................49

46. Leaves 1–6-foliolate, with 1–2 pairs of reduced basal leaflets 3–7 mm long..................................................................................47 -. Leaves pinnate, usually with 9–11 leaflets, basal leaflets represented by a pair of caducous scales 1–2 mm long.........................48

47. Leaflet venation inconspicuous and lax, midrib sunken on the upper surface, petals ca. 2 mm long, fused for ca. 1/2 their length, stamens 5 (western Amazonian Brazil and Amazonian Peru)....................................................................................79. T. vestigialis

-. Leaflet venation finely areolate and conspicuous, midrib raised on the upper surface, petals ca. 3–3.5 mm long, free, stamens 9–10 (central and eastern Amazonian Brazil) ....................................................................................................................... 71. T. areolata -. Indumentum of crisped and spreading basifixed hairs on young parts, inflorescence and lower leaflet surface .... 33. T. pachypoda

49. Petals free or united only at base......................................................................................................................................................50 -. Petals united for 1/3–2/3 of their length...........................................................................................................................................54

50. Ripe fruit green, verrucose, glabrous ............................................................................................................................ 46. T. pleeana -. Ripe fruit not green, nearly always smooth, puberulous to sericeous or tomentose........................................................................51

51. Young branches, leaf rhachis and inflorescence coarsely pubescent, fruit tomentose ......................................... 72. T. inaequilatera -. Indumentum of young branches, leaf rhachis and inflorescence puberulous or shortly pubescent, fruit puberulous or finely sericeous.................................................................................................................................................................................................52

52. Largest leaflets 4.7–6.8 cm long, petals 2–2.5 mm long.......................................................................................... 41. T. tetrapetala -. Largest leaflets 8.5–22 cm long, petals 2.5–5 mm long...................................................................................................................53

53. Leaflets 8.5–12.5 cm long, base usually asymmetric, petals (2–) 2.5–3.5 mm long, fruit 1.2–1.4 cm long, seed completely surrounded by a thin arillode............................................................................................................................................. 69. T. lecointei

-. Leaflets 11–22 cm long, base usually regular, petals 3.5–4.5(–5) mm long, fruit 2–3.5 cm long, arillode strongly developed at apex of seed only........................................................................................................................................................... 66. T. schomburgkii

54. Ovary 2-locular, petals 1.5–2 mm long, anthers 4–6................................................................................................54. T. minutiflora -. Ovary 3(–4)-locular, if 2-locular then petals longer and anthers 8–11.............................................................................................55

55. Indumentum of young parts, leaf rhachis and inflorescence prominent, densely pubescent, tomentose, villose or hispid.............56 -. Indumentum of young parts, leaf rhachis and inflorescence minute, usually appressed puberulous or strigulose..........................62

56. Petals 1.75–4.5 mm long..................................................................................................................................................................57 -. Petals 5–7.5 mm long.......................................................................................................................................................................60

57. Inflorescence fasciculate, up to 2 cm long (coastal Brazil)............................................................................. 43. T. pseudostipularis -. Inflorescence not fasciculate, 5–50 cm long (Amazonia)................................................................................................................58

58. Corolla ca. 4 mm long, young shoots densely hispid..............................................................................................52. T. amapaensis -. Corolla 1.75–2.5 mm long, young shoots tomentose, villose or hispid...........................................................................................59

59. Flowers shortly tubular, young shoots hispid, leaflets 15–16 cm long, 4.7–5.7 cm broad, petals with scattered appressed hairs outside, locules 1-ovulate (Acre, Brazil)........................................................................................................................78. T. minima

-. Flowers broadly ovoid or globose, young shoots tomentose or villose, leaflets 17.6–25 cm long, 6.6–10 cm broad, petals densely pubescent, ovary locules with 2 collateral ovules (Amazonian Peru)............................................................................59. T. reynelii

60. Inflorescence 2–4.5 cm long, densely tomentose........................................................................................................ 64. T. ramalhoi -. Inflorescence at least 20 cm long, pubescent...................................................................................................................................61

61. One pair of caducous subulate vestigial leaflets ca. 2 mm long at base of petiole, secondary veins 16–19 pairs, tertiary vein reticulum prominent on both surfaces of leaflet...............................................................................................................47. T. gamopetala

-. Two pairs of reduced basal leaflets (1 pair subulate 0.6–1 cm long, 1 pair ovate 2–3.5 cm long), secondary veins (17–)20–29 pairs, tertiary vein reticulum obscure....................................................................................................................................... 48. T.bullata

62. Reduced basal leaflets represented by a pair of subulate scales 1–2 mm long ........................................................32. T. quadrijuga -. Reduced basal leaflets usually more than 1 pair, always with an expanded blade...........................................................................63

63. Petals 1.5–2.5 mm long....................................................................................................................................................................64 -. Petals more than 2.5 mm long..........................................................................................................................................................68

64. Petals united for not more than 1/3 of their length...........................................................................................................................65 -. Petals united ½–2/3 their length.......................................................................................................................................................66

65. Largest leaflets 4.7–6.8 cm long............................................................................................................................... 41. T. tetrapetala -. Largest leaflets at least 8.5 cm long ............................................................................................................................. 69. T. lecointei

66. Petiole winged at the base, leaflets 12–13, up to 35 × 12 cm, inflorescence 25–55 cm long.............................58. T. laxipaniculata -. Petiole base not winged, leaflets fewer and smaller, inflorescence shorter......................................................................................67

-. Leaflets 3–5, with (1–) 2 pairs of reduced basal leaflets, leaflet base narrowly attenuate, inflorescence not fasciculate, usually much longer, petals 1.75–2.5 mm long.............................................................................................................................70. T. micropetala

68. Alternate filaments frequently shorter, staminal tube without appendages, glabrous, petals 4.5–6 mm long....45. T. appendiculata -. All filaments +/- same length, staminal tube bearing acute appendages alternating with the anthers, usually with some indumentum....................................................................................................................................................................................................69

69. Only 1 pair of reduced basal leaflets................................................................................................................................................70 -. More than 1 pair of reduced basal leaflets........................................................................................................................................71

70. Leaflets 9–10 (excluding reduced basal pair), inflorescence a laxly-branched panicle 20–26 cm long, petals 5–6 mm long ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................51. T. ulei

-. Leaflets 1–9 (excluding reduced basal pair), inflorescence a small fascicle to 2 cm long; petals 2.5–4.5 mm long........................... ......................................................................................................................................................................... 43. T. pseudostipularis

71. Fruit glabrous, nearly always verrucose....................................................................................................................... 46. T. pleeana . -. Fruit puberulous to sericeous, smooth..............................................................................................................................................72

72. Leaflets 8.5–12.5 cm long, base usually asymmetric, petals 2.5–3.5 mm long, fruit 1.2–1.4 cm long, seed completely surrounded by a thin fleshy arillode ................................................................................................................................................ 69. T. lecointei

-. Leaflets 11–22 cm long, base usually regular, petals 3.5–4.5(–5) mm long, fruit 2–3.5 cm long, arillode strongly developed at apex of seed only.......................................................................................................................................................... 66. T. schomburgkii

73. Leaves 1–3(–4)-foliolate or digitate.................................................................................................................................................74 -. Leaves pinnate, the majority with at least 5-leaflets, rarely with a few 3–4-foliolate, never digitate..............................................78

74. Anthers 4–6......................................................................................................................................................................................75 -. Anthers (7–)8–10(–11).....................................................................................................................................................................76

75. Secondary veins 13–15 pairs, midrib not raised on upper surface, young parts minutely strigulose with medifixed or dibrachiate hairs, ovary 3-locular, fruit smooth, papillose and strigulose....................................................................................65. T. acuminata

-. Secondary veins 9–12 pairs, midrib raised on upper surface, young parts appressed puberulous with basifixed hairs, ovary 2(–3)- locular, fruit smooth to weakly verrucose, subglabrous.............................................................................................55. T. breviflora

76. Leaves digitately 2–4-foliolate, leaflets oblanceolate or cuneiform, coriaceous ....................................................... 73. T. reticulata - Leaves unifoliolate or pinnately 3-foliolate.....................................................................................................................................77

77. Young parts and undersurface of leaflets with indumentum of medifixed appressed hairs, petals usually fused, anthers (9–)10(–11),

ovary 2-locular............................................................................................................................................................36. T. singularis -. Hairs not medifixed, leaflet undersurface glabrous, petals free, anthers 7–8, ovary 3-locular..................................42. T. blanchetii

78. Leaf rhachis narrowly winged, upper part of leaflet gradually tapering to an emarginate tip ................................ 44. T. emarginata -. Leaf rhachis unwinged, leaflet apex not emarginate........................................................................................................................79

79. Indumentum of young parts promiment, of erect or spreading hairs, pilose, tomentose or villose.................................................80 -. Indumentum of young parts of minute appressed hairs....................................................................................................................85 80. Leaflets (14–) 18–35 cm long, secondary veins 20–28 pairs............................................................................................................81 -. Leaflets 4–14 cm long, secondary veins 9–17 pairs.........................................................................................................................82

81. Petiole unwinged, leaflets 6–7, inflorescence less than 20 cm long, paniculate, staminal tube appendages to 1/3 the length of anthers ....................................................................................................................................................................... 38. T. magnifoliola

-. Petiole narrowly winged, leaflets 8–10, inflorescence more than 20 cm long, often corymbose, staminal tube appendages +/- equalling anthers ................................................................................................................................................................ 60. T. solitudinis

82. Petals free, flowers +/- pendulous in bud, style-head large, conical.....................................................................34. T. erythrocarpa -. Petals fused, flowers not pendulous, style-head small, capitate or discoid......................................................................................83

83. Leaflet base symmetric, petals 4.5–5.5 long..........................................................................................................80. T. watorikensis -. Leaflet base mostly asymmetric, petals 1.5–3.5(–4) mm long.........................................................................................................84

84. Inflorescence not fasciculate, petals 1.5–2 mm long, anthers 4–6, ovary 2-locular.................................................54. T. minutiflora -. Inflorescence usually fasciculate, petals 2.5–3.5(–4) mm long, anthers (6–)7–8(–9), ovary (2–)3(–4)-locular............62. T. catigua 86. Ovary 2-locular.................................................................................................................................................................................87 -. Ovary 3(–4)-locular..........................................................................................................................................................................94

87. Anthers 4–5......................................................................................................................................................................................88 -. Anthers 6–11.....................................................................................................................................................................................90

88. Leaflets coriaceous, apex usually rounded or obtuse, tertiary reticulum prominent on lower surface, petals usually 3–3.5 mm long, style-head discoid with a conical stigmatic area .................................................................................................... 74. T. trachyantha

-. Leaflets chartaceous, apex acuminate or attenuate, tertiary venation obscure, petals 1.5–2 mm long, style-head minute, capitate, not or scarcely broader than the style...............................................................................................................................................89

89. Leaflets (5–)7–9(–11), base asymmetric, terminal leaflet not more than 9 cm long, indumentum of spreading hairs, capsule 1.3–1.7 cm long, sericeous....................................................................................................................................................54. T. minutiflora

-. Leaflets 1–3(–4), base regular, terminal leaflets 9–16 cm long, indumentum of appressed hairs, capsule 1.6–2.3 cm long, +/- glabrous...........................................................................................................................................................................55. T. breviflora

90. Lower lamina with sparse to moderate appressed medifixed hairs............................................................................36. T. singularis -. Medifixed hairs absent.....................................................................................................................................................................91

91. Petals 1.75–2.5 mm long, staminal tube 0.75–1.75 mm long..........................................................................................................92 -. Petals 2.5–4 mm long, staminal tube 1.5–3 mm long......................................................................................................................93

92. Leaflets 4–7.5 cm long, base asymmetric, indumentum of spreading hairs, arillode completely surrounding the seed .......................................................................................................................................................................................................54. T. minutiflora

-. Leaflets 10–21.5 cm long, base regular, indumentum of appressed hairs, arillode confined to apex and adaxial surface of seed...................................................................................................................................................................................................49. T. cipo

93. Inflorescence usually a small fascicle, leaflets 5–9(–10) cm long, fruit 1.3–1.5 cm long.............................................62. T. catigua -. Inflorescence not fasciculate, leaflets 8.5–17(–25) cm long, fruit 1.6–2.4 cm long .................................................. 53. T. moschata

94. Fruit 4.5–5.5 cm long, tapering to apex and base..................................................................................................... 68. T. tenuifructa -. Fruit not exceeding 3.5 cm long, usually less, never tapering to apex and base..............................................................................95

95. Petals 5–6.5 mm long.......................................................................................................................................................................96 -. Petals 1.75–4(–5) mm long...............................................................................................................................................................97

96. Leaflets 15–17, petals 5, fused near base, but becoming free as they reflex, anthers 10...................................................35. T. elsae -. Leaflets 4–11, petals 3–4(–5), united 2/3–3/4 of their length, remaining erect, anthers 5–8......................................61. T. poeppigii

97. Petiole winged, twigs hollow, leaflets 12–35 cm long, inflorescence 25–55 cm long........................................58. T. laxipaniculata -. Petiole not winged, twigs solid, leaflets usually smaller, inflorescence usually shorter..................................................................98

98. Leaflet undersurface with scattered to moderate appressed dibrachiate or medifixed hairs....................................32. T. quadrijuga -. Leaflet undersurface glabrous, or if pubescent, then hairs not appressed, medifixed or dibrachiate...............................................99

99. Leaflets 18–20 cm long, 5.9–7 cm broad, broadly oblong or elliptic, venation brochidodromous, inflorescence a small fascicle 3–4.5 cm long, petals 3–4 mm long, anthers 7–8......................................................................................................39. T. florbranca

-. Not with the above combination of characters, leaflets usually shorter, if not, then narrower, or petals 2–2.5 mm long, venation nearly always eucamptodromous...................................................................................................................................................100

100. Arillode strongly developed at apex and along adaxial surface of seed, often prolonged into a point at the apex........................101 -. Arillode completely enveloping the seed.......................................................................................................................................104

101. Petals 3–6 mm long, staminal tube 2–4 mm long..........................................................................................................................102 -. Petals 2–2.5(–3) mm long, staminal tube 1–1.75 mm long............................................................................................................103

102. Petals 3–4 mm long, +/- free, reflexing, subglabrous............................................................................................. 56. T. primogenita -. Petals 3.5–6 mm long, fused for ½–3/4 of their length, remaining erect, densely appressed puberulous..................61. T. poeppigii

103. Secondary veins (10–)11–13(–16) pairs, strongly arcuate, ascending and convergent, leaflets usually oblanceolate, whole plant subglabrous, only young growth with minute appressed dibrachiate hairs...........................................................81. T. surinamensis

-. Secondary veins (13)16–18(–21) pairs, shallowly ascending, slightly convergent or parallel, leaflets oblong or elliptic, indumentum denser and more persistent, most hairs basifixed.........................................................................................................49. T. cipo

105. Inflorescence a small fascicle or congested panicle.......................................................................................................................106 -. Inflorescence not a small fascicle or panicle..................................................................................................................................107

106. Leaflets (7–)9–12(–15), 5–9(–10) cm long, inflorescence usually fasciculate, stamens usually 7–8............................62. T. catigua -. Leaflets (4–)5, 10–18.5 cm long, inflorescence a congested panicle, stamens 6........................................................67. T. deminuta

107. Fruit usually narrowly obovoid, tapering from above halfway to the base, densely papillose and puberulous, young growth and leaflet undersurface with scattered to moderate indumentum of dibrachiate hairs..................................................32. T. quadrijuga

-. Fruit oblong, ovoid or ellipsoid, if obovoid then capsule sericeous or tomentose, young growth and leaflet undersurface glabrous or with indumentum of mainly basifixed hairs...............................................................................................................................108

108. Leaflet with sharply prominent midrib (upper surface), inflorescence 1.5–4(–11) cm long, few-flowered, fruit narrowly oblong, 2–2.5 cm long, 0.6–1.5 cm broad, densely papillose and densely puberulous............................................................. 50. T. silvatica

-. Leaflet with flat or only slightly raised midrib (upper surface), inflorescence usually 5–20 cm long, few to many-flowered, fruit broadly ellipsoid, ovoid or obovoid, 1.6–2.4 cm long, 1.4–1.6 cm broad, sericeous to golden tomentose ............... 53. T. moschata

109. Fruit subglabrous or glabrous, smooth to strongly verrucose ................................................................................. 57. T. tuberculata -. Fruit densely papillose, appressed puberulous, sericeous or tomentose........................................................................................110

110. Leaflets 4.7–9(–10) cm long, fruit 1–1.5 cm long.......................................................................................................................... 111 -. Leaflets 8–26 cm long, fruit 1.5–3 cm long...................................................................................................................................112

111. Leaflets (7–)9–12(–15), inflorescence usually fasciculate, pubescent or puberulous, calyx and corolla appressed puberulous.................................................................................................................................................................................................62. T. catigua

-. Leaflets 5–10, inflorescence not fasciculate, subglabrous, a few-flowered thyrse, calyx and corolla subglabrous ............................ .................................................................................................................................................................................. 41. T. tetrapetala

112. Young growth with indumentum of appressed dibrachiate hairs, fruit usually narrowly obovoid, tapering from above halfway to the base, densely papillose and appressed puberulous .............................................................................................32. T. quadrijuga

-. Young growth with indumentum of predominantly basifixed hairs, fruit oblong, ovoid, or ellipsoid, if obovoid then sericeous or tomentose........................................................................................................................................................................................113

113. Leaflet midrib sharply raised on upper surface, inflorescence 1.5–4(–11) cm long, few-flowered, fruit narrowly oblong, 2–2.5 cm long, 0.6–1.5 cm broad, densely papillose and densely puberulous............................................................................. 50. T. silvatica

-. Midrib flat or only slightly raised on upper surface, inflorescence usually 5–20 cm long, few- to many-flowered, fruit broader, ellipsoid, ovoid or obovoid, 1.6–2.4 cm long, 1.4–1.6 cm broad, sericeous to golden tomentose ............................ 53. T. moschata

Trichilia sect. Trichilia (spp. 1–31). Leaflets mostly opposite, petals nearly always imbricate or quincuncial, nearly always free, filaments partially or completely fused, rarely free, nectary present or absent.