Hyalonema (Cyliconema) lanceolata, Tabachnick & Menschenina, 2008

Tabachnick, Konstantin R. & Menschenina, Dorte Janussen And Larisa L., 2008, New Australian Hexactinellida (Porifera) with a revision of Euplectella aspergillum *, Zootaxa 1866 (1), pp. 7-68 : 18-27

Hyalonema (Cyliconema) apertum maehrenthali Schulze, 1895 ( Fig. 5 )

Material. Types: BMNH 1896.09.12.003: HM 5502 — RV Investigator , sta. 3147, off Andamans. Other material : WAM Z 258 — RV Soela , sta. SO 4A/82/O8 D, 17 o 58’S 118 o 25’E, depth 376 m. WAM 101­82 — RV Soela , sta. SO 2/82/ 42, 18 o 44’ S 117 o 20’ –19’E, depth 326– 360 m. WAM Z 272 — RV Soela , sta. SO 2/82/ 37, 18 o 20’–19’ S 118 o 0’ –1’E, depth 320 m. MNHN HCl 436—CALSUB, ‘ Cyana’ , sta. 4, off Loyalty Islands, 20 o 35.40’S 167 o 12.00’E, depth 2380–2697 m .

Description. Body: The sponges are cup­like with thick walls. The body of the holotype is 100 mm long, 40x 70 mm in diameter in the upper part, the atrial cavity is 50 mm deep, the walls 10–15 mm in thickness, the apical cone does not protrude far beyond the upper surface, sieve­plate is absent. The body parameters of the newly found specimens are similar to the holotype, 60 and 90 mm long, 20–60 mm in maximal diameter with well­developed atrial cavity in one specimen ( WAM Z 272). WAM 101­82 shows body 40 mm long with wall 10 mm in thickness and slightly depressed atrial cavity; the tuft of basalia broken at the lower part is 350 mm long in this specimen. The HCl 436 specimen, the description of which was erroneously missing in Tabachnick and Lévi (2000), is a broken sponge without the upper part of the body.

Spicules: The newly performed measurements are given in the Table 5 for comparison with those of other specimens of this subspecies given in Table 6. Abnormal amphidiscs (hexadiscs comparable to the mesamphi­ discs and micramphidiscs with umbels different in shape) may be found.

Remarks. In spicule measurements the specimens of this subspecies are very similar except for the length of macramphidiscs; specimens off W Australia are more similar to the ‘Indonesian’ ones ( Ijima, 1927) in being generally larger and specimens off the Loyalty Islands are more similar to the types.

Hyalonema . (Cyliconema) lanceolata sp. nov. ( Fig. 6 , 7 ; Tab. 7, 9)

Etymology. The name refers to the characteristic lanceolate teeth of the macramphidiscs in this species.

Material. Holotype: WAM Z 12488—sta. 1031103, NW Cape, 21 o 39.18’S 113 o 51.44’E, depth 610–649 m.

Paratypes: WAM Z 560 ; WAM Z 565 ; WAM Z 571 ; WAM Z 572 ; WAM Z 13103 —sta. 4, NW Cape, 21 o 28.80’–28.20’ S 113 o 57.93’ –58.05’E, depth 570 m. WAM Z 560 ; WAM Z 562 ; WAM Z 565 — Survey II, NW Cape, 21 o 48.72’S 113 o 98.88’E, depth 550 m. WAM Z 12489—sta. 1031201, NW Cape, 21 o 25.44’S 113 o 47.73’E, depth 850 m. WAM Z 12490—sta. 1031102, NW Cape, 21 o 30.35’S 113 o 56.14’E, depth 650 m. NTM Z 0002574 (2 specimens)—NWS­0042, off Rowley Shoals, Northwest Shelf, Scampi trawl Grounds , 17 o 24’S 118 o 52’E, depth 445 m. NTM Z 0002583 (3 specimens)—NWS­0045, off Rowley Shoals, Northwest Shelf, Scampi trawl Grounds , 18 o 0’S 118 o 16’E, depth 430 m. NTM Z 0002589 (2 specimens)—NWS­0049, off Rowley Shoals, Northwest Shelf, Scampi trawl Grounds , 17 o 39’S 118 o 38’E, depth 410 m. NTM Z 0002595 —NWS­0053, off Rowley Shoals, Northwest Shelf, Scampi trawl Grounds , 17 o 24’S 118 o 52’E, depth 445 m. WAM Z 259 — RV Soela , sta. SO 2/82/ 19, 140 miles NW of Port Headland, 18 o 35’S 117 o 0’– 116°59’E, depth 588– 592 m. WAM Z 554 — RV Soela, sta. SO 2/82/ 20, 152 miles NW of Port Headland 18 o 45’S 116 o 31’–29’E, depth 584– 590 m. WAM Z 654 — RV Soela, sta. SO 2/82/ 21, 154 miles NW of Port Headland , 18 o 45’S 116 o 26.50’–22.50’E, depth 720– 724 m. WAM Z 579 (2 specimens) — RV Soela, sta. SO 2/82/ 28, 145 miles NW of Port Headland , 18 o 41’S 116 o 44’–45’E, depth 594– 596 m. WAM Z 644 (3 specimens) — RV Soela, sta. SO 2/82/ 29, 149 miles NW of Port Headland , 18 o 43’S 116 o 35’–33’E, depth 610– 612 m. WAM Z 573 (3 specimens) — RV Soela , sta. SO 2/82/ 31, 135 miles NW of Port Headland, 18 o 41’S 116 o 56’–58’E, depth 500 m. WAM Z 649 (2 specimens) — RV Soela, sta. SO 2/82/ 32, 120 miles N of Cape Lambert, 18 o 36’S 117 o 8’–10’E, depth 500– 504 m. WAM Z 577 — RV Soela, sta. SO 2/82/ 33, 123 miles N of Cape Lambert, 18 o 32’S 117 o 21’–19’E, depth 496– 504 m. WAM Z 595 (3 specimens) — RV Soela , sta. SO 2/82/34 B, 20 miles W of W Clarke Reef, 17 o 15’S 119 o 1’E, depth 444– 450 m. WAM Z 595 — RV Soela, sta. SO 2/82/ 43, 126 miles NW of Port Headland , 18 o 40’S 117 o 13’–11’E, depth 396– 398 m. WAM Z 263 (3 specimens) — RV Soela, sta. SO 2/82/ 46, 145 miles NW of Port Headland , 18 o 41’S 116 o 45’–47’E, depth 506– 508 m. WAM Z 563 (2 specimens) — RV Soela , sta. SO 4/82/8 C, N of Port Headland, 18 o 43’S 117 o 12’E, depth 368 m. WAM (p1360)— RV Soela, sta. 105­82, 20 miles W of W Clarke Reef, 17 o 15’S 119 o 1’–3’E . WAM Z 579 —N of Montbello Island , 19 o 1’–15’ S 115 o 53’ E, depth 300– 500 m.

Description. Body: The holotype is represented by the upper part of the conical body, 30–50 mm long and 20 mm in diameter fixed to a short broken stalk (3 mm in diameter). This specimen has a long 25 mm apical cone (3 mm in diameter) which protrudes far beyond the atrial surface; the atrial cavity is slightly depressed and four large depressions penetrate deeply into the sponge body; walls between the deep depressions form four septa; the walls of the sponge are 5–8 mm in thickness. No uniformity in the body shape of this species is observed. The specimen WAM Z 263 has an elevated atrial cavity (thus no atrial depression, canals and septa); its body is 50 mm long and ovoid in section 25x 30 mm in maximum. The specimen WAM (p1360) is composed of four fused units each with several separate canals and septa and it is impossible to decide whether this is a single abnormal unit or a fusion of four initially independent specimens. Most other paratypes are conical in shape with atrial depression, sometimes with an apical cone and rarely with canals and septa. The body is 40–110 mm in length and 15–100 mm in diameter; the walls are 5–10 mm in thickness.

Spicules: Choanosomal spicules are diactins and rarely hexactins. The diactins are 0.315–3.5/ 0.006–0.09 mm long; usually they have a widening in the middle or rarely four rudiment tubercles. The hexactins have rays 0.17–0.46/ 0.01–0.011 mm. Hypodermalia and hypoatrialia are pentactins, the former are notably larger then the latter. Hypodermal pentactins have tangential rays 0.2–0.6 mm long, the ray directed inside the body is 0.3–0.8 mm, diameter of these rays is 0.014 –0.038 mm. Hypoatrial pentactins have tangential rays 0.15– 0.27 mm long, the ray directed inside the body is 0.12–0.27 mm, diameter of these rays is 0.008 –0.021 mm. In some specimens these spicules reach great sizes: hypodermal pentactins have rays up to 1.98/ 0.11 mm, hypoatrial pentactins up to 0.9/ 0.08 mm. Dermalia are pinular pentactins (rarely hexactins), they have short spines, the pinular ray is thickest at the base and finely tapering towards its outer end, other rays are short, spiny or rough, with conically pointed outer ends. The pinular ray in dermal pentactins is 0.059 –0.285 mm long, tangential rays are 0.015 –0.056 mm long, diameter of rays is 0.003 –0.004 mm. Atrialia are pinular pentactins and rarely pinular diactins. The pinular ray of the diactins has short spines, it is conical in overall shape, 0.4–0.5 mm long, the ray directed inside the body is 0.15–0.4 mm long, diameter of this diactin is 0.015 –0.022 mm; four rudimental tubercles or a widening is situated in the middle. Atrial pentactins have a pinular ray with relatively long spines, spindle­like in shape (thickest in the middle) with upper end conically pointed, the tangential rays are spiny, conically pointed. The pinular ray in atrial pentactins is 0.044–0.37/ 0.016 mm, tangential rays are 0.019–0.059/ 0.007 mm.

Microscleres: Amphidiscs occur in three types. Macramphidiscs have tuberculated shafts; their total length is 0.144 –0.433 mm, the length of the umbel is 0.026 –0.104 mm, the umbel diameter is 0.044 –0.133 mm. Mesamphidiscs have rough or densely tuberculated shafts; their total length is 0.026 –0.111 mm, the length of the umbel is 0.009 –0.052 mm, the umbel diameter is 0.007 –0.052 mm. Total length of micramphidiscs is 0.011–0.03 mm, the length of the umbel is 0.004 –0.011 mm, the umbel diameter is 0.004 –0.011 mm. Microhexactins have spiny rays 0.022 –0.048 mm long with straight or curved outer ends.

Table 7 A WAM 12488 WAM 107­82 (fr826) WAM 1272­82

n avg min max std n avg min max std n avg min max std L. derm. pentact. pinul. ray 15.157.085.285.053 15.129.074.185.034 16.119.059.204.040 L. derm. Pentact. tangent. ray 15.026.015.044.009 15.031.022.056.008 16.022.019.028.003 L. atr. pentact. pinul. ray 15.203.115.289.051 15.092.044.167.034 16.146.104.215.030 L. atr. pentact. tangent. ray 15.040.030.059.008 15.026.019.037.006 16.024.019.030.004 L. macroamphidisc 16.270.218.322.030 15.263.215.333.032 8.321.266.363.029 l umbel, macramphidisc 16.060.048.074.007 15.061.048.074.007 8.065.056.074.006 d umbel, macramphidisc 16.091.063.118.020 15.086.074.115.013 8.106.096.118.009 L. mesamphidisc 15.057.033.104.020 8.045.033.056.007

l umbel, mesamphidisc 15.021.015.037.007 8.019.015.022.003

d umbel, mesamphidisc 15.015.011.026.005 8.014.011.019.003

L micramphidisc 15.014.012.016.001 15.018.014.022.002 15.014.011.016.002 l umbel, micramphidisc 15.004.004.005.001 15.006.004.007.001 15.005.004.005.001 d umbel, micramphidisc 15.005.004.006.001 15.006.005.007.001 15.005.004.006.001 L microhexactin ray 15.039.026.048.006 15.039.022.048.007 15.039.033.044.004

Table 7 B NTM Z 0002574 NTM Z 0002583 WAM 13490

( JH 2574#1) ( JH 2583#1)

n avg min max std n avg min max std n avg min max std L. derm. pentact. pinul. ray 15.124.093.148.017 15.127.096.155.020 15.171.133.241.033 L. derm. Pentact. tangent. ray 15.020.015.033.005 15.022.015.041.007 15.024.015.037.005 L. atr. pentact. pinul. ray 16.208.111.352.079 17.236.093.370.075 15.244.133.363.063 L. atr. pentact. tangent. ray 16.033.022.048.008 17.034.022.059.009 15.034.022.044.008 L. macroamphidisc 15.308.281.352.024 15.305.259.363.035 15.268.170.307.041 l umbel, macramphidisc 15.068.059.078.006 15.067.048.085.011 15.060.026.074.013 d umbel, macramphidisc 15.097.089.118.008 15.105.085.130.011 15.096.048.126.026 L. mesamphidisc 15.043.030.081.014 15.046.037.059.006 18.040.030.056.008 l umbel, mesamphidisc 15.018.011.030.006 15.020.019.030.003 18.015.009.019.003 d umbel, mesamphidisc 15.013.009.022.004 15.017.012.022.003 18.011.007.019.003 L micramphidisc 15.019.011.030.006 16.016.011.026.004 13.017.012.020.002 l umbel, micramphidisc 15.006.004.011.002 16.006.004.011.002 13.005.004.006.001 d umbel, micramphidisc 15.006.005.009.001 16.006.004.011.002 13.005.004.007.001 L microhexactin ray 15.032.022.041.005 15.031.022.037.005 16.033.022.041.006

Remarks. Among numerous species of Hyalonema . ( Cyliconema ) only three species known before now have atrial spicules different from dermal ones in shape: Hyalonema . (Cyliconema) masoni Schulze, 1894 (Indian Ocean); Hyalonema . ( Cyliconema ) infundibulum Topsent, 1896 (Atlantic Ocean; a species described many times, but poorly) and Hyalonema . (Cyliconema) hozawai Okada, 1932 (Pacific Ocean). The atrial spicules in the first species have pinular rays with relatively long spines, clavate in shape with an apical cone, the other species have pinular rays also with relatively long spines, and spindle­like in shape with conically pointed gradually tapering outer end, as in the new species from off Australia. There are many similarities between the shape of most spicules between Hyalonema . (Cyliconema) hozawai and Hyalonema . (Cyliconema) lanceolata sp. nov., but the latter exhibits two characteristic features: 1) macramphidiscs with lanceolate teeth (they are oval in the former species), and 2) microhexactins which have straight rays which are curved at outer ends in the Australian new species; they are entirely straight in the first species. Besides, most spicule measurements vary notably between these species. These are sufficient reasons to consider the Australian specimens as a new species of Hyalonema . ( Cyliconema ).

Hyalonema . (Cyliconema) clavapinulata sp. nov. ( Fig. 8 , 9 ; Tab. 8)

Etymology. The name refers to the spindle­like or clavate shape of the pinular ray of the pinular pentactin atrialia of this species.

Material. Holotype: WAM 106­82 — RV Soela, sta. SO 2/82/34 B, 20 miles W of W Clarke Reef, 17 o 15’S 119 o 1’E, depth 444–450 m.

Paratypes: NTM Z 0002571 —sta. NWS­0042, off Rowley Shoals, Northwest Shelf, Scampi trawl Grounds, 17 o 24’S 118 o 52’E, depth 445 m. NTM Z 0002579 —sta. NWS­0043, off Rowley Shoals, Northwest Shelf, Scampi trawl Grounds, 17 o 18’S 119 o 4’E, depth 426 m. NTM Z 0002585 —sta. NWS­0048, off Rowley Shoals, Northwest Shelf, Scampi trawl Grounds, 17 o 52’S 118 o 28’E, depth 415 m.

Description. Body: The holotype is represented by the upper part of the body which is cup­shaped, 130 mm high, oval in the upper part 40x 80 mm, with low atrial cavity 40 mm deep and walls 10 mm in thickness. The paratype NTM Z 0002579 is similar in shape to the holotype, the upper part of its body is 140 mm high, oval in the upper part 80x 90 mm, with atrial cavity 50 mm deep and a short (5 mm long) apical cone; its atrial surface is folded with rare openings, 1–2 mm in diameter. The paratype NTM Z 0002585 is also cup­shaped; its upper part of the body is 110 mm high, 110 mm in diameter with very shallow atrial cavity and 4 large septa inside the atrial cavity.

Spicules: Choanosomal spicules are diactins 0.5–1.7/ 0.006 –0.011 mm, stout or with a widening in the middle. Hypodermalia are pentactins with tangential rays 0.16–0.38 mm long, the ray directed inside the body is 0.36–0.61 mm, the diameter of these rays is 0.011–0.03 mm. Specific hypoatrialia seem to be absent. Dermalia are pinular pentactins (rarely hexactins), they have short spines, the pinular ray is thickest at base and finely tapering at its outer end, other rays are short spiny or rough with conically pointed outer ends. The pinular ray in dermal pentactins is 0.066–0.383/ 0.007 mm, tangential rays are 0.02–0.036/ 0.003­0.004 mm. Atrialia are pinular pentactins in which the pinular ray has relatively long spines, it is spindle­like or clavate in shape (thickest in the distal part) with upper end conically pointed; the tangential rays are short spiny, conically pointed. The pinular ray in atrial pentactins is 0.128 –0.439 mm long, 0.004 mm in diameter at the base and 0.007 mm in diameter in the thickest part; tangential rays are 0.015–0.041/ 0.004 mm.

Microscleres: Amphidiscs are represented by three types. Macramphidiscs usually have spiny, rarely smooth shafts and they are mostly large: their total length is 0.163 –0.816 mm, the length of the umbel is 0.051 –0.179 mm, the umbel diameter is 0.082 –0.245 mm. One specimen, NTM Z 0002585 , is unusual because it has comparably small macramphidiscs with tuberculated shafts which are situated close to the atrial surface; their total length is 0.163 –0.332 mm, the length of the umbel is 0.066 –0.107 mm, the umbel diameter is 0.087 –0.153 mm. Mesamphidiscs are rare in the holotype, but common in the paratype NTM Z 0002579 , and usual in the paratype NTM Z 0002585 ; they have shafts with numerous spines; their total length is 0.041 – 0.291 mm, the length of the umbel is 0.018 –0.097 mm, the umbel diameter is 0.014 –0.107 mm. Total length of micramphidiscs with several spines in the middle is 0.014 –0.042 mm, the length of the umbel is 0.004 – 0.013 mm, the umbel diameter is 0.005 –0.012 mm. Microhexactins have smooth rays 0.02–0.046 mm long with straight or curved outer ends .

ray: H. masoni: BMNH 1907.08.01.003; HM 5507; Hm 5510; HM 3680 (‚Investigator‘, sta. 117); H. hozawai (from

Okada, 1932) and newly described species H. (Cyliconema) lanceolata and H. (Cyliconema) clavapinulata .

Remarks. The external shape of the pinular ray in the atrial pentactins of this new species is most similar to that of Hyalonema . (Cyliconema) masoni . Specific features of the four new specimens of Hyalonema . (Cyliconema) clavapinulata sp. nov. are spindle­like or clavate atrial pentactins and extremely large sizes of macramphidiscs, dermal and atrial pentactins (see Tab. 8, 9).

Hyalonema . (Cyliconema) timorense Ijima, 1927 ( Fig. 10 ; Tab. 10)

Material. MNHN (fr867.2)—Cidaris I, RV Franklin, sta. 8­ 1, 18 o 7.82’ S 148 o 15.39’ E, depth 1115–1119 m . MNHN (fr727)—Cidaris I, RV Franklin, sta. 15­ 3, 17 o 45.49’ S 148 o 37.52’ E, depth 945 m. MNHN (p1087)— Cidaris I, RV Franklin, sta. 15­ 4, 17 o 45.99’ S 148 o 39.09’ E, depth 958– 964 m.

Description. Body: All specimens present here are fragments.

Spicules: No significant differences were observed between spicules, their shape and measurements. Small macramphidiscs (large mesamphidiscs according to Ijima, 1927) may have a widening in the middle of the shaft in the newly observed fragments.

Remarks. The holotype was described from a single small specimen and we have nothing to add to its external shape of the body. Very little variation in the spicule measurements was found, the only notable one is the ray length of microhexactins; they are notably larger in the holotype than in our specimens.

Figures

FIGURE 5. Hyalonema. (Cyliconema) apertum maehrenthali Schulze, 1895, spicules. A, dermal pinular pentactin. B, atrial pinular pentactin. C, canalar pinular pentactin. D, choanosoaml diactin. E, microhexactin. F, macramphidisc. G­J, mesamphidiscs. K, micramphidisc. A­K, WAM Z 272.

FIGURE 6. Hyalonema (Cyliconema) lanceolata, sp.nov., spicules. A, dermal pinular pentactin. B, atrial pinular pentactin. C, pinular diactin. D, hypodermal pentactin. E, choanosomal hexactin. F­I, choanosomal diactins. J­K, microhexactins. L­M, macramphidiscs. N­O, mesamphidiscs. P, micramphidisc. A­L; N; P, holotype. M, NTM Z 0002583. O, NTM Z 0002574.

FIGURE 7. Hyalonema Cyliconema lanceolata, sp. nov., NTM Z 0002583. A, overview of atrial spicules, scale 100 µm. B, close­up of macramphidiscs, scale 30 µm. C, microhexaster on dermal pinule, scale 10 µm. D, micramphidisc, scale 3 µm.

FIGURE 8. Hyalonema. (Cyliconema) clavapinulata sp. nov, spicules, holotype. A­C, dermal pinular pentactin. D, atrial pinular pentactin. E, hypoatrial pentactin. F, choanosomal diactin. G, microhexactin. H, large macramphidisc. I, shaft of large macramphidisc. J­K, small macramphidiscs. L, mesamphidisc. M, micramphidisc.

FIGURE 9. Hyalonema. (Cyliconema) clavapinulata, sp. nov., holotype. A, macramphidisc, scale 100 µm. B, micramphidisc, scale 3 µm.

FIGURE 10. Spicules of Hyalonema. (Cyliconema) timorense Ijima, 1927, MNHN(p1087). A, pinular pentactin. B, hypodermal pentactin. C, choanosomal hexactin. D, choanosomal diactin. E, microhexactin. F, large macramphidisc. G­ H, small macramphidiscs. I, mesamphidisc. J, micramphidisc.