Echinophthirius Giebel, 1871

Leonardi, Maria Soledad & Palma, Ricardo Luis, 2013, Review of the systematics, biology and ecology of lice from pinnipeds and river otters (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae), Zootaxa 3630 (3), pp. 445-466 : 447-449

Echinophthirius Giebel, 1871

Echinophthirius Giebel, 1871: 174 . Type species: Echinophthirius horridus Olfers, 1816 (by subsequent designation). Giebel 1874: 43; Piaget 1880: 656; Enderlein 1904a: 44; Enderlein 1904b: 136; Enderlein 1906: 661; Dalla Torre 1908: 17; Enderlein 1909: 507; Kellogg & Ferris 1915: 51; Ferris 1916a: 181; Freund 1928: 6; Ewing 1929: 149; Ferris 1934: 475; Séguy 1944: 452; Webb 1949: 172, 185, table 3; Ferris 1951: 75; Imms 1957: 414; Blagoveshtchensky 1964: 326; Ludwig 1968: 258; Kim et al. 1975: 546; Murray 1976: 84, Ludwig 1982: 150; fig. 4.3; Kim 1982b: 125; Kim et al. 1986: 50; Zarubina 1986: 373; King 1983: 203; Durden & Musser 1994a: 7; Price & Graham 1997: 113; Aznar et al. 2001: 403, fig. 4; Light et al. 2010: 295.

Echinophtirius Giebel; Mjöberg 1910: 176. Misspelling.

Hosts. Phocidae—Seals.

Significant references. Webb (1949: 172, 185, phylogenetic relationships); Ferris (1951: 75, synonymy, notes); Kim (1982b: 125, host specificity, phylogeny); Kim (1985: 201, evolution); Kim (1988: 102, phylogeny).

Echinophthirius horridus (Olfers, 1816)

Pediculus horridus Olfers, 1816: 84 .

Pediculus phocae Lucas, 1834 : IX, pl. 121, fig 12.

Pediculus setosus Burmeister, 1838 : Species 12. Page unnumbered.

Haematopinus setosus (Burmeister) ; Denny 1842: 36; Gurlt 1857: 281.

Haematopinus annulatus Schilling. In : Gurlt 1857: 281. Nomen nudum.

Haematopinus (Echinophthirius) setosus (Denny) [sic]; Giebel, 1874: 42.

Haematopinus annulatus Schilling, 1857 ; Gurlt 1878: 187.

Echinophthirius setosus Lucas [sic]; Piaget, 1880: 656, pl. 54, fig. 1; Osborn 1896: 188.

Echinophthirius groenlandicus Becher, 1886: 60 , pl. 5, fig. 1a–d. Enderlein 1909: 507; Ferris 1916a: 181; Freund 1928: 16; Hopkins 1946: 567; Coulson & Refseth 2004: 96.

Echinophthirius sericans Meinert, 1897: 177 . Breddin 1901: 557; Freund 1928: 17; Ass 1934: 103; Hopkins 1946: 567; Bonner 1972: 491.

Echinophthirius setosus (Burmeister, 1838) ; Breddin 1901: 557.

Echinophthirius phocae (Lucas, 1834) ; Enderlein 1904b: 136; Enderlein 1906: 661; Dalla Torre 1908: 17; Enderlein 1909: 507; Luther 1909: 17; Waterston 1913: 113; Evans 1913: 95, fig. 1; Herms 1939: 105; Kellogg & Ferris 1915: 51; Ferris 1916a: 181; Ewing 1932: 663, figs 4–5; Jancke 1932: 539, fig. 6; Ass 1934: 103; Steel 1964: 35.

Echinophthirius groenlandicus Becker [sic], 1885 [sic]; Dalla Torre 1908: 17, fig. 12.

Echinophthirius sericeus [sic] Meinert, 1896 [sic]; Dalla Torre 1908: 18; Ferris 1916a: 182. Misspelling.

Echinophtirus [sic] phocae (Lucas, 1834) ; Mjöberg 1910: 176. Misspelling.

Echinophthirius horridus (Olfers, 1816) ; Ferris 1916a: 205; Fahrenholz 1917: 6; Fahrenholz 1919: 22; Ferris 1919: 11D; Freund 1928: 6, figs 1–11; Ferris 1934: 476, figs 277–278; Ass 1934: 103; Jancke 1938: 75; Thompson 1939: 9; Séguy 1944: 452, figs 727–729; Hopkins 1946: 566; Webb 1946: 51, 95, figs 205–206; Brinck 1948a: 132; Brinck 1948b: 149; Hopkins 1949: 509; Séguy 1951: 1381, fig. 1214; Ferris 1951: 75, figs 32–33; Margolis 1954: 277; Margolis 1956: 501; Goidanich 1956: 525; Nakagawa 1959: 44; van den Broek & Wensvoort 1959: 60; Swiestra, Jansen & van den Broek 1959: 896; Brown et al. 1960: 534; Taylor et al. 1961: 976; Ass 1963: 6, fig. 1; Scherf 1963: 25, figs 7–18; van den Broek 1963: 25; Blagoveshtchensky 1964: 326; King 1964: 135, 137; Steel 1964: 35; van den Broek & Jansen 1964: 104; Spencer 1966: 23; Caldwell & Caldwell 1969: 379; Ronald et al. 1970: 1038; Mehl 1970: 111; Miller 1971: 670, figs 1–6; Bonner 1972: 491; Dailey & Brownell 1972: 535–540; Margolis & Dailey 1972: 14; Kaisila 1973: 63; Vauk 1973: 120; Anderson et al. 1974: 437; Wipper 1974: 105; Kim et al. 1975: 547; Kurochkin 1975: 364; Murray 1976: 88, fig. 4.3; Dunn & Wolke 1976: 532, 535; van den Broek 1977: 15, 21; Geraci 1978: 40; McClelland 1980: 406; Conlogue et al. 1980: 1184; Reijnders et al. 1981: 34, 36; Bonner 1981: 126; Geraci et al. 1981: 1457; King 1983: 203; Kim et al. 1986: 50, pl. 4; Zarubina 1986: 374; Geraci & St Aubin 1987: 408; Schumann 1989; Dailey & Fallace 1989: 5, 8; Skírnisson & Ólafsson 1990: 96, 102, fig. 2; Beder 1990: 512, figs 1–12; Schumacher et al. 1990: 300; Lunneryd 1992: 270; Durden & Musser 1994a: 7; Durden & Musser 1994b: 141; Price & Graham 1997: 113; Thompson et al. 1998: 393; Kadulski 2001: 270; Coulson & Refseth 2004: 96; Hoffmann et al. 2004: 659; Essink et al. 2005: 306; Grimaldi & Engel 2005: 273, fig. 8.10; Leidenberger et al. 2008: 242, figs 4–7; Light et al. 2010: 296, 298.

Echinophtirius [sic] horridus ; Wülker 1930: 298. Misspelling.

Echinophthirius groenlandicus horrophthirius Ass 1934: 103 . Nomen nudum.

Echinophthirius groenlandicus sericans Meinert, 1897 ; Ass 1934: 103.

Echinophthirius horridus typicus Ass, 1935: 25 , figs 2, 3–5.

Echinophthirius horridus baicalensis Ass, 1935: 25 , fig. 1. Hopkins 1946: 567; Hopkins 1949: 509; Goidanich 1956: 530; Tijskens 1969: 132.

Echinophthirius horridus horridus (Olfers, 1816) ; Hopkins 1949: 509; Goidanich 1956: 530.

Echinophthirius horridus groenlandicus Becher, 1886 ; Hopkins 1949: 509; Goidanich 1956: 530.

Echinophthirus [sic]? horridus (Olfers) ; Gressitt & Weber 1959: 447. Misspelling.

Echinophthirius horridus erignathi Blagoveshtchensky, 1966: 806 , figs 1–3. Zarubina 1986: 374; Leidenberger et al. 2007: 243.

Echinophthirius horridus var. caspicus Kurochkin & Badamshin, 1968: 200 , figs 1–4.

Echinophirius [sic] hondus [sic]; Clausen 1978: 39. Misspellings.

Echinophthirius horridus baikalensis [sic] Ass, 1935. Durden & Musser 1994a: 7. Leidenberger et al. 2007: 243. Misspelling.

Echinophthirius horridus caspicus Kurochkin & Badamshin, 1968 ; Leidenberger et al. 2007: 243.

Type host. Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 —Harbour seal.

Type locality. Europe, without specific locality.

Type specimen/s data. Syntypes, presumably originally deposited in the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, but now considered lost (Kim et al. 1986: 51).

Other hosts. Cystophora cristata (Erxleben, 1777) —Hooded seal; Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777) —Bearded seal; Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791) —Grey seal; Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777) —Harp seal; Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775) —Ringed seal; Pusa sibirica (Gmelin, 1788) —Baikal seal; Pusa caspica (Gmelin, 1788) —Caspian seal.

Geographic distribution. Palearctic, Nearctic and Arctic Regions.

Significant references. Freund (1928: 6, many detailed figures); Ferris (1934: 476, synonymy, description, figures, hosts); Hopkins (1946: 566, type hosts of synonyms); Webb (1946: 95, spiracle structure); Ferris (1951: 75, synonymy, figures, notes); Scherf (1963: 25, descriptions of eggs, three nymphal stages and adults); Miller (1971: 670, scanning electron microscopy of antennae); Geraci et al. (1981: 1457, as intermediate host of a nematode); Kim et al. (1986: 50, redescription, figures); Beder (1990: 512, scanning electron microscopy of all stages); Durden & Musser (1994a: 7, synonymy, hosts, distribution); Thompson et al. (1998: 393, ecology on harbour seals); Leidenberger et al. (2007: 242, taxonomy, morphology, epidemiology, intermediate host); Light et al. (2010: 296, 298, phylogeny).

Remarks. While describing the new subspecies Echinophthirius horridus baicalensis, Ass (1935: 25) inadvertently created another new subspecies: Echinophthirius horridus typicus Ass, 1935 , which should have been named as the nominate subspecies Echinophthirius horridus horridus (Olfers, 1816) . We follow Ferris (1951) and Durden & Musser (1994a) in not recognising subspecies of Echinophthirius horridus .

Antarctophthirus Enderlein, 1906

Antarctophthirus Enderlein, 1906: 661 . Type species Antarctophthirus ogmorhini Enderlein, 1906 (by original designation). Dalla Torre 1908: 17; Enderlein 1909: 506, 508; Kellogg & Ferris 1915: 48; Ferris 1916a: 182; Freund 1928: 17; Ewing 1929: 148; Ferris 1934: 484; Harrison 1937: 10; Webb 1949: 172, 185, table 3; Ferris 1951: 72; Blagoveshtchensky 1964: 326; Murray 1967: 189; Clay & Moreby 1967: 166, figs 179–180; Ludwig 1968: 258; Kim et al. 1975: 546; Murray 1976: 85, fig. 4.3; Ledger 1980: 206; Kim 1982b: 125; Ludwig 1982: 150; King 1983: 203; Kim 1985: 201, fig. 5.1c; Kim et al. 1986: 43; Zarubina 1986: 373; Kim 1988: 102, 107; Durden & Musser 1994a: 6; Price & Graham 1997: 113; Castro & Cicchino 1998: 129; Pajot 2000: 31; Aznar et al. 2001: 403, fig. 4; Light et al. 2010: 295.

Arctophtirius Mjöberg, 1910: 177. Type species: Arctophtirius trichechi (Bohemann, 1865) (by monotypy). Synonymised by Ewing 1929: 149.

Arctophthirus Mjöberg, 1910; Kellogg & Ferris 1915: 48; Ewing 1929: 149. Unjustified emendation.

Antarctophthirius Enderlein, 1906 ; Ass 1934: 92; Ass 1963: 6. Misspelling.

Achimella Eichler, 1941: 375 . Type species: Haematopinus callorhini Osborn, 1899 (by original designation).

Hosts. Phocidae , Odobenidae, Otariidae—Seals , walruses, fur seals and sea lions.

Significant references. Enderlein (1909: 508, key to species, many figures); Harrison (1937: 10, key to species); Webb (1949: 172, 185, phylogenetic relationships); Ferris (1951: 75, synonymy, key to species, notes); Clay & Moreby (1967: 166, key to Antarctic species); Kim (1982b: 125, host specificity, phylogeny); Kim (1985: 201, evolution); Kim (1988: 102, phylogeny).