Chilecicada pehuenchesensis, Sanborn & Cole & Stukel & Łukasik & Veloso & Gonzalez & Karkar & Simon, 2021

Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, Łukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, Zootaxa 5078 (1), pp. 1-70 : 46-50

Chilecicada pehuenchesensis n. sp. Sanborn and Cole

Fig. 11 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution)

Type material. Holotype. “15.CL. RM. CDM.602 / -33.8192, -70.1322 / 5.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik” ♂ ( UCMS) . Paratypes. “15.CL. RM. CDM.604 / -33.8192, -70.1322 / 5.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( MNNC); “14.CL. RM .

CEY.517.1 / -33.7878, -70.1816 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( UCMS); “14.CL. RM.CEY.516 / -33.7878, - 70.1816 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( AFSC). The code 15.CL. RM. CDM refers to the side of the road Camino Al Volcán, 3.5 km E from the village of El Volcán, Cajón del Maipo , -33.8233, -70.1220, Metropolitan Region, Chile and is the type locality for the species. The GPS data on the label are incorrect. The code 14.CL. RM.CEY refers to Cajón del Maipo , Camino Embalse el Yeso 2 (sitio alto), Región Metropolitana, Chile . The code 14.CL. RM.CAV refers the side of the road Camino Al Volcán, 3.5 km E from the village El Volcan, Cajón del Maipo , Metropolitan Region, Chile .

Etymology. The name is a combination of pehuenches - and - ensis (L. suffix denoting place) in reference to the distribution of the species and the Pehuenches people of central Chile.

Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing probably faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in type series. Body covered with sparse, silvery pile.

Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate anterior margin, mark extending along anteromedial and anterolateral margin, reduced in some paratypes, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending laterally to posterior epicranial suture angled anterolaterally to anterior of piceous posterior cranial depressions, sparse, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli ochraceous, rosaceous in some paratypes, eyes dark castaneous with lighter proximal margin. Gena piceous centrally margined by ground color on medial, anterior and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color lateral margin and central fascia splitting piceous into two large spots, short white pile and radiating long white pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, medial anterior margin and medial posterior margin extending laterad beyond carina, covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior of middle coxae. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous.

Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fasciae on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, expanding laterally into triangular mark along anterior and posterior fissures, fissures piceous except anterior fissure medial to anterior end of paramedian fissure, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior to middle of lateral fissure, central lateral fissure expanding onto disk, separating partially or completely to form short fascia parallel to lateral fissure in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous margin along ambient fissure, anterior half of lateral angle of pronotal collar piceous, reduced distally or absent in some paratypes. Pronotum with short silvery pile in fissures. Mesonotum ground color, sigilla piceous surrounded with ground color not reaching anterior margin between sigilla, small longitudinal piceous mark lateral to lateral sigilla, central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, scutal depressions and area between anterior arms of cruciform elevation piceous, cruciform elevation ground color anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation piceous, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected anteriorly by transverse fascia. Metanotum ground color with piceous midline, piceous anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae, smoothly curved concavity in dorsal posterior margin. Dorsum covered with short silvery pile, longer and denser silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, in wing groove, and radiating from lateral metanotum. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, medial anepimeron 2, lateral spot on trochantin 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on lateral episternum 3 and medial spot on trochantin 3, piceous reduced in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile.

Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively, radial crossvein missing in hind wing of holotype and one paratype leaving five apical cells in one hind wing. Venation ochraceous proximally, becoming piceous distally, proximal and distal venation distinctly contrasting, piceous fascia along anterior basal cell, piceous fascia on anterior costal margin to distal basal cell, cubitus posterior piceous, posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous at curve, piceous spot on wing base. Basal cell about 4.20 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing gray mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein and castaneous anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and orange area and base of cubital cell 1 and cubital cell 2.

Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae thickly striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae lacking fascia and terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color proximal pretarsus, pretarsal claws dark ground color with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, longest, secondary spine upright with curving proximal base, and small tertiary spine, primary and secondary spines piceous with ground color base, tertiary spine ground color. Proximal segments with short white pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, elongated, with parallel sides proximally becoming triangular distally, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin but not reaching posterior of sternite I.

Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching posteriorly to posterior of sternite I, well separated medially not reaching lateral margin of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin.

Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral corner and lateral margin, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and not reaching lateral margin, posterior margin castaneous, ground color in some paratypes, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally with castaneous extending to medial timbal cavity margin, castaneous replaced with ground color in some paratypes, piceous within timbal cavity, remainder of tergite ground color, tergites 3–6 piceous bordered posteriorly and laterally with dark ground color and castaneous mark on dorsal midline posterior to piceous, ground color proportion increasing in posterior tergites until becoming more than half of tergite 8, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergite 8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II ground color with ground color anterolateral margin, small transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline and along anteromedial margin posterior to tympanal cavity with piceous auditory capsule, sternite III dark ground color with piceous anterior margin, short, transverse piceous fascia across midline just posterior to piceous fascia along anterior margin, piceous fascia fused in some paratypes, sternites IV–VII dark ground color. Epipleurites dark ground color. Sternite VIII ground color with piceous spot on either side of midline near anterior margin, dorsal margin with curve near base forming an obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on medial sternites I–III and on sternites VII and VIII.

Genitalia. Ventral male pygofer and posterior margin ground color, piceous dorsally and dorsolaterally, piceous spot on ventral base posterior to distal terminus of basal pygofer lobe, and piceous anteroventral margin, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to distal anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with long silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, distally with parallel sides rounded terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin. Anal styles piceous with ground color margins, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color anterior and posterior margins. Median uncus lobe with piceous base and dorsolateral fascia almost reaching terminus, dark ground color lateral margin distal to base and ground color dorsal ridge, uncus elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal quarter of ventral surface very slightly angled toward sternite VIII, dorsal surface straight to distal curve when viewed from the side, widening laterally from base before tapering to rounded posterior margin, ventral surface ground color with piceous base, recurved, almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of small terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous.

Female is unknown.

Measurements (mm). n= 4♂, mean (range). Length of body: 16.44 (15.85–17.15); length of fore wing: 18.76 (18.50–18.90); width of fore wing: 6.68 (6.30–7.00); length of head: 2.98 (2.90–3.05); width of head including eyes: 5.61 (5.50–5.75); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 6.06 (6.00–6.15); width of mesonotum: 4.94 (4.80–5.15).

Song. (n=1 paratopotype from 15.CL.RM.CDM) Echemes lasting 0.53 s delivered at a rate of 1.11 s- 1. Male C. pehuenchesensis echemes are significantly longer than those of C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =5.23×10 -3) and significantly shorter than those of C. curacaviensis , C. partemporaria , and C. trifasciunca (1-sample t -test, P =3.43×10 -7). The slow echeme rate is similar to that of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciata (1-sample t -test, P =1.71×10 -1) and significantly faster than that of C. curacaviensis and C. oraria (1-sample t -test, P =2.31×10 -2). The dominant frequency band of 10.17–11.29 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.71 kHz) is at the upper end of variation for the genus.

Diagnosis. Another of the smaller of the Chilecicada species. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 15.85–17.15 mm, fore wing length between 18.50–18.90 mm, fore wing basal cell about 4.20 times longer than broad, proximal fore wing basal cell ground color, no fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins, an elongated meracanthus with a triangular terminus, ground color medial opercular margin, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lack a central spot, and an uncus that is ground color with a piceous base and dorsolateral fasciae not reaching distal terminus, the distal quarter curving to the terminus. It has a similar appearance to C. trifasciunca but is smaller and narrower.

Based on the single recording, the C. pehuenchesensis echeme duration may be longer than C. oraria and shorter than C. curacaviensis , C. partemporaria , C. trifasciunca , and probably C. culenesensis . The C. pehuenchesensis and C. magna songs may be indistinguishable. The high frequency may turn out to be diagnostic, and is approached only by certain songs of C. partemporaria and C. trifasciunca .

Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Metropolitan Region of central Chile.

Figures

PLATE 1. Living habitus of Chilecicada species. A. C. citatatemporaria PARATOPOTYPE, Región de Valparaíso, Provincia de Petorca; B. C. culenesensis PARATOPOTYPE specimen PL714, Región Metropolitana; C. C. impartemporaria PARATYPE, Región de Valparaíso, Provincia de Petorca; D. C. magna HOLOTYPE specimen JM037, Región del Maule; E. C. mapuchensis HOLOTYPE specimen PL518, Región Metropolitana; F. C. occidentis Región Metropolitana, Provincia de Santiago; G. C. oraria PARATOPOTYPE, Región del Maule, Provincia de Cauquenes; H. C. parrajaraorum HOLOTYPE specimen PL722, Región O’Higgins; I. C. partemporaria; J. C. pehuenchesensis PARATYPE specimen PL516, Región Metropolitana; K. C. trifascia HOLOTYPE specimen PL430, Región O’Higgins; L. C. trifasciunca PARATOPOTYPE specimen PL515, Región Metropolitana; M. C. viridicitata PARATOPOTYPE, Región O’Higgins, Provincia de Cochagüa.

PLATE 3. Waveforms of Chilecicada songs. Left column 5 s oscillogram windows show echemes and echeme sequences, right column 0.5 s windows show pulses and syllables within echemes.

PLATE 4. Male Chilecicada wing flick behavior. Wing flicks are depicted on spectrograms with Hanning window size 512 except 4B C. impartemporaria, which best resolved on an oscillogram. Each wing flick is annotated with a dot above its position on the window, while echemes are annotated with dashes.

PLATE 5. Distribution of Chilecicada from records reported in this work.

FIGURE 11. Chilecicada pehuenchesensis n, sp.: A, Holotype male habitus; B, holotype male dorsum; C, holotype male timbal; D, paratype male operculum; E, paratype male lateral view of genitalia; F, paratype male posterior view of genitalia. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C–F, 1 mm.