Chindongo bellicosus, Li, Shan, Konings, Adrianus F. & Stauffer, Jay R., 2016

Li, Shan, Konings, Adrianus F. & Stauffer, Jay R., 2016, A Revision of the Pseudotropheus elongatus species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae) With Description of a New Genus and Seven New Species, Zootaxa 4168 (2), pp. 353-381 : 374-378

Chindongo bellicosus , new species

Fig. 10 A–G

Pseudotropheus elongatus ‘aggressive’, Ribbink et al. 1983 Pseudotropheus elongatus ‘slab’, Ribbink et al. 1983

Pseudotropheus sp. ‘ elongatus aggressive’, Konings 2007 Pseudotropheus sp. ‘ elongatus slab’, Konings 2007

Holotype. PSU 12576, adult male, 92.6 mm SL, S 13°57.919’, E 34°48.167’, Zimbawe Rock , Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa, 7 Feb.2003, J. R. Stauffer Jr.

Paratypes. PSU 12577, 10 , (72.4 mm – 92.2 mm SL), same data as holotype ; PSU 12578, 24 , (62.2 mm – 90.5 mm SL), Zimbawe Rock , Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa, 12 Feb. 2004, J. R. Stauffer Jr. ; PSU 12579, 10 , (63.5 mm – 93.4 mm SL), Zimbawe Rock , Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa, 17 Feb. 2005, J. R. Stauffer Jr. ; PSU 12580, 18 , (56.9 mm – 80.2 mm SL), S 13°59.513’, E 34°45.437, Mumbo Island , Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa, 8 Feb. 2003, J. R. Stauffer Jr. ; PSU 12581, 20 , (56.9 mm – 78.2 mm SL), Thumbi West Island, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa , 13 Apr. 1984, J. R. Stauffer Jr.

Diagnosis. The possession of the following characteristics place this species in Chindongo : 1) the presence of bicuspid teeth in the outer row of both upper and lower jaws; 2) a vomer without a bulbous rostral tip and angled 53°–68° with the parasphenoid; 3) small mouth with isognathic to slightly retrognathic jaws. Morphologically C. bellicosus is difficult to distinguish from most congenerics, but male and female color patterns provide usable distinctions between most of them. Chindongo bellicosus is characterized by 6–8 (usually 7) dark, vertical bars below the dorsal fin and is thus distinguished from C. demasoni (4 bars) and from C. saulosi (5 bars). It is further distinguished from the latter species by a shallower body (22.8–30.9% SL vs. 31.3–37.0% SL in C. saulosi ). Female and juvenile male C. bellicosus have light beige to bluish ground color and are distinguished from those of C. saulosi and C. heteropictus which are entirely yellow, and from those of C. demasoni which are blue with black bars and from female C. socolofi which are light blue without bars. Chindongo bellicosus is distinguished from C. minutus by a larger number of gill rakers on the first ceratobranchial (10–13 vs. 7 in C. minutus ) and by a shallower body (22.8–30.9% SL vs. 31.1–35.5% SL in C. minutus ). Chindongo bellicosus can be distinguished from C. elongatus by its incomplete barring pattern that lacks bars on the posterior half of the flank and on the caudal peduncle while both male and female C. elongatus exhibit a bar pattern over the full length of the flank and caudal peduncle. Chindongo bellicosus can be distinguished from C. ater by its barring pattern which is still visible in very dark individuals while absent in male C. ater . Females of the latter species may sometimes show a few faint bars but their body coloration is blue, lacking any yellow pigment, while that of female C. bellicosus always contains yellow pigment. C. cyaneus is distinguished from C. bellicosus by the yellow cheek and breast which is black in male and gray to brown in female C. bellicosus . Male C. flavus differ from those of C. bellicosus by their bright yellow/mustard ground color, but females can have a similar coloration. Female C. bellicosus have on average a deeper cheek than those of C. flavus (25.6 % vs. 20.7 %HL), but the ranges are overlapping (21.6–30.9 % vs. 17.4–23.4 %HL). Male C. bellicosus are distinguished from those of C. longior by a black cheek and breast while this is fawn to gray-brown in C. longior . Female C. longior are fawn with distinct black margins in the dorsal and anal fins while similar-colored females of C. bellicosus lack such distinct black margins.

Description. Morphometric and meristic data in Table 7 . Elongate species (mean BD 27.6% SL; range 22.8– 30.9%SL) with greatest body depth at base of fifth or sixth dorsal-fin spine. Dorsal body profile with gradual downward curve to soft-rayed portion of dorsal fin then more steeply to posterior origin of dorsal fin, gradual taper to caudal fin; ventral body profile between pelvic and anal fins very flat with upward curve from anterior point of anal fin to caudal fin. Head profile straight between snout tip and interorbital area, the snout makes about 70° angle with body axis; dorsal head profile round to dorsal-fin origin. Small subterminal mouth with lower jaw slightly shorter than upper. Snout short with isognathic to retrognathic jaws; teeth in outer rows bicuspid anteriorly with small unicuspid teeth posteriorly in lower jaw and large unicuspids in upper jaw; teeth tricuspid in anterior inner rows, unicuspid in posterior rows. First dorsal-fin spine about one fourth length of last spine. Soft dorsal fin with subacuminate tip, third or fourth ray longest, reaching to base of caudal fin in male and female. Pectoral fin rounded, paddle-shaped. Pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines progressively longer posteriorly; 7–9 rays with third or fourth longest, length reaching to base of caudal fin in both males and females. Caudal fin subtruncate to emarginate. Length of pelvic fin not to anal fin in females, to anterior base of anal fin in males.

……continued on the next page Flank scales large, ctenoid; abrupt difference to small cycloid scales on breast and belly; cheek with 3–6 (mode 4) rows of small scales. Dorsal fin and anal fin with narrow proximal margin of tiny scales; tiny scales from base to 3/4 length of caudal fin.

Color notes and photos of live breeding adults (PSU 12582).

Population at Zimbawe Rock ( Fig. 10 B–C). Males in territorial color with blue/purple ground coloration and 4 distinct black bars on anterior half of flank. Caudal peduncle blue/purple; breast dark blue/dark gray; belly brown/ black. Head black; dark brown opercle with lighter edge. Anal fin black with 2–3 brown/yellow ocelli in posterior margin. Pectoral fin with black rays and clear membranes ( Fig. 10 B).

Female with light blue-gray or light brown ground coloration without distinct vertical bars; lateral scales brown with light blue center. Caudal peduncle brown; belly and breast white/gray. Head brown/gray; opercle with blue/green highlights; throat gray. Anal fin gray without ocelli or with very small yellow/orange spots. Pectoral fins with gray rays and clear membranes. Pelvic fin with first two membranes black/gray and white leading edge ( Fig. 10 C).

Population at Thumbi West Island ( Fig. 10 D–E). Males in territorial color with similar color pattern as those around Zimbawe Rock, except with 4–6 distinct black bars on anterior half of flank ( Fig. 10 D).

Females with similar color pattern as those at Zimbawe Rock except with beige/blue or light brown ground coloration and 4–6 brown bars; lateral scales blue. Caudal peduncle beige/blue. Head beige with blue highlights; throat light brown. Anal fin proximally blue. ( Fig. 10 E).

Population at Mumbo Island ( Fig. 10 F–G). Males in territorial color with similar color pattern as those at Zimbawe Rock, except with 6 distinct black bars on anterior part of flank ( Fig. 10 F).

Females with similar color pattern as those at Zimbawe Rock except 4–6 gray bars on the flank. Head brown with blue marks; opercle with light brown/yellow highlights; brown opercular spot ( Fig. 10 G).

Distribution. Chindongo bellicosus was collected from Zimbawe Rock, Thumbi West Island, and Mumbo Island, but the species likely has a wider distribution as Ribbink et al. (1983) found it all along the Nankumba Peninsula, as far south as Nkudzi, while Konings (2007) reports it from Nakantenga as well as Maleri Island.

Etymology. Bellicosus is Latin for “warlike” or “fond of war” and refers to the aggressive behavior of the species ( Ribbink et al. 1983).

Figures

FIGURE 10. Chindongo bellicosus. A. Holotype, PSU 12576, adult male, 92.6 mm SL, Zimbawe Rock, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi, Africa; B. Male in breeding coloration at type locality; C. Female at type locality; D. Male in breeding coloration at Thumbi West Island, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi; E. Female, at Thumbi West Island, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi; F. Male in breeding coloration at Mumbo Island, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi; G. Female, at Mumbo Island, Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi.

Tables

TABLE 7. Morphometric anđ meristic đata for Chindongo bellicosus from Zimbawe Rock, Mumbo Islanđ, anđ West Thumbi Islanđ, Lake Mala ẁi (PSU 12576, holotype; PSU 12577, n = 10; PSU 12578, n = 24; PSU 12579, n = 10; PSU 12580, n = 18; PSU 12581, n = 20).

Variable	Holotype PSU12576	Mean	Stđ Dev	Zimbawe Rock Coll.1 PSU12577	Min5Max Zimbawe Zimbawe Rock Rock Coll.2 Coll.3 PSU12578 PSU12579	Mumbo Islanđ PSU12580	West Thumbi Islanđ PSU12581
Stanđarđ length (mm) Heađ length (mm)	92.6 28.0	73.1 22.5	9.1 3.0	72.4592.6 23.0529.0	62.2590.5 63.5593.4 20.0527.2 20.2528.9	56.9580.2 17.7524.4	56.9578.2 16.6523.0
Percent head length (%)
Snout length Postorbital heađ length Horizontal eye điameter Vertical eye điameter Preorbital đepth Cheek đepth	41.8 40.9 27.5 24.7 23.6 29.0	38.2 41.5 27.8 26.4 24.5 25.6	2.1 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.6 1.9	37.0541.8 39.1542.6 24.8527.6 22.9526.4 21.0524.4 23.3529.0	35.7543.7 29.0541.3 36.9542.6 36.9542.2 25.1530.1 27.2530.6 23.8528.8 24.6529.5 20.5524.8 20.5524.6 22.2526.7 21.6530.6	34.5540.3 39.4545.2 25.3532.0 24.4531.2 24.4531.2 24.3528.4	34.5540.7 40.9545.8 24.2532.6 23.4530.0 23.4530.0 21.7530.9
Lower jaw length Heađ đepth	36.6 88.8	33.9 78.4	3.7 4.5	31.5536.6 77.2588.8	32.1544.6 27.8533.9 67.5586.3 77.0587.3	23.5536.1 66.3581.3	25.5536.1 74.1583.0
Percent standard length (%)
Bođy đepth Snout to đorsal fin origin Snout to pelvic fin origin Dorsal fin base length Anterior đorsal to anterior anal Anterior đorsal to posterior anal	30.3 32.6 38.2 60.7 47.9 63.1	26.4 32.2 36.8 60.4 46.4 61.8	2.0 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.5	27.9530.9 31.4535.2 35.1538.4 59.0562.7 46.3549.6 60.6564.6	23.3528.8 25.6530.2 30.0535.7 33.1535.6 34.2542.2 35.5539.4 56.9564.8 56.4561.6 43.4548.8 46.3549.7 59.1565.8 61.0563.5	22.8526.6 28.2533.6 34.5540.5 57.7564.5 43.4547.7 58.0565.3	22.9526.9 29.5532.2 34.7537.7 57.6562.4 42.2548.8 58.2562.6
Posterior đorsal to anterior anal Posterior đorsal to posterior anal Posterior anal to đorsal cauđal Posterior đorsal to ventral cauđal	29.0 14.1 17.0 18.3	27.0 13.4 16.3 18.7	1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8	25.9529.1 13.7514.7 15.6518.1 17.2519.6	26.7529.2 25.9529.1 12.3514.3 13.0515.0 13.9518.0 15.9518.4 17.3520.2 17.5519.5	23.7529.4 12.1514.2 15.4517.1 16.7519.3	23.9527.0 11.3513.7 15.3517.4 16.9520.5