Scorzonera

Coşkunçelebi, Kamil, Makbul, Serdar & Okur, Seda, 2016, Studies on the achene morphology of Turkish species of Scorzonera L. (Asteraceae) using light and scanning electron microscopy, Phytotaxa 247 (1), pp. 1-26 : 3-4

Key to Turkish Scorzonera based on achene morphology

1. Achenes with a conspicuous carpopodium ....................................................................................................................................... 2

– Achenes without a carpopodium ................................................. [S. subg. Scorzonera ]................................................................12

2. Achenes falcate, smooth, epidermal cell surface striped .................................. [S. subg. Podospermum] ..................................... 3

– Achenes straight, verrucose, lamellate and muricate, epidermal cell surface generally ruminate but rarely granulate, rugose or smooth .................................................................. [S. subg. Pseudopodospermum] ...................................................................... 6

3. Achenes sparsely lanate ................................................................................................................................................ S. armeniaca

– Achenes glabrous .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4

4. Achenes 4–6 mm, pappus 5.5–6.5 mm ...................................................................................................................... S. hieraciifolia

– Achenes 6–15 mm, pappus 8–18 mm ............................................................................................................................................... 5

5. Achenes 6–11 (13) mm, carpopodium 1–3 (4) mm ............................................................................................................... S. cana

– Achenes 10–15 mm, carpopodium 3.5–5.0 mm .............................................................................................................. S. laciniata

6. Achenes (14) 15–30 mm, pappus greyish or greyish-black .............................................................................................................. 7

– Achenes 8–14(15) mm, pappus white ............................................................................................................................................ 10

7. Carpopodium 4.0– 5.5 mm, outline of epidermal cells hexagonal ............................................................................. S. phaeopappa

– Carpopodium 2–4 (4.5) mm, outline of epidermal cells pentagonal, ovate-elliptic or ovate ........................................................... 8

8. Carpopodium 2.0– 2.5 mm, pappus apically barbellate, outline of epidermal cells ovate ............................................... S. suberosa

– Carpopodium 2.5–4.5 mm, pappus plumose for most of length and apically scabrid or barbellate-scabrid, outline of epidermal cells pentagonal or ovate-elliptic .............................................................................................................................................................. 9

9. Achenes lamellate, pappus plumose for most of length and apically barbellate-scabrid, outline of epidermal cells pentagonal ....... .............................................................................................................................................................................................. S. mollis

– Achene surface lamellate-muricate, pappus plumose for most of length and apically scabrid, outline of epidermal cells ovate-elliptic ............................................................................................................................................................................. S. semicana

10. Achene surface sparsely verrucose, outline of epidermal cells rectangular, periclinal wall ruminate-rugose ............ S. aksekiensis

– Achene surface lamellate, outline of epidermal cells pentagonal, periclinal walls smooth or ruminate-granulate ....................... 11

11. Carpopodium 1.5–2.0 mm, short pappi plumose throughtout, long ones plumose for most of length and apically barbellate, periclinal walls smooth .......................................................................................................................................................... S. elata

– Carpopodium 2.0– 2.5 mm, all pappi plumose for most of length and apically barbellate, periclinal walls granulate and ruminate. ................................................................................................................................................................................... S. inaequiscapa

12. Achenes lanate ................................................................................................................................................................................ 13

– Achenes glabrous ............................................................................................................................................................................ 25

13. Pappus purplish or reddish ............................................................................................................................................................. 14

– Pappus white, creamy or brownish ................................................................................................................................................. 16

14. Achenes 3–5 mm, falcate, periclinal walls striate-smooth ........................................................................................... S. sandrasica

– Achenes 5–9 mm, straight, periclinal walls rugose-striate or ruminate ......................................................................................... 15

15. Periclinal walls rugose-striate .......................................................................................................................................... S. longiana

– Periclinal walls ruminate ................................................................................................................................................... S. ulrichii

16. Achenes 4–6 mm ............................................................................................................................................................................ 17

– Achenes (5) 6–12 mm .................................................................................................................................................................... 20

17. Surface of the outer epidermal cells wall smooth ........................................................................................................ S. lasiocarpa

– Surface of the outer epidermal cells striate or striate-granulate ..................................................................................................... 18

18. Pappus 9–10 mm .............................................................................................................................................................. S. kotschyi

– Pappus 10–13 mm .......................................................................................................................................................................... 19

19. Achenes slighty falcate, lanate ..................................................................................................................................... S. aucherana

– Achenes straight, densely lanate .................................................................................................................................... S. sublanata

20. Pappus 4–6 mm, plumose ........................................................................................................................................ S. pseudolanata

– Pappus 6–25 mm, plumose below, barbellate above ...................................................................................................................... 21

21. Periclinal walls convex, surface smooth ..................................................................................................................... S. veratrifolia

– Periclinal walls concave, surface rugose or striate ......................................................................................................................... 22

22. Pappus 18–25 mm, creamy-brownish, periclinal walls slightly rugose ................................................................. S. dzhavakhetica

– Pappus ˂ 18 mm, creamy, periclinal walls striate ........................................................................................................................... 23

23. Pappus 9.5–16.0 mm ......................................................................................................................................................... S. latifolia

– Pappus ˂ 9.5 mm ............................................................................................................................................................................ 24

24. Achene 5–6(6.5) mm, straight, anticlinal walls slightly convex ............................................................................... S. karabelensis

– Achene 6.0– 9.5 mm, falcate, anticlinal walls distinctly convex ........................................................................................... S. bella

25. Pappus barbellate ............................................................................................................................................................................ 26

– Pappus pulomose-barbellate, plumose-scabrid or plumose ............................................................................................................ 27

26. Achenes 4–7 mm, pappus creamish-yellowish, 5–6 mm ..................................................................................................... S. rigida

– Achenes 9–11 mm, pappus brownish, 20–21 mm ......................................................................................................... S. tomentosa

27. Periclinal surface convex ................................................................................................................................................................ 28

– Periclinal surface concave .............................................................................................................................................................. 32

28. Achenes 6–11 mm .......................................................................................................................................................................... 29

– Achenes 12–20 mm ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31

29. Achenes 9–11 mm, bristles plumose-scabrid ............................................................................................................ S. tuzgoluensis

– Achenes ˂ 9 mm, bristles plumose-barbellate ................................................................................................................................ 30

30. Pappus yellowish, periclinal surface ruminate-striate ..................................................................................................... S. mirabilis

– Pappus creamish below and purplish above, periclinal surface smooth-rugose ........................................................... S. yildirimlii

31. Achenes 17–20 mm, short bristles plumose, long ones plumose-barbellate, 20–23 mm, periclinal surface smooth or slightly striate ................................................................................................................................................................................... S. davisii

– Achene 12–16 mm, bristles plumose below and barbellate above, 13–15 mm, periclinal surface rugose-ruminate .......................... ................................................................................................................................................................................. S. ahmet-duranii

32. Bristles completely plumose ............................................................................................................................................. S. papposa

– Bristles not completely plumose .................................................................................................................................................... 33

33. Periclinal walls granulate ..................................................................................................................................................... S. renzii

– Periclinal walls not granulate ......................................................................................................................................................... 34

34. Periclinal surface smooth ............................................................................................................................................................... 35

– Periclinal surface not smooth ......................................................................................................................................................... 36

35. Achenes 6–9 mm, pappus 8.5–10.5 mm, epidermal cells without papillae ....................................................................... S. sericea

– Achenes 16–22 mm, pappus 22–30 mm, epidermal cells papillate ................................................................................ S. coriacea

36. Achenes with distinct longitudinal rows of teeths forming wing .......................................................................................... S. pacis

– Achenes without toothed wings ...................................................................................................................................................... 37

37. Anticlinal walls indstinct or undulate ............................................................................................................................................. 38

– Anticlinal walls straight .................................................................................................................................................................. 41

38. Surface of epidermal cells rugose ................................................................................................................................................... 39

– Surface of epidermal cells striate ................................................................................................................................................... 40

39. Pappus 6–8 mm, white-purplish .............................................................................................................................. S. acantholimon

– Pappus 13–19 mm, creamish ............................................................................................................................................. S. argyrea

40. Periclinal walls roughly striate ...................................................................................................................................... S. amasiana

– Periclinal walls not as above ........................................................................................................................................... S. pygmaea

41. Achenes 6–8 mm ............................................................................................................................................................................ 42

– Achenes> 8 mm ............................................................................................................................................................................. 43

42. Bristles plumose below and barbellate above, periclinal surface striate .......................................................................... S. seidlitzii

– Short bristles plumose, long ones plumose below and barbellate above, periclinal surface rugose-striate .................. S. parviflora

43. Pappus 16–22 mm .......................................................................................................................................................................... 44

– Pappus ˂ 16 mm ............................................................................................................................................................................. 45

44. Achenes 12–23 mm, straight, surface verrucose, epidermal cells pentagonal, periclinal walls papillate and striate .......... S. incisa

– Achenes 9.5–12.0(13.0) mm, falcate, surface smooth, epidermal cells rectangular, periclinal walls slightly rugose S. ketzkhovelii

45. Bristles completely barbellate or plumose below and barbellate above .............................................................................. S. lacera

– Bristles plumose below and barbellate above ................................................................................................................................ 46

46. Pappus 13–16 mm .......................................................................................................................................................................... 47

– Pappus ˂ 13 mm ............................................................................................................................................................................. 49

47. Some bristles barbellate, the others plumose, periclinal walls papillate .......................................................................... S. violacea

– Pappus plumose below and barbellate above, periclinal walls without papillae ............................................................................ 48

48. Achene surface verrucose ................................................................................................................................................. S. boissieri

– Achene surface smooth ................................................................................................................................................. S. acuminata

49. Achenes 15.0– 21.5 mm, periclinal walls ruminate .................................................................................................... S. zorkunensis

– Achenes ˂ 15 mm, periclinal walls striate ...................................................................................................................................... 50

50. Pappus 10–13 mm, grayish, epidermal surface slightly striate ......................................................................................... S. cinerea

– Pappus 9–10 mm, yellowish-brownish, epidermal surface distinctly striate .................................................................... S. pisidica