SPUMELLARIA Ehrenberg, 1876

Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, Geodiversitas 43 (15), pp. 405-573 : 414

Order SPUMELLARIA Ehrenberg, 1876

Phylogenetic molecular lineage I ( Sandin et al. 2021).

DIAGNOSIS. — No common morphological characters have been recognized yet.

REMARKS

The lineage I includes the superfamilies Hexacromyoidea (including Clades A to C), Spongosphaeroidea (including Clade D), Lithocyclioidea (including Clade E1)and Spongodiscoidea (including Clades E2 and E3). This Lineage consists of Clades A, B, C, D and E. The group of Clades D and E is independent from other clades with 100% PhyML bootstrap values, with 10 000 replicates (BS) and>0.99 posterior probabilities (PP) in 18SrDNA. A group of Clades A, B and C is separable from the group of Clades D and E, but their clustering is not stable as of yet. Hexacromyum (originally Hexacontium ) was clustered into both Clades A and B so that these two clades did not have to be grouped as a single superfamily in Hexacromyidae . Hollandosphaera was correctly grouped in a single Clade B and thus, Hollandosphaeridae was applicable to this Clade. Clade E exclusively includes Spongosphaera in order to assign it as Spongosphaeridae . Clade E1 includes Didymocyrtis and Spongolivella (originally Cypassis ), Clade E2 includes Spongocyclia and Schizodiscus , and Clade E3 includes Dictyocoryne , Spongodiscus , Spongaster and Tricranastrum (originally Myelastrum and Triastrum ). Almost all branches within Cluster E have a very low support in 18SrDNA; however, the Clade E fits well with the superfamily Spongodiscoidea . As Lithocyclioidea is considered an ancestor of Didymocyrtis , this superfamily is also included in Lineage I.