Eusarcus Perty 1833

Hara, Marcos Ryotaro & Pinto-Da-Rocha, Ricardo, 2010, Systematic review and cladistic analysis of the genus Eusarcus Perty 1833 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae) 2698, Zootaxa 2698, pp. 1-136 : 19-21

Eusarcus Perty 1833

Eusarcus Perty 1833: 201 , 203 (cit), 206; Koch 1839a: 8 (rdesc); Erichson 1845: 6 (cit); Bertkau 1880: 106 (cit); Sørensen 1884: 623 (key), 624 (rdesc); Roewer 1913: 12 (key), 67 (rdesc); 1923: 397 (key), 418 (rdesc); Mello-Leitão 1923b: 121 (cit), 184 (key); 1924: 181 (cit); 1926: 342 (key), 371 (cit); Roewer 1927: 335 (cit); 1929: 185 (key), 196 (syst); Mello-Leitão 1931a: 120 (cit); 1932: 133 (key), 155 (rdesc); 1935b: 99 (syst, diag); 1936: 4 (cit); Piza 1940b: 313 (syst); Mello-Leitão 1940: 5 (cit); Roewer 1943: 28 (syst); B. Soares 1943a: 207 (= Enantiocentron Mello- Leitão 1932 = Pareusarcus Mello-Leitão 1935a ( nec Pareusarcus Roewer ) = Goyazia Piza 1940b ); 1943b: 210 (syst); Mello-Leitão 1945: 150 (cit), 151 (= Eusarcoides Roewer 1913 ; rdesc); 1949: 15 (syst); Soares & Soares 1954b: 227 (key), 257 (= Neopucrolia Roewer 1913 = Pucrolioides Roewer 1913 ; rdesc, cat); Ringuelet 1957a: 17 (syst); 1957b: 18 (cit); 1959: 204 (key), 315 (diag), 318 (syst); 377 (syst); Muñoz-Cuevas 1973: 226 (cit); Soares & Soares 1985: 12 (= Metapucrolia Roewer 1913 ); Kury 2003a: 167 (= Orguesia Roewer 1913 ; cat). (Type species Eusarcus armatus Perty 1833 , by subsequent designation, Roewer 1913).

Eusarchus (lapsus): Gervais 1842: 1 (cit); 1844: 96 (cit), 111 (rdesc).

Eusarcus Grote & Pitt 1875a: 1 ; 1875b: 17–18, 20 (syst) ( nec Perty 1833 ). (Junior homonym of Eusarcus Perty 1833 ).

Neopucrolia Roewer 1913: 11 (key), 43; Mello-Leitão 1922: 329 (cit); Roewer 1923: 396 (key), 409 (rdesc); Mello- Leitão 1923b: 116 (cit); 1926: 338 (key); Roewer 1929: 184 (key); 1931: 101 (syst), 102 (key); Mello-Leitão 1932: 133 (key), 154 (rdesc); 1935b: 99 (diag); B. Soares 1943b: 210 (syst); Ringuelet 1955b: 2 (cit); 1957a: 17 (syst); 1959: 318 (syst); Muñoz-Cuevas 1973: 226 (cit). (Type species Neopucrolia pectinigera Roewer 1913 , by monotypy). Synonymy established by Soares & Soares (1954b).

Pucrolioides Roewer 1913: 27 . (Type species Pucrolioides argentina Roewer 1913 , by monotypy). Synonymy established by Soares & Soares (1954b).

Pucroloides (lapsus): Roewer 1913: 10 (key); 1923: 396 (key), 403 (rdesc); Mello-Leitão 1923a: 519 (syst, diag); Mello- Leitão 1926: 337 (key); Roewer 1929: 183 (key); Mello-Leitão 1932: 133 (key), 154 (rdesc); 1935b: 99 (diag); 1939b: 622 (cit); B. Soares 1943b: 210 (syst); Ringuelet 1955b: 2 (cit); 1957a: 17 (syst); 1959: 318 (syst); Muñoz- Cuevas 1973: 226 (cit).

Eusarcoides Roewer 1913: 12 (key), 72; 1923: 397 (key), 420 (rdesc); Mello-Leitão 1923b: 122 (cit); 1926: 342 (key); Roewer 1929: 185 (key); Mello-Leitão 1932: 133 (key), 161 (rdesc); 1935b: 99 (syst); 1945: 152 (syst); Muñoz- Cuevas 1973: 226 (cit). (Type species Eusarcus pusillus Sørensen 1884 , by monotypy). Synonymy established by Mello-Leitão (1945).

Metapucrolia Roewer 1913: 11 (key), 33, 1923: 396 (key), 405 (rdesc); Mello-Leitão 1926: 337 (key); Roewer 1929: 183 (key); Mello-Leitão 1932: 135 (key), 195 (rdesc); 1935b: 99 (diag); 1949: 9 (cit); Soares & Soares 1954b: 230 (key), 277 (rdesc, cat); Muñoz-Cuevas 1973: 226 (cit); Soares & Soares 1985: 12 (syst; cat). (Type species Pucrolia armata Sørensen 1895 , by original designation). Synonymy established by Soares & Soares (1985).

Orguesia Roewer 1913: 168 (key), 177; 1923: 464 (key), 467 (rdesc); Mello-Leitão 1923b: 134 (cit); 1926: 349 (key); Roewer 1930: 344 (key); Mello-Leitão 1932: 231 (key), 242 (rdesc); 1935b: 102 (syst, diag); Soares & Soares 1949: 152 (key), 199 (rdesc); H. Soares 1968: 137 (cit), 138 (diag). (Type species Orguesia armata Roewer 1913 , by monotypy). Synonymy established by Kury (2003a).

Metagraphinotus Mello-Leitão 1927: 411 ; Roewer 1929: 185 (key), 235 (diag); Mello-Leitão 1932: 133 (key), 153 (rdesc), 447 (key), 450 (cit); 1935a: 12 (cit); 1935b: 99 (syst); Piza 1940a: 54 (syst, diag); 1940b: 313 (syst); Soares & Soares 1954b: 227 (key), 274 (= Jacarepaguana Mello-Leitão 1932 ; rdesc); Kury 2003a: 175 (cat). (Type species Metagraphinotus catharinensis Mello-Leitão 1927 , by monotypy). Syn. n.

Pareusarcus Roewer 1929: 185 (key), 236; Mello-Leitão 1932: 134 (key), 190 (rdesc); Soares & Soares 1954b: 231 (key), 289 (rdesc); Kury 2003a: 187 (cat). (Type species Pareusarcus corniculatus Roewer 1929 , by monotypy). Syn. n.

Canestrinia Mello-Leitão 1931b: 89 ; Ringuelet 1955a: 294 (cit); 1959: 378 (syst). (Type species Canestrinia canalsi Mello-Leitão 1931b , by original designation). Synonymy with Pygophalangodus established by Ringuelet (1955a).

Pygophalangodus Mello-Leitão 1931b: 84 ; 1932: 439 (key, rdesc); 1935b: 92 (key); Mello-Leitão 1939b: 610 (cit), 618 (cit); Ringuelet 1954: 1 (diag); Ringuelet 1955a: 294 (= Mello-Leitaoëlla: Strand 1932); 1957a: 19–20 (syst); 1957b: 19 (cit); 1959: 198 (syst), 204 (key), 377–378 (diag, syst), 379 (= Bacigalupo Mello-Leitão 1933 ); 1963: 48 (diag), 51 (key); Maury & Pilati 1996: 6 (bion); Kury 2003a: 189 (cat). (Type species Pygophalangodus gemignanii gemignanii Mello-Leitão 1931 , by monotypy). Syn. n.

Enantiocentron Mello-Leitão 1932: 447 (key), 450 (rdesc), 475 (rdesc); 1935b: 99 (diag); 1936: 22 (cit), 24 (syst); B. Soares 1943a: 207 (syst); Mello-Leitão 1945: 152 (syst); 1949: 15 (syst). (Type species Enantiocentron doriphorus Mello-Leitão 1932 , by original designation). Synonymy established by B. Soares (1943a).

Enanticocentron (lapsus): Mello-Leitão 1942: 7 (cit).

Emantiocentron (lapsus): B. Soares 1943a: 208 (syst).

Jacarepaguana Mello-Leitão 1932: 447 (key), 451, 475 (rdesc); 1935b: 99 (syst). (Type species Jacarepaguana berlae Mello-Leitão 1932 , by original designation). Considered as a junior synonym of Metagraphinotus by Soares & Soares (1954b).

Mello -Leitaoëlla Strand 1932: 135 (nom nov for Canestrinia Mello-Leitão 1931b ); 1942: 398 (= Melloinia Thor 1933 ).

Melloleitaoëlla: Soares & Soares 1954b: 227 (key), 272 (cat).

Melloinia Thor 1933: 224 (nom nov for Canestrinia Mello-Leitão 1931b ).

Melloinio (lapsus): Soares & Soares 1954b: 272 (cat).

Melloleitaoella: Mello-Leitão 1935b: 99 (syst); Mello-Leitão 1939b: 610 (cit); Ringuelet 1955a: 294 (syn of Pygophalangodus Mello-Leitão 1931b ; syst); 1959: 378 (syst).

Bacigalupo Mello-Leitão 1933: 55 ; 1935b: 93 (key); 1938: 143 (cit); 1939b: 618 (cit); Ringuelet 1959: 377 (syn of Pygophalangodus Mello-Leitão 1931b ; syst); Rambla 1978: 304 (cit). (Type species Bacigalupo tenax Mello-Leitão 1933 , by original designation). Synonymy with Mello -Leitaoëlla established by Ringuelet (1954).

Pareusarcus Mello-Leitão 1935a: 13 ; 1935b: 99 (syst); Piza 1940b: 313 (syst); B. Soares 1943a: 207 (syst); Mello- Leitão 1945: 152 (syst); 1949: 15 (syst). (Type species Pareusarcus centromelos Mello-Leitão 1935a , by original designation). Synonymy established by B. Soares (1943a).

Goyazia Piza 1940a: 54 ; Piza 1940b: 312 (syst); B. Soares 1943a: 208 (syst); Mello-Leitão 1949: 15 (syst). (Type species Goyazia sulcata Piza 1940a , by original designation). Synonymy established by B. Soares (1943a).

Goyasia (lapsus): Mello-Leitão 1945: 152 (syst).

Papageia Roewer 1943: 28 (nom nov for Pareusarcus Mello-Leitão 1935a ).

Pindaiba Canals 1943: 18 (nom nov for Pareusarcus Mello-Leitão 1935a ).

Antetriceras Roewer 1949: 57 ; Rambla 1978: 304 (cit); Kury 2003a: 156 (cat). (Type species Antetriceras signatus Roewer 1949 , by original designation). Syn. n.

Type species: Eusarcus armatus Perty 1833 , designated subsequently by Roewer (1913).

Redescription: Male: Dorsum: Paramedian apophyses on anterior margin of scutum, located ectally to chelicera (exceptions: E. catharinensis , E. sooretamae , E. teresincola , E. caparaoensis sp. n., E. mirabilis sp. n. and E. tripectinatus sp. n.). Ocularium with several similar-sized tubercles (unarmed), or a pair of large tubercles, or a pair of spines, or a median apophysis (bifid or not). Dorsal scutum with five transversal grooves delimiting four scutal areas. Scutal area I medially divided; III with a median spine (exceptions are E. gemignanii , E. uruguayensis and E. sergipanus sp. n. unarmed). Body shape pyriform, wider between groove I and grooves IV and V (close to each other). Lateral margin of dorsal scutum with an external regular row of tubercles increasing in size posteriorly, and with one to two internal, irregular rows. Posterior margin of dorsal scutum with a row of tubercles.

Chelicera: Segment I with scattered tubercles; II with setae irregularly concentrated at base of fixed finger, a group of setae on apical mesal face, both fingers toothed.

Pedipalpus: Trochanter inflated, with sparse tubercles dorsally; ventrally with a large prolateral tubercle bearing a seta, and with a small retrolateral tubercle; femur stretched, subcylindrical, with a prolateral subapical seta; patella smooth; tibia with variable spination, usually IiIi (prolateral and retrolateral) and tarsus idem, IIi (prolateral) and IiIi (retrolateral).

Legs: Coxa I with 1 prolateral, 1 retrolateral apophysis; II with 1 prolateral apophysis, 3 retrolateral apophyses fused at base, retrolateralmost fused at apex with prolateral apophysis of coxa III; III with 1 prolateral, 1 retrolateral apophysis fused at base; IV, irregularly tuberculate, with 1 prolateral apical apophysis more developed in male than female. Coxa IV surpassing dorsal scutum in dorsal view, being visible in all its extension or visible only apically. Trochanter IV with prolateral apophyses. Femora I–II straight, III–IV sinuous, all with tubercles arranged approximately in six longitudinal rows: a prodorsal and a retrodorsal row, a proventral and a retroventral row, a prolateral and a retrolateral row. Distitarsi I–II always 3-segmented. Metatarsi III–IV with 2 ventro-apical setae. Tarsal segmentation: 5–7(3); + 6(3); 6; 6–7.

Female: Mostly same as male, coxa IV shorter than in male (ending between grooves III and IV) and usually visible in dorsal view, surpassing dorsal scutum only apically; with prolateral apical apophysis shorter than in male. Trocanther IV unarmed on prolateral face.

Remarks on females: Females in this genus have the same general aspect as males except for apophyses and high, pointed tubercles on the legs and except for the penial morphology, which are important characters for identifying species. Thus, few morphological structures allow for correctly identifying female specimens of a given species. We have to rely on: the presence and size of the paramedian pair of apophyses on the anterior margin of the prosoma, located ectally to the chelicera; height and ornamentation of the ocularium; amount and positions of tubercles on the scutum; size of apical spines on the femora; inclination, size and shape of the spine in scutal area III; size and inclination of the prolateral apical apophysis of coxa IV. When the dorsal scuta of different species are similar, females are virtually impossible to distinguish, as is the case in E. hastatus and E. dubius . Since the females of three species are unknown and some species cannot be distinguished only by characteristics of the dorsal scutum, it is at present impossible to elaborate a precise identification key for females.