Tapiena Bolívar, 1906

Liu, Chun-Xiang & Kang, Le, 2010, The genus Tapiena Bolívar (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae; Holochlorini), with description of three new species from China, Zootaxa 2328, pp. 49-64 : 50-51

Tapiena Bolívar, 1906

Type species: Tapeina acutangular Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878.

Tapeina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28: 163; Kirby, 1906, Syn. Cat. Orth. 2: 424; Bolívar, 1906, Mem. Soc. espan. Hist. nat. 1: 334 (syn.).

Tapiena Bolívar, 1906 , Mem. Soc. espan. Hist. nat. 1: 334; Karny, 1926, J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 13(2–3): 89; Ragge, 1968, Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. Ent. 22(2): 95.

Diagnosis. Fastigium verticis horizontally produced, conical, with apex obtuse. Fastigium frontis with apex truncated, approximately as wide as the first segment of antennae. Head (with frons and vertex), pronotum, pleurae, and tegmina densely and regularly covered with punctures. Pronotal disc with lateral carinae extending forth and parallel. Anterior coxae armed. Outer tympanal aperture exposed, oval, membranous; inner aperture in form of wide slit, covered by swelling. Each femoral genicular lobe round, without any spines. Tegmen without distinct Costa vein. Male subgenital plate with styli almost as long as half its length. Ovipositor with lateral surface not granuliferous and with dorsal and ventral margins indistinctly serrulate.

Description. Fastigium verticis conical, of sub-equal width with scapus at base, distinctly narrowed at apex; dorsal furrow narrow; apex rounded, separated by a transverse furrow from fastigium frontis. Fastigium frontis with apex truncated. Occiput slightly convex, or with dorsal margin approximately flattened. Pronotal disc approximately flattened; anterior margin approximately straight, posterior margin rounded; transverse sulcus crossing midline lying in about middle of pronotum; elongate middle line usually indistinct, just possessing trace in middle, or even inexistent; lateral lobes of pronotum slightly higher than long; humeral sinus distinct. Tegmen widened, with sub-parallel margins; apical part conical, with approaching margins, apex rounded; radius sector bifurcated. Hind wings slightly projecting beyond tegmina. Each tibia with dorsal surface sulcate. Anterior femur with ventro-internal spines, median femur with ventro-external spines, and posterior femur with internal and external ventral spines; anterior and median tibiae usually without dorsal spinules, posterior tibiae with dorso-internal and external spinules.

Male. Stridulatory file on underside of left tegmen cambered, simple, with dense fine teeth. Tenth abdominal tergum various, normal or strongly produced. Epiproct usually concealed under the tenth abdominal tergum. Cerci various through different species.

Female. Tenth abdominal tergum with apical margin slightly broadly triangularly produced. Supra-anal plate obtuse triangular. Cerci faintly curved, narrow, conical, apex obtuse. Ovipositor falcate, upcurved, ventral valves serrulate near apex, dorsal valves mostly indistinctly denticulate.

Discussion. Tapiena is distinguished in having punctures on the head (with frons and vertex), pronotum, pleurae, and tegmina and unarmed genicular lobes. However, in general appearance, it resembles Rectimarginalis Liu & Kang, 2007 a, Holochlora Stal ( Liu et al. 2008) and Sinochlora Tinkham ( Liu & Kang 2007b).

Tapiena exhibits an interesting distributional patterns of species. Until now, there have been recorded twenty-six species in Tapiena , among which one species occurs in West Tropical Africa, and other twenty-five species are distributed in Oriental Realm. Among Oriental species, twelve are distributed in Southeast Asia, three in India, and ten species occur in China ( Fig. 8). Among Chinese species, two occur in Hainan Island, and eight species are distributed in southwest China, among which one is endemic to low altitude in eastern Himalaya, five are endemic to Yunnan Province, one is endemic to Guangxi Province. Another is widespread in Guizhou Province, Sichuan Province and Guangxi Province. Thus it can be seen that diversity is very characteristic of Tapiena , and this may be very valuable and significant for biogeographic and evolutionary studies.