Gongylonema neoplasticum ( Fibiger & Ditlevsen, 1914 ), 1918

Spratt, David M., 2023, Redescription of species of Gongylonema Molin, 1857 (Nematoda: Spiruroidea Gongylonematidae) parasitic in some Australian vertebrate hosts and description of three new species, Zootaxa 5239 (2), pp. 204-220 : 210-211

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.2.2

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lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4AFDDAD0-55C4-4921-8A82-455DFB01E437

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7624105

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scientific name

Gongylonema neoplasticum ( Fibiger & Ditlevsen, 1914 )
status

 

Gongylonema neoplasticum ( Fibiger & Ditlevsen, 1914) , Ditlevsen, 1918

Gongylonema neoplasticum ( Fibiger & Ditlevsen, 1914) Ditlevsen, 1918 , Pp. 1–28. Pl. I–IV, XXVI.

Type host. Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) ( Rodentia : Muridae ) ( Norway rat).

Type locality. Dorpat (now Tartu), Estonia .

Site of infection. Squamous mucosa of cardiac stomach or oesophagus.

Additional hosts. Rattus rattus (Linnaeus) ( Rodentia : Muridae ) (black rat), Mus musculus Linnaeus ( Rodentia : Muridae ) (house mouse).

Material examined. NT: from Rattus rattus Darwin 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 1 ♀ anterior, 1 ♀ posterior fragment (AHC 49248); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 1 ♀ anterior, 1 ♀ posterior fragment (QM G240165); 1 ♂, 1 ♂ anterior fragment, 1 ♀ anterior, 1 ♀ posterior (N5498). Qld: from Rattus sp. Townsville, 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ (GL11601). From Mus musculus Townsville , 1 ♀ in two fragments (GL 11606) .

Description

General: Nematodes with marked sexual dimorphism, cuticular bosses present on anterior end, sparse in males, not so in females, prominent transverse cuticular striae present. Cephalic end with 2 cuticular plates at margins of buccal opening; buccal capsule present. Oral opening elongated dorso-ventrally, 6 small lateral lips, 3 on each side of opening, 2 interlabia in dorso-ventral axis, ventral interlabia bifurcated. Two pairs of internal labial papillae, 2 pairs of cephalic papillae and 2 large lateral amphids with transverse slit-like openings. Deirids situated anteriorly near origin of lateral alae. Oesophagus long, divided into anterior muscular and posterior glandular regions.

Male: Total length 9.3 (8.4–9.6) mm. Maximum width 138 (114––59). Cuticular bosses sparse anteriorly, extending 322 (168–583) from anterior end. Buccal capsule 51 (47–54) long, 16 (15–18) wide. Deirids 101 (87– 114) from anterior end. Lateral alae present entire body length, widening posteriorly to form asymmetric caudal alae, right wider than left, extending to tail tip. Nerve ring 156 (125–177) and excretory pore 312 (270–333) from anterior end. Muscular oesophagus 343 (302–408) long, glandular oesophagus 2018 (1616–2650) long. Spicules dissimilar, unequal, right spicule 102 (94–125), left spicule 572 (544–603) long; gubernaculum 27 (25–28) long. Caudal end with 4 pairs of pedunculated pre-cloacal and 5 pairs of pedunculated post-cloacal papillae. Distal end of tail curved ventrally, 131(125–139) long. Phasmids not observed.

Female: Total length 23.9 (22.2–25.5) mm. Maximum width 194 (125–345) at tail end. Cuticular bosses abundant, extending 739 (530–954) from anterior end. Buccal capsule 52 (42–58) long, 17 (18–20) wide. Deirid 118 (100–125) from anterior end. Nerve ring 177 (156–218) and excretory pore 366 (333–399) from anterior end. Muscular oesophagus 556 (489–693) long, glandular oesophagus 3298 (3021–002). Vulva 2899 (1420–4424) from posterior extremity. Tail conical, 176 (146–239) long. Phasmids 10 (8–10) from posterior end. Larvated eggs 55 (52–58) long, 32(31–33) wide with thick, smooth shells.

Remarks. Gongylonema neoplasticum is cosmopolitan in its distribution due to the unintended introduction of its primary rodent hosts, Rattus norvegicus R. rattus , R. tanezumi Temminck and R. exulans (Peale) , all shown to originate in southern China and Southeast and South Asia ( Aplin et al., 2011; Song et al., 2014; Thomson et al. 2014; Puckett et al. 2016), spreading beyond Asia as a consequence of global trade.

The morphology and measurements of G. neoplasticum in this study are in agreement with numerous previous descriptions and illustrations of the species ( Ditlevsen, 1918; Schulz, 1924; Yokogawa, 1925; Kruidenier & Peebles, 1958, da Costa et al. 2018, Setsuda et al. 2018, Dewi, 2019). Variability in the number of pedunculated pre- and postcloacal papillae in the male has been reported by previous authors. Readers are referred to the excellent scanning electron micrographs of da Costa et al. (2018) ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 , A–F) and Dewi (2019) ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 , A–H), especially the en face views of the complex cephalic end.

Johnston (1918) reported eggs with developed embryos in the liver of two Mus musculus in Sydney which he considered belonged to a species of Gongylonema .

Fielding (1928) reported Gongylonema sp. in Rattus norvegicus , R. rattus , one Mus musculus and one native water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster Geoffroy. Two lots of specimens in QM (GL11601 and GL11606) collected by G.M. Heydon in 1927 and 1926 and labelled Gongylonema cf. neoplasticum and Gongylonema neoplasticum may be the material in Fielding’s report as he acknowledges Heydon for identifying some of the worms. The specimens are badly darkened, do not clear well and morphological features diagnostic for the species are obscured. The length of the right spicule, 73 µm, agrees with that recorded for this species here and by other authors ( Kruidenier & Peebles, 1958; Cordeiro et al., 2018). The left spicule could not be discerned nor the number and arrangement of pre- and post-cloacal papillae on the male tail. I am unable to confirm these determinations but if correct, they represent the only previously known records of this species in Australia. This is surprising given previous survey work on the parasites of rodents in north Queensland ( Mesina et al 1974; Mesina & Campbell, 1975; Glazebrook & Campbell, 1977; Glazebrook et al., 1978; Chakma et al., 2016) and the review of helminths of rodents by Smales (1997).

Aplin, K. P., Suzuki, H., Chinen, A. A., Chesser, R. T., Have, J., Donnellan, S. C., Austin, J., Frost, A., Gonzalez, J. P., Herbreteau, V., Catzeflis, F., Soubrier, J., Fang, Y. - P., Robins, J., Matisoo-Smith, E., Bastos, A. D. S., Maryanto, I., Sinaga, M. H., Denys, C., Van Den Bussche, R. A., Conroy, C., Rowe, K. & Cooper, A. (2011) Multiple geographic origins of commensalism and complex dispersal history of black rats. PLoS One, 6, e 26357. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0026357

Chakma, S., Picard, J., Duffy, R., Constantinoiu, C. & Gummow, B. (2016) A survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by nonindigenous rodents at the interface of the wet tropics of North Queensland, Australia. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64, 185 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / tbed. 12360

da Costa Cordiero, H., de Vasconcelos Melo, F. T., Giese, E. G. & dos Santos, J. N. (2018) Gongylonema parasites of rodents: A key to species and new data on Gongylonema neoplasticum. Journal of Parasitology, 104, 51 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1645 / 17 - 3

Dewi, K. (2019) Scanning electron microscope observations of Gongylonema neoplasticum and Heterakis spumosa, nematode parasites of an endemic murine rodent from Sulawesi. Earth and Environmental Sciences, 308, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1088 / 1755 - 1315 / 308 / 1 / 012066.

Ditlevsen, H. (1918) Uber Gongylonema neoplasticum (Spiroptera (Gongylonema) neop-lastica) Fibiger & Ditlevsen. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abteilung Originale, 81, 565 - 576.

Fibiger, J. A. G. & Ditlevsen, H. (1914) A contribution to the biology and morphology of Spiroptera (Gongylonema) neoplastica n. sp. Mindeskrift i Anledning af Hundredaaret, KObenhaven, 25, 1 - 28.

Fielding, J. W. (1928) Observations on rodents and their parasites. Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 61, 115 - 134.

Glazebrook, J. S. & Campbell, R. S. F. (1977) The pathology of feral rodents in North Queensland. II. Studies on zoonotic infections. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 28, 545 - 551.

Glazebrook, J. S., Campbell, R. S. F., Hutchinson, G. W. & Stallman, N. D. (1978) Rodent zoonoses in north Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science, 56, 147 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / icb. 1978.16

Johnston, T. H. (1918) Notes on certain entozoa of rats and mice together with a Catalogue of the internal parasites recorded as occurring in rodents on Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 30, 53 - 78.

Kruidenier, F. J. & Peebles, C. R. (1958) Gongylonema of rodents: G. neoplasticum (Redefinition): G. dipodomysis n. sp.: and G. peromysci n. sp. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 77, 307 - 315. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3223695

Mesina, J. E., Campbell, R. S., Glazebrook, J. S., Copeman, D. B. & Johnson, R. H. (1974) The pathology of feral rodents in North Queensland. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 25, 116 - 127.

Mesina, J. & Campbell, R. (1975) Wild rodents in the transmission of disease to animals and man. Veterinary Bulletin, 45, 87 - 96.

Puckett, E. E., Park, J., Combs, M., Blum, M. J., Bryant, J. E. Caccone, A., Costa, F., Deinum, E., Esther, A., Himsworth, C. G., Keightley, P. D., Ko, A., Lundkvist, A., McElhinney, L. M., Morand, S., Robbins, J., Russell, J., Strand, T. M., Suarez, O., Yon, L. & Munshi-South, J. (2016) Global population divergence and admixture of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 283, 20161762. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.1762

Setsuda, A., Ribas, A., Chaisiri, K., Morand, S., Chou, M., Malbas, F., Yunus, M. & Sato, H. (2018) Molecular genetic diversity of Gongylonema neoplasticum (Fibiger & Ditlevsen, 1914) (Spirurida: Gongylonematidae) from rodents in Southeast Asia. Systematic Parasitology, 95, 235 - 247. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 018 - 9778 - 0

Smales, L. R. (1997) A review of the helminth parasites of Australian rodents. Australian Journal of Zoology, 45, 505 - 521. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 97013

Song, Y., Lan, Z. & Kohn, M. H. (2014) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the Norway rat. PLoS One, 9, e 88425. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088425

Yokogawa, S. (1925) On a new species of nematode, Gongylonema orientale, found in Formosa. Journal of Parasitology, 11, 195 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3270828

Gallery Image

FIGURE 1 A–F. Gongylonema alecturae Mawson, 1942. A, Cephalic end female, lateral view. B, Vulva and vagina, allotype female, ventral view. C, Posterior end male holotype, ventral view. D, Left spicule distal extremity, co-type male, lateral view. E, Right and left spicules and gubernaculum, co-type male, lateral view. F, Posterior extremity female, lateral view. Scale bars: Fig. 1A, 1B–1E = 50 µm, Fig. 1F = 100 µm.

Gallery Image

FIGURE 2 A–F. Gongylonema beveridgei Mawson, 1971. A, Cephalic end female paratype, en face view. B, Anterior end, female paratype, lateral view. C, Vulva and vagina paratype female, ventral view. D, Posterior end holotype male, ventral view. E, Posterior end female allotype, lateral view. F, Right spicule and gubernaculum holotype male, lateral view. Scale bars: Figs. 2A, 2B, 2D= 20 µm, Figs. 2C, 2F = 50 µm. Fig. 2E = 100 µm.

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Nematoda

Class

Secernentea

Order

Spirurida

SuperFamily

Spiruroidea

Family

Gongylonematidae

Genus

Gongylonema