Ficus maxima Miller

Pederneiras, Leandro Cardoso, Mansano, Vidal De Freitas & Romaniuc-Neto, Sergio, 2017, Taxonomic synopsis of the Ficus sect. Pharmacosycea (Moraceae) from Colombia, Phytotaxa 313 (1), pp. 1-22 : 12-13

11. Ficus maxima Miller , nom. cons. (1768: Ficus no. 6).

Type Cons. ( Berg 2003):— BRASIL. Amazonas: Humaitá, near Três Casas, 2 Oct 1934, B. A. Krukoff 6413 (holotype: NY! isotypes: A, photo! BM! F! G! GH! GUA! K! MO RB! S, photo! U, photo! US!).

= Ficus murilloi Dugand (1942: 57) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Tolima: región Paugil , 5 December 1939, H. García-Barriga 8303 (lectotype designated here: COL3995 !; isolectotypes: COL407611! F! NY! US!).

= Ficus vicencionis Dugand (1944: 385) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Meta: perto de Villavicencio, 2 Jun 1946, R. Jaramillo-Mejia 219 (lectotype designated here: COL16396! isolectotypes: COL16397! COL16394! COL16395! GH! IAN!).

= Ficus murilloi var. cajambrensis Dugand (1946:117) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca: Costa del Pacífico , 5–15 June 1944, J. Cuatrecasas 17605 (lectotype designated here: COL25852 !; isolectotype: COL79314 ! F!).

Terrestrial trees, 12–30 m tall. Leaf blade 8.0– 21 cm long, 4.0– 10 cm wide, elliptic, ovate or obovate, apex acuminate or acute, base cuneate; puberulent or glabrous adaxially, hispid or puberulent abaxially; secondary veins 8.0–16 pairs, basal lateral veins extending to 1/4 the length of the leaf blade; petiole 0.8–4.0 cm long, puberulent, periderm flaking off; stipules caducous, 1.5–2.5 cm long, hispid, puberulent or glabrous. Syconia solitary; peduncle 3.0– 20 mm long, hispid or puberulent; lateral bracts absent; receptacle 1.3–2.5 cm in diam. when dry, hispid or puberulent, apex rounded or concave ( Fig. 6C ).

Distribution and habitat in Colombia: —Amazonas, Antioquia, Atlantico, Boyacá, Caquetá, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Meta, Putumayo, Santander, Tolima and Valle del Cauca, in lowland to montane rainforests at elevations of 10–1800 m ( Fig. 5 ).

Selected specimens: — COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Leticia, Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu, Heijden 5 (COL, HUA); Leticia, Amacayaco, Barreto-Silva 1871 (SP); Leticia, Amacayaco, Barreto-Silva 2152 (SP); Leticia, Trapecio Amazonico, Plowman 2293 (GH, K, F); Puerto Barranquilla, Schultes 4018 (F); Puerto Remanso, Río Putumayo, Schultes 4013 (COL, F, GH, IAN, K, US).—Antioquia:Angelópolis, Vereda Romeral, Rincón H. 495 (HUA); Frontino, Corregimiento Nutibara, cuenca alta del Río Cuevas, Sánchez 1510 (COL, HUA, NY); Nariño, Río Samaná, Uribe U. 1139 (COL, US); Nariño, Río Samana. Uribe U. 1896 (COL); Puerto Berrío, Vereda Alicante, Callejas R. 9294 (HUA, NY); Remedios, Casabe, Rentería E. 1938 (COL, HUA); San Luis, Río Samaná norte, Callejas R. 4085 (COL, HUA, NY); San Rafael, Vereda Gallo, Callejas R. 10273 (HUA, NY).—Atlantico: Piojó, Elias 740 ( US).—Boyacá: Quipama, El Humbo, Lawrance 773 (F, GH, RB, US); Mount of Chapon, Lawrance 190 (F, GH, NY, US).—Caquetá: San Vicente del Caguán, Macarena, Vereda Alto Morrocoy, Betancur J. 1725 (COL, HUA, NY); Solano, Little 9644 (NY, P).—Cauca: Río Micay, Anoanamito. Cuatrecasas 14232 (COL, F).—Chocó: Acandí, Río Tolo, Forero G. 1032 (COL, NY, VEN); Alredores de Noanamá, Forero 4517 (COL, HUA, SP); Quibdó, Río Cabi, Prance 28013 (NY); Riosucio, Río Truando, Duke 11156 (GH, US); Sautatá, Parque Nacional Natural Los Katios, Rentería E. 10951 (HUA).— Guajira: Haught 4266 (F, P, US).—Córdoba: Ayapel, Carretera entre La Escobilla y Hacienda Canime, Marulanda 2037 (HUA).—Cundinamarca: entre Guaduas y el alto del Ficalito, García-Barriga 12368 (COL, US).—Magdalena: Bonda, Romero 694 (COL, US); Santa Marta, Smith 1456 (F, GH, K, NY, P, US); Los Naranjos, desembocadura do Río Piedras, Parque Nacional Tayrona, Moreno 537 (COL); Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Kirkbride 1964 (COL, NY); La Canchera, próximo ao Río Madalena, Dugand 396 (F).—Meta: Río Negro, 20 km oeste de Villavicencio, Barclay 3156 (COL, US); Mesetas, Callejas 6000 (HUA, NY, US); San Juan de Arama, Idrobo 490 (COL, US); Parque Nacional Natural Tinigua, Stevenson 307 (COL).—Putumayo: San Antonio del Río Guamués, Plowman 2120 (COL, GH).—Santander: Cimitarra, Puerto Araujo, Rentería 1829 (HUA, NY).—Tolima: Guamo, García-Barriga 13491 (NY, US).—Valle del Cauca: Cuatrecasas 17607 (COL, F); Hoya del Río Cali, Cuatrecasas 18769 (COL, F); Buenaventura, Devia 2401 ( US).

Notes— There are two or more specimens of Ficus murilloi (COL 3995 and COL 407611), F. vicencionis (COL 16394, 16395, 16396 and 16397), and F. murilloi var. cajambrensis (COL 25852 and 79314) labelled as type for these species at the Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL). Dugand (1942, 1944, 1946) did not label any of these specimens as being parts of single specimen so they are considered as duplicates and lectotypes must be chosen (Art. 9.1 and 9.2). We chose COL 3995, COL 16396 and COL 25852 because these specimens are the most complete and have twig, leaves, stipules and syconium with peduncle.

Figures

FIGURE 5. Distribution of Ficus gigantosyce, F. insipida, F. macrosyce, F. maxima, F. mexicana, F. mutisii and F. pulchella in Colombia based on herbarium specimens.

FIGURE 6. Twigs with syconia and stipules. A, B. Ficus macrosyce (Cogollo 2647, Londono 80). C. F. maxima (Renteria 1829). D. F. mexicana (Cuatrecasas 16118).