Rumikiru lourencoi (Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2003) Ojanguren-Affilastro & Mattoni & Ochoa & Prendini, 2012

Ojanguren-Affilastro, Andrés A., Mattoni, Camilo I., Ochoa, José A. & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2012, Rumikiru, n. gen. (Scorpiones: Bothriuridae), a New Scorpion Genus from the Atacama Desert, American Museum Novitates 2012 (3731), pp. 1-44 : 31-37

Rumikiru lourencoi (Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2003) , n. comb.

Figures 1 , 2 , 3 , 6B , 7B , 9, 10A, C, D, E, 12B, D, 14,

20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26A, 27B, D, 28B, D, F, H; table 1

Orobothriurus lourencoi Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2003a: 118–121 , figs. 1–14; 2004: 72; Ochoa, 2004: 44; Agusto et al., 2006: 415–419; Rein, 2007: 5; Pizarro-Araya et al., 2008: 270, 271; Vrech et al., 2011: 465, 467, 470, 475, 482.

TYPE MATERIAL: CHILE: Region III ( Atacama ): Chañaral Province: Holotype ♂ ( MACN- Ar 10308 ), Pan de Azúcar National Park : Quebrada Pan de Azúcar , 8 km from coast, 28°09′00″S 70°30′00″W, UV detection, 7–8.ii.2003, A.A. Ojanguren-Affilastro and P. Korob. Paratypes: same data, 3 ♂, 2 ♀ ( MACN-Ar 10309 ), 1 ♂ ( AMNH), 1 ♂ ( MHNC) .

NEW RECORDS: CHILE: Region II (Antofagasta): Antofagasta Province: Taltal , 10 km E [25°29′15″S 70°24′45″W], ii.1996, Z. Janeba, 1 juv. ( FKPC) . Region III (Atacama): Chañaral Province: Finca de Chañaral , Inca de Oro [26°38′09″S 69°51′02″W], 1800 m, 7–8.x.1980, L. Peña, 2 subad. ♀ ( AMNH) ; Pan de Azúcar National Park, near Chañaral: Agua Salada , in Quebrada Pan de Azúcar , 26°08′32.4″S 70°37′49.8″W, 82 m, 9.xi.2003, L. Prendini, C.I. Mattoni, and J.A. Ochoa, UV detection on cool, still night, moon completely obscured by clouds, Atacama desert with steep scree slopes and alluvial flats at the base, specimens on rocks at base of slope, 4 ♂ ( AMNH) , 1 subad. ( AMNH [ LP 2417 ]) ; Quebrada Pan de Azúcar , 8 km from coast, 26°06′47.8″S 70°34′08.7″W, 229 m, 9.xi.2003, L. Prendini, C.I. Mattoni, and J.A. Ochoa, UV detection on cool, still night, moon partly obscured by clouds, Atacama desert with steep scree slopes and alluvial flats at the base, specimens on scree slopes, 3 ♂ ( AMNH) ; Quebrada Pan de Azúcar , 5–9 km from coast, 26°06′46.2″S 70°34′00.9″W, 250 m, 23.i.2005, C.I. Mattoni and A.A. Ojanguren- Affilastro, 4 ♀, 1 juv. ♀ ( AMNH) .

DIAGNOSIS: Rumikiru lourencoi , n. comb., can be separated from the only other known species of the genus, R. atacama , n. sp., by several morphological characters. The distal lamina of the hemispermatophore of R. lourencoi , n. comb. (fig. 10A, E), has a longer apex and a shorter frontal crest than that of R. atacama , n. sp. (fig. 10B, F, G); the distal crest is almost straight in its apical two-thirds in R. lourencoi , n. comb. (fig. 10A, E), whereas it is curved in R. atacama , n. sp. (fig. 10B, G); and the papillose fold of the basal lobe is more pronounced, more granular, and bears larger papillae (spicules) in R. lourencoi , n. comb. (fig. 10C, D), than in R. atacama , n. sp. (fig. 10H, I). Metasomal segment V is more densely granular in R. lourencoi , n. comb. ( fig. 27B, D ), than in R. atacama , n. sp. ( fig. 27A, C ). The telson is more granular and the vesicle of the male more slender in R. lourencoi , n. comb. (fig. 28B, D), than in R. atacama , n. sp. (fig. 28A, C). The IM carina of the pedipalp patella is absent or reduced to a few scattered granules in males of R. lourencoi , n. comb. ( fig. 21D ), but often well developed along its entire length in males of R. atacama , n. sp. ( fig. 17D ). There are also differences in the pigmentation pattern: R. lourencoi , n. comb., is more densely pigmented, the ventral surface of the telson vesicle completely covered by faint pigmentation (fig. 7B) and the pedipalp chela manus bearing pigmentation stripes along each carina (fig. 6B), compared with R. atacama , n. sp., in which the telson vesicle (fig. 7A) and pedipalp chela manus (fig. 6A) are largely unpigmented.

REDESCRIPTION: Based on holotype ♂ (MACN-Ar) and paratypes (AMNH, MACN-Ar, MHNC).

Total length: 34–41 mm (n = 9; mean = 37.6) in ♂; 37.5 mm and 39.12 mm in two ♀.

Color: Base color light brown, with dark brown reticulate pigmentation on some segments (figs. 6B, 7B, 9). Cheliceral manus, external surface with faint reticulate pigmentation; fingers densely pigmented distally. Carapace, anterior margin pigmented; two broad, dark stripes extending from anterior margin to postocular sulcus, surrounding median ocular tubercle; lateral margins densely pigmented; median ocular tubercle and area around lateral ocelli dark brown to black; posterior third with reticulate pigmentation and two dark spots posterolaterally; posterior margin with dark narrow stripe. Tergites I–VII each with faint, paired spots posterolaterally, posterior margin with dark narrow stripe. Sternum, sternites, genital opercula, and pectines unpigmented. Metasomal segment I, dorsal surface with faint triangular spot medially, reaching DL carinae and posterior margin; DL, LM, and LIM carinae with pigmented granules; lateral margins with faint triangular spot between LM and LIM carinae; faint VL and VM stripes, contiguous in posterior third of segment. Metasomal segments II–IV as for I, except more densely pigmented; VL and VM stripes well developed, extending entire length of segment, contiguous in posterior third, VL stripes narrow, reduced to lateral margins, VM stripe broad, occupying most of surface. Metasomal segment V, dorsal surface unpigmented medially; DL margins densely pigmented; lateral margins with reticulate pigmentation; VM and paired VL stripes contiguous in posterior third of the segment, VL stripes broad, occupying most of surface, VM stripe narrow, restricted to carina. Telson vesicle, ventral surface and dorsolateral margins faintly pigmented, other surfaces unpigmented; aculeus unpigmented basally, apex dark reddish brown (fig. 7B). Pedipalps, coxa unpigmented; trochanter with reticulate pigmentation, more densely pigmented at articulation with femur; femur almost completely covered by reddishbrown pigmentation, more densely pigmented in granular areas, at posterior margin, and near articulation with patella; patella with four complete stripes along DI, EM, VI, and VE carinae, dorsal margin with reticulate pigmentation; chela with faint stripes along carinae, faintly pigmented near external articulation with patella, more densely pigmented at articulation with movable finger, and on fingers (fig. 6B). Legs, coxa, and trochanter unpigmented; femur, internal surface densely pigmented, external surface densely pigmented near articulation with patella; patella, internal surface densely pigmented, external surface pigmented near articulations and

along ventral margin; tibia, internal surface pigmented at articulation with patella; basitarsi and telotarsi unpigmented.

Carapace: Carapace dorsoventrally compressed (fig. 12D); anterior margin almost straight (fig. 12B). Surface finely granular medially, more densely granular laterally, less granular in ♀. Anteromedian longitudinal sulcus absent or obsolete; interocular sulcus obsolete; posteromedian longitudinal and posterolateral sulci well developed. Median ocular tubercle shallow, ocelli situated in depression, only median part of ocular tubercle protruding above carapace in lateral profile (fig. 12D); median ocelli small, approximately two diameters apart, with one pair of microsetae situated anteriorly and one pair of macrosetae situated posteriorly. Three pairs of small lateral ocelli on each side of carapace (fig. 12B), anterior ocellus noticeably larger than other ocelli; anterior and median ocelli situated very close together, in same horizontal axis, posterior ocellus smaller and situated slightly dorsal to others.

Chelicerae: Movable finger, distal internal tooth very well developed, strongly curved, forming angle of almost 90° with rest of finger in ♂, less curved in ♀; distal external tooth well developed, protruding dorsally from surface of finger; two vestigial subdistal teeth, barely visible in some specimens.

Pedipalps: Femur, surfaces densely granular ( fig. 20 ), especially along internal margin, in ♂, less so in ♀; DE and VI carinae well developed, extending entire length of segment ( fig. 20D ); DI carina reduced to scattered granules along margin of segment; IM carina distinct and well developed ( fig. 20D ). Patella intercarinal surfaces densely granular (♂) or smooth (♀); DI and VI carinae granular, extending entire length of segment, DI carina especially pronounced and coarsely granular ( fig. 21A, D ); VE carina granular, extending entire length of segment (♂) or obsolete, reduced to slight curvature of surface (♀); external margin undulated ( fig. 21B ), DE and EM carinae well developed, granular (♂; fig. 21B ) or DE carina absent, EM carina obsolete, reduced to slight curvature of surface along entire length of segment (♀); IM carina obsolete, reduced to scattered fine granules (♂; fig. 21D ) or absent (♂, ♀). Chela manus prism shaped, more robust in ♂ (figs. 22, 23, 25), length/width ratio 2.35–2.58 in ♂ (n = 9; median = 2.47), 2.77 and 2.82 in two ♀; length/height ratio 2.16–2.32 in ♂ (n = 9; median = 2.23), 2.39 and 2.47 in two ♀; internal surface with small conical apophysis, situated almost medially, in ♂ (figs. 22A, C, D, 25A, B), absent in ♀ (figs. 23A, C, D, 25C, D); carinae of ♀ absent, except for DS and VI carinae, each evident as subtle lobe near articulation with patella (figs. 23, 25C, D); carinae of ♂ as follows: DM carina obsolete, finely granular, extending entire length of segment (fig. 22A); DS and D carinae finely granular, obsolete, reduced to slight curvature of surface and lobe near articulation with patella (fig. 22B); E carina absent, reduced to scattered macrosetae; VE, VM, and VI carinae obsolete, reduced to slight curvature of surface along entire length of manus (figs. 22C, 25B); IM carina obsolete, reduced to well-developed lobe reaching conical apophysis (figs. 22C, 25B); fixed and movable fingers short and stout, each with single median denticle row and five pairs of internal and external accessory denticles; basal denticle of median denticle row on movable finger approximately three times larger than and replacing first five or six median denticles (figs. 22A, B, D, 25A, C); median third of fingers twisted, abruptly altering orientation of median denticle row (more conspicuously on movable finger), in ♂ (fig. 22A). Trichobothrial pattern neobothriotaxic major Type C, with one accessory trichobothrium in V series of chela (figs. 22, 23, 25); femur ( fig. 20 ) with three trichobothria (d, i, and e), one macroseta (M 1) associated with d and i, e situated in same axis as or slightly proximal to M 1 ( fig. 20A ); patella ( fig. 21 ) with 19 trichobothria (2 d, i, 3 et, est, 2 em, 2 esb, 5 eb, 3 v); chela (figs. 22, 23, 25) with 27 trichobothria (Dt, Db, 5 Et, Est, Esb, 3 Eb, dt, dst, dsb, db, et, est, esb, eb, ib, it, 5 V), Esb forming triangle with Eb 1 and Eb 2.

Legs: Femur and patella, surfaces finely granular, other segments smooth. Basitarsi each with two well-developed, equal-length pedal spurs. Telotarsi elongated, shallow, each with ventromedian row of small spinules, and pro- and retroventral rows of short, stout spiniform macrosetae, with following counts on leg I: 1/1, II: 2/2, III and IV: 3/3. Ungues curved, equal in length.

Sternum: Shape slightly compressed anteriorly to posteriorly, but not divided into two separated plates (fig. 14A, B).

Genital opercula: Sclerites subtriangular, more elongated in ♂ (fig. 14 A, B).

Pectines: Single row of median lamellae; first median lamella more elongated in ♀ (fig. 14C, D). Fulcra present, small (fig. 14C, D). Pectinal teeth small, subtriangular; tooth count: 15–17 in ♂ (n = 18; median = 15), 12/13 and 13/ 14 in two ♀; retrolateral margins covered posteriorly with peg sensilla, sensilla field more extensive (fig. 14E, F) with sensilla apparently more acute basally (fig. 14G, H), in ♂.

Tergites: Tergites I–VI, surfaces smooth to finely granular (♀) or finely granular anteriorly, more coarsely so at lateral margins and in posterior third (♂); VII with paired submedian carinae, restricted to posterior third of segment, and lateral carinae, restricted to posterior half, intercarinal surfaces with scattered medium-sized granules, finely granular elsewhere.

Sternites: Sternites III–VII, surfaces entirely smooth (♀) or smooth to finely granular (♂); III–VI each with small, elliptical spiracles.

Metasoma: Metasomal segment I, dorsal surface finely granular; DL and LM carinae granular, extending entire length of segment; LM carinae weakly developed medially; one pair of LM macrosetae posteriorly; LSM carinae restricted to posterior half of segment; LIM carinae granular, extending entire length of segment; one pair of LIM macrosetae anteriorly; surfaces between LSM and LIM carinae granular; lateral margins and ventral surfaces smooth, acarinate (fig. 26A), except for traces of VL carinae, reduced to sparse fine granules ventrolaterally, in ♂; two pairs of VL and VSM macrosetae. Segments II and III as for I, but carinae slightly less granular; LIM carinae restricted to posterior third of segment; ventral surfaces smooth. Segment IV slightly more elongated than preceding segments; DL carinae granular, extending entire length of segment; one pair of DL macrosetae medially; LM carinae extending entire length of segment, more developed in anterior and posterior thirds; one pair of LM macrosetae in posterior third of segment; LIM carinae reduced to few scattered granules in posterior third and pair of LIM macrosetae anteriorly; ventral surface smooth, acarinate; two pairs of VSM and VL macrosetae. Segment V elongated; dorsal surface smooth; DL carina finely granular, extending entire length of segment; one pair of DL macrosetae; lateral surfaces acarinate, granular; LM carinae represented only by two pairs of LM macrosetae in posterior half of segment, LIM carinae by one pair of LIM macrosetae in anterior third; ventral surface granular ( fig. 27B, D ); VL carinae granular, extending entire length of segment, comprising larger granules near posterior margin; VSM carinae subparallel to VL carinae, restricted to posterior two-thirds of segment, contiguous with VL carinae at margins; VM carina granular, extending entire length of segment, with two to six accessory granules separated from it in anterior part of posterior third; other surfaces granular; three pairs of VL macrosetae and four pairs of VSM macrosetae, one pair of each at posterior margin of segment.

Telson: Vesicle shallow in ♂ (fig. 28D), more globose in ♀ (fig. 28B); length/height ratio 3.52–3.65 in ♂ (n = 7; median = 3.58), 2.95 mm and 3.07 in two ♀; dorsal surface smooth, telson gland not apparent, but with small depression, containing abundant pores in cuticle, at posterodorsal margin (fig. 28H); ventral surface granular, especially in ♂, with conspicuous granule medially at posterior margin (fig. 28F); three pairs of VL and VSM macrosetae. Aculeus elongated, shallowly curved (fig. 28B, D).

Hemispermatophore: Basal portion well developed (fig. 10E). Distal lamina well developed, similar in length to basal portion; apical half forming well-developed apex; distal crest almost straight in apical two-thirds (fig. 10A, E); frontal crest (distal posterior flexure) short, almost straight, occupying basal third of distal lamina. Lobe region well developed (fig. 10C); basal lobe well developed, with small projection, internal fold covered by abundant, well-developed papillae (spicules), especially near tip (fig. 10C, D).

DISTRIBUTION: All known records of R. lourencoi , n. comb., occur within Antofagasta Province, in the southern part of Region II (Antofagasta), and Chañaral Province, in the northern part of Region III (Atacama), northern Chile (figs. 2, 3). The species is probably endemic to this area.

ECOLOGY: The area where this species was collected falls within the “Desierto Costero de Tal-Tal” subregion of the “Desierto” botanical region ( Gajardo, 1993). This area is extremely arid, with sparse shrubs and cacti, except in areas with greater exposure to sea fog, where a “Lomas” habitat, comprising more abundant vegetation, occurs. This species was collected in the rocky scree slopes of the “Quebrada Pan de Azucar,” 8–10 km inland from the coast, in areas with almost no vegetation.

This species occurs in sympatry with five other bothriurid species, Bothriurus dumayi , Brachistosternus ochoai Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2004 , Brachistosternus roigalsinai , Brachistosternus sciosciae Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2002 , and Brachistosternus kamanchaca . None of these species shares the same microhabitat as R. lourencoi , n. comb., however.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Most parsimonious tree (length = 167; CI: 0.479; RI: 0.813), obtained by cladistic analysis of 65 morphological characters (appendix 1) scored for 30 species of Bothriuridae Simon, 1880, with the implied weighting regime that maximized average support (Mattoni et al., in press), showing the position of Rumikiru, n. gen., in the family. Synapomorphies optimized with accelerated transformation indicated with bars. Black bars indicate uniquely derived apomorphic states, white bars indicate parallel derivations of apomorphic states. Numbers above bars indicate characters, numbers below indicate states.

FIGURE 2. Map of central Chile, plotting known locality records of Rumikiru atacama, n. sp. (circles), and Rumikiru lourencoi (Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2003), n. comb. (squares).

FIGURE 3. Map of central-western South America, plotting known locality records of Orobothriurus Maury, 1976 (circles), Pachakutej Ochoa, 2004 (triangles), and Rumikiru, n. gen. (crosses).

FIGURE 6. Rumikiru, n. gen., chela, dorsoexternal aspect, showing pigmentation pattern. A. Rumikiru atacama, n. sp., ♂ (MACN-Ar). B. Rumikiru lourencoi (Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2003), n. comb., ♂ (MACN-Ar). Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 7. Rumikiru, n. gen., telson, lateral aspect, showing pigmentation pattern. A. Rumikiru atacama, n. sp., ♂ (MACN-Ar). B. Rumikiru lourencoi (Ojan- guren-Affilastro, 2003), n. comb., ♂ (MACN-Ar). Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 17. Rumikiru atacama, n. sp., ♂ (MACN-Ar), dextral pedipalp patella. A. Dorsal aspect. B. External aspect. C. Ven- tral aspect. D. Internal aspect. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 20. Rumikiru lourencoi (Ojanguren- Affilastro, 2003), n. comb., ♂ (MACN-Ar), dextral pedipalp femur. A. Dorsal aspect. B. External aspect. C. Ventral aspect. D. Internal aspect. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 21. Rumikiru lourencoi (Ojanguren- Affilastro, 2003), n. comb., ♂ (MACN-Ar), dextral pedipalp patella. A. Dorsal aspect. B. External aspect. C. Ventral aspect. D. Internal aspect. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 27. Rumikiru, n. gen., metasomal segment V, ventral aspect. A, C. Rumikiru atacama, n. sp. B, D. Rumikiru lourencoi (Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2003), n. comb. A, B. ♂ (MACN-Ar). C, D. ♀ (MACN-Ar). Scale bars = 1 mm.